Ernesto

  84 David Grann, “The Yankee Comandante: A Story of Love, Revolution, and Betrayal,” The New Yorker, May 28, 2012, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/05/28/the-yankee-comandante.

  85 Grann, “The Yankee Comandante.

  86 Herbert L. Matthews, “Cuban War Aided by Second Front,” The New York Times, April 3, 1958, 3.

  87 Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, 133; Bourne, Fidel, 155; Rimonet, My Life, 609.

  88 “Castro Backers Picket,” The New York Times, March 15, 1958, 6.

  89 Harris, Che Guevara, 79.

  90 Weyl, Red Star over Cuba, 102. See also Draper, Castro’s Cuba, 18.

  91 Weyl, Red Star over Cuba.

  92 Homer Bigart, “Batista Insisting on Holding Vote: Determined on June Election Despite Spreading Revolt and Forecasts of Fraud,” The New York Times, March 1, 1958, 1.

  93 Márquez-Sterling, Cuba 1952–1959, 55.

  94 “And know what will happen next and you stop and try to live through until the next day when you hit it again. You have started at six in the morning, say, and may go on until noon or be through before that. When you stop you are as empty, and at the same time never empty but filling, as when you have made love to someone you love. Nothing can hurt you, nothing can happen, nothing means anything until the next day when you do it again. It is the wait until the next day that is hard to get through.” Interview with Georpe Plimpton, “Ernest Hemingway, The Art of Fiction No. 21,” The Paris Review, Spring 1958, https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4825/ernest-hemingway-the-art-of-fiction-no-21-ernest-hemingway.

  95 Ernest Hemingway to Mr. and Mrs. William D. Horne, July 1, 1958, Selected Letters, 884.

  96 Ernest Hemingway to Ezra Pound, July 19, 1956, and June 26, 1958, Selected Letters, 864, 883.

  97 Lipman, Guantánamo, 139.

  98 “Caught in a War,” Time, July 14, 1958, 29.

  99 Ernest Hemingway to Mr. and Mrs. William D. Horne, July 1, 1958, Selected Letters, 884.

  100 Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 310.

  101 “Rebels Seek End of Aid to Batista: U.S. Officials Believe That Is Aim of Kidnappings by Cuban Insurgents,” The New York Times, July 1, 1958, 3.

  102 “All Free,” Time, July 28, 1958, 34.

  103 “Caught in a War,” Time, July 14, 1958, 29.

  104 Bockman, The Spirit of Moncada.

  105 Hemingway, How It Was, 448.

  106 Hemingway, How It Was, 449–50.

  107 Bockman, The Spirit of Moncada.

  108 “‘On the morning of the fifteenth, the air force appeared,’ Fidel reported over Radio Rebelde. The aerial attack against our positions, with machine-gun strafing and 500-pound explosive bombs as well as napalm, lasted uninterrupted from six in the morning until one in the afternoon. The pasture and forest…were left scorched, but not one of the rebel combatants moved from his position.” Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba, 92.

  109 Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba.

  110 Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba.

  111 Bockman, The Spirit of Moncada.

  112 Bonachea and Martin, The Cuban Insurrection, 257.

  113 It had been signed by Fidel Castro (26th of July Movement); Carlos Prío Socarrás (Organización Auténtica); Enrique Rodríguez Loeches (DRE); Justo Carrillo (Agrupación Montecristi); Manuel A. de Varona (Partido Revolucionario Cubano Insurreccional); Ángel Santos (Resistencia Cívica); Lincoln Rodón (Partido Demócrata Independiente); David Salvador, Ángel Cofiño, Pascasio Linares, Lauro Blanco and José M. Aguilera (Unidad Obrera); José Puente and Omar Fernández (FEU); and Dr. José Miró Cardona (Coordinador General).

  114 Ernest Hemingway to Archibald MacLeish, October 15, 1958, Selected Letters, 885.

  115 Lloyd and Tillie Arnold to Ernest Hemingway, August 19 and 25, 1958, in Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 402.

  116 Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 540.

  117 Hemingway, How It Was, 453.

  118 “For the obvious fact is that the achievement of communicating in pictorial form the eloquence of Mr. Hemingway’s minor epic of an old man’s lonely battle with a fish called for supreme imagination and even luck on the part of the artists on the job. And those are favoring factors that the artists here seem to have lacked.” Bosley Crowther, “Hemingway; ‘Old Man and the Sea’ Stars Spencer Tracy,” The New York Times, October 8, 1958, https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/08/archives/hemingway-old-man-and-the-sea-stars-spencer-tracy.html.

