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The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War

Page 86

by Andrew Roberts


  Irrawaddy river 262, 567

  Irving, David 50, 456

  Irwin, Brigadier-General Stafford Le Roy 311

  IS-2 (Russian tank) 161, 425

  ‘island-hopping’ policy (United States Pacific campaign) 533, 565

  Isle of Wight 464

  Ismay, Major-General Hastings ‘Pug’ (later Baron Ismay) 109

  Israel 578

  Italian air force 121, 288

  Italian navy 380

  Italy: Allied invasion of mainland 375–6, 378–82, 449; Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) 128, 309, 313, 351, 369, 375–8, 385, 424, 425, 465, 467;

  Allied slow advance north 381–2, 383–7, 403–5;

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 5;

  armed