  119 Ernest Hemingway to Patrick Hemingway, November 24, 1958, Selected Letters, 887.

  120 Hemingway, Selected Letters, 887.

  121 Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 544.

  122 Confidential orders by Colonel Suarez Suquet, commander of the Camaguey Rural Guards Regiment, in Bonachea and Martín, The Cuban insurrection, 263.

  123 Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, 36.

  124 Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 418.

  125 “Flight 482 Is Missing,” Time, November 17, 1958, 38. See also Paterson, Contesting Castro, 22.

  126 Nohlen, Elections in the Americas, 217; Karl E. Meyer, “Foes Attack Batista-Called Election,” The Washington Post, September 18, 1958, A16.

  127 “On 27 November considerable numbers of Cuban army officers were arrested for complicity in a military conspiracy against the government or for cowardice in refusing to continue the fight against the Castro rebellion. The respected General Martín Díaz Tamayo was retired for suspected involvement in this plot, and has recently been arrested.” “Developments in Cuba Since Mid-November,” Glennon, ed. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Cuba, vol. VI, 182; Special National Intelligence Estimate, Washington, December 16, 1958, SNIE 85/1–58.

  128 “Despite his nice manner,” Batista later remembered, “Señor Smith could not hide through his smile his deep sorrow.” Smith, The Fourth Floor, 181.

  129 Smith, The Fourth Floor, 181.

  130 Dispatch from the Embassy in Cuba to the Department of State, no. 1060, Havana, March 23, 1959, drafted for the ambassador, Daniel M. Braddock, Minister-Couselor, Department of State, Central Files, 737.00/3–2359, confidential. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1963, Cuba, vol. VI.

  131 Barbara Rojas, in Fontova, Exposing the Real Che Guevara, 96–97.

  CHAPTER 13

  1 Hemingway, How It Was, 457.

  2 New Year’s Eve.

  3 Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada, “The Long March of the Cuban Revolution,” Monthly Review 60, no. 8 (January 2009): 14–27; Tim O’Meilia, “Widow of Cuban Dictator Batista Dies in WPB,” The Palm Beach Post (October 4, 2006). See also Bourne, Fidel, 158–59; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 203, 207–208; and Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, 137.

  4 Hemingway, Selected Letters, 892.

  5 “Batista Supporters Harassed,” Daily Boston Globe, January 2, 1959.

  6 “More than 20,000 Deaths Counted as the Tragic Bottom Line from the Batista Regime,” Bohemia, January 11, 1959. John F. Kennedy, “Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy,” Cincinnati, OH, Democratic Dinner, October 6, 1960, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/speech-senator-john-f-kennedy-cincinnati-ohio-democratic-dinner. Comandante Fidel Castro Ruz, “No decían que estaban siendo sometidos a juicios los criminales de guerra que habían asesinado y torturado a 20 000 compatriotas,” speech, Plaza Area del Silencio, Caracas, Venezuela, January 23, 1959.

  7 Estrada, Havana, 235.

  8 Ruby Hart Phillips, “Batista and Regime Flee Cuba; Castro Moving to Take Power; Mobs Riot and Loot in Havana; Army Halts Fire; Rebels Seize Santiago and Santa Clara—March on Capital,” The New York Times, January 2, 1959), 1.

  9 Speech by Fidel Castro to Santiago, January 3, 1959, Latin American Network Information Center, The University of Texas at Austin, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1959/19590103.html.

  10 Speech by Fidel Castro to Santiago.

  11 Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 543.

  12 J. Dubois, “New Cuban Rulers Picked,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 2, 1959.

  13 Phillips, “Bat
ista and Regime Flee Cuba.”

  14 BBC News, “Fidel Castro on his Beard, Free Election & Gambling (1959)—BBC News,” YouTube video, 1:13, November 26, 2016, from an interview broadcast January 10, 1959, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDZ5GyVDqOc.

  15 “It had its positive side: in order for a spy to infiltrate us, he had to start preparing months ahead of time—he’d have had to have six-months’ growth of beard, you see…Later, with the triumph of the Revolution, we kept our beards to preserve the symbolism.” Castro and Ramonet, My Life, 195.

  16 Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, 198.

  17 Alistair Cooke, “Castro Is Cuba’s Saviour for Now,” The Guardian, January 8, 1959, https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/jan/08/fidel-castro-cuba-alistair-cooke.

  18 “Returning to Cuba, he would kiss the Cuban flag, and declare, ‘I am happy to be here again, because I consider myself one more Cuban…My sympathies are with the Cuban Revolution and all our difficulties. I don’t want to be considered a yanqui.’” “I have complete faith in the Castro Revolution because it has the support of the Cuban people. I believe in his cause.” Hemingway, Selected Letters, 892, 899; Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 274–75.

  19 Ernest Hemingway to Gianfranco Ivancich, Janaury 7, 1959, Selected Letters, 890.

  20 Ernest Hemingway to L. H. Brague, Jr., January 24, 1959, Selected Letters, 890.

  21 Speech by Fidel Castro before Havana rally, January 21, 1959, LANIC, The University of Texas at Austin, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1959/19590121.html.

  22 “I came to Venezuela, first, for a sentiment of gratitude, second, for a fundamental duty of reciprocity for all the institutions that have generously invited me to participate in the happiness for Venezuela this glorous day of 23 January (Applause and exclamations), but also for another reason: because the Cuban people need the people of Venezuela’s help.” Castro and Ramonet, My Life, 637. That day, Castro would apparently ask Betancourt if Venezuela could supply Cuba with oil and advance a $300 million loan so that when they became “embroiled in a game of gringos,” Cuba would be prepared. Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, 153.

  23 Jules Dubois, “Castro Becomes Premier: Cabinet Quits in Plan to End ‘Double Rule,’ Rebel Chieftain Widens Power,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 14, 1959, 1.

  24 “The symbol of this shortsighted attitude is now on display in a Havana museum. It is a solid gold telephone presented to Batista by the American-owned Cuban telephone company. It is an expression of gratitude for the excessive telephone rate increase which the Cuban dictator had granted at the urging of our Government. But visitors to the museum are reminded that America made no expression at all over the other events which occurred on the same day this burdensome rate increase was granted, when 40 Cubans lost their lives in an assault on Batista’s palace.” Kennedy, “Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy,” Cincinnati, OH, Democratic Dinner, October 6, 1960.

  25 Emmett Watson, “Hemingway Talks on Cuba,” reprinted as “Hemingway Defends Cuban Trials,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 9, 1959; Watson, My Life in Print, 68–75; Emmett Watson, “Hemingway’s Writing, At Its Best, Made His Literary Audience Care,” The Seattle Times, July 6, 1999; Mickelson, “Seattle By and By” (thesis), 5042.

  26 Watson, “Hemingway Defends Cuban Trials”; Watson, My Life in Print, 68–75; Emmett Watson, “This, Our City: A Drink with Hemingway,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 4, 1959; Watson, “Hemingway’s Writing, At Its Best, Made His Literary Audience Care.”

  27 Bourne, Fidel, 168.

  28 Fidel Castro, in Páporov, Hemingway en Cuba, 397–99; Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 331–33.

  29 Hemingway, How It Was, 462.

  30 Páporov, Hemingway en Cuba, 397.

  31 “5 Seized in ‘Plot’ Opposing Castro,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, March 12, 1959, 1.

  32 “Alleged Plots Involving Foreign Leaders,” U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, S. Rep. No. 755, 94th Cong., second session.

  33 “Fidel Castro: Dodging Exploding Seashells, Poison Pens and Ex-Lovers,” BBC, November 27, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38121583.

  34 Escalante, CIA Targets Fidel. See also Duncan Campbell, “638 Ways to Kill Castro,” The Guardian, August 2, 2006, https://www.theguardian.comworld/2006/aug/03/cuba.duncancampbell2.

  35 Paterson, Contesting Castro, 18.

  36 Candela Vazquez and Dr. José Luis Herrera Sotolongo, in Páporov, Hemingway en Cuba, 397–99.

  37 Páporov, Hemingway en Cuba, 399.

  38 Married in 1948, Mirta Diaz-Balart and Fidel Castro, like many Cuban couples at that time, honeymooned in New York City and divorced while Fidel was in Mexico in 1955.

  39 Face the Nation, “Fidel Castro on Face the Nation in 1959,” YouTube video, April 19, 2018, 28:30, from an episode airing January 11, 1959, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUeR4c4-6QE.

  40 Face the Nation, “Fidel Castro on Face the Nation in 1959.”

  41 Ed Cony, “A Chat on a Train: Dr. Castro Describes His Plans for Cuba,” Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1959.

  42 Richard Nixon’s summary of his meeting with Fidel Castro on April 19, 1959, Department of State, Central Files, 711.12/4–2459, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d287.

  43 After his visit to Cuba in 1955, Nixon had written that “emotional,” “romantic,” and “childish” people suffer from “excessive pride.” Twelve cubans, North Americans believed, suffered from an “exaggerated nationalism.” “Notes from Oral Briefing at Room P-53, on January 31, 1955,” box 1, Central American Trip, 1955, series 361, Vice President, Pre-Presidential Papers, Richard M. Nixon Papers, Federal Archives and Records Center, Laguna Niguel, California. As a writer from the Houston Post wrote, “One nice thing about Cuba is that she can have a revolution any time hotbloods get in the mood without adding to world tension.” To this condescension, Cuban writers responded that America’s failed relationships with Latin America could be attributed to this same pride and ignorance: Americans were “brilliant communicators but bad listeners. I will tell you why. It’s because you think you are so superior to us that you don’t have to know about us.” Paterson, Contesting Castro, 15.

  CHAPTER 14

  1 Hemingway, How It Was, 485.

  2 Kert, The Hemingway Women, 490.

  3 “Hemingway shot cigarettes out of my mouth with pellets from the kind of air gun you use at a fair stand. There were not real bullets, but they could damage your face. Later on at El Escorial outside Madrid, he shot cigarettes out of my mouth with real bullets. Hemingway respected Davis more than Hotchner because he thought Hotchner was a poor writer. I named him El Pecas: Freckles. We dressed him up as a torero. He marched in my opening paseo but didn’t take part in the actual fight.” In attendance were Bill and Annie Davis, Antonio and Carmen Ordóñez, Buck Lanham, Evangeline and David Bruce, Gianfranco and Christina Ivancich, Valerie Danby Smith, the Maharajah of Cooch, George Behar, Pat Saviers, A. E. Hotchner, and Peter Buckley. Meyers, Hemingway, 529.

  4 Quirk, Fidel Castro, 249.

  5 Quirk, Fidel Castro, 250–51.

  6 Thomas, Cuba, 92.

  7 Bullfighters.

  8 Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 330.

  9 Hemingway, How It Was, 473.

  10 Mary Hemingway to Ernest Hemingway, October 19, 1959, in Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 334.

  11 Hemingway, How It Was, 477, 450.

  12 According to Matos, he had tried to resign as soon as Urrutia did, but Fidel had told him: “Your resignation is not acceptable at this point. We still have too much work to do, I admit that Raúl and Che are flirting with Marxism…but you have the situation under control…Forget about resigning…But if in a while you believe the situation is not changing, you have the right to resign.” When he insisted with a second letter of resignation in September—”The Communist influence in the government has continued to grow. I hav
e to leave power as soon as possible. I have to alert the Cuban people as to what is happening”—Fidel sent Camilo to arrest him.

  13 Páparov, Hemingway en Cuba, 400.

  14 Kert, The Hemingway Women, 492.

  15 Páporov, Hemingway en Cuba, 401; Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 24.

  16 Speech by Fidel Castro in Havana, March 7, 1960, LANIC, The University of Texas at Austin, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1960/19600307-1.html.

  17 Yaffe, Che Guevara, 26.

  18 Hemingway, Running with the Bulls, 113.

  19 Hemingway, Running with the Bulls, 175.

  20 Fidel Castro, “Statements in Revolutionary Works,” transcription of previous evening’s broadcast on television, Havana, July 9, 1960; Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 128.

  21 Life, June 1960, quoted in Jon Michaud, “Hemingway, Castro, and Cuba,” The New Yorker, May 24, 2012; Páporov, Hemingway, 401.

  22 Blanco, Batista, el ídolo del pueblo, 158.

  23 “Seguí mis principios y traté de lograr una estatua llena de vigor y firmeza humana. Al rostro le imprimí serenidad y entereza como para dar alguien que tiene la certidumbre de sus ideas; no lo vi como un angelito entre nubes, sino con los pies firmes en la tierra.” [Author’s translation] Gilma Madera, cited in “El Cristo de la Habana,” Edured.cu, https://www.ecured.cu/El_Cristo_de_La_Habana.

  24 “Para esculpirlo no empleó ningún modelo, sino que se inspiró en su ideal de belleza masculine: ojos oblicuos, labios pulpusos, en sintonía con el mestizaje racial en este pedazo del mundo.” [Author’s translation] Madera, cited in “El Cristo de la Habana.”

  25 The Cuban People.

  26 This passage from Ecclesiastes, quoted here from the King James Bible, had served Hemingway as inspiration for his novel The Sun Also Rises.

  CHAPTER 15

  1 “Been having bad trouble with my eyes…down to 194 lbs. this a.m.” Ernest Hemingway to Charles Scribner, July 6, 1960, Selected Letters, 906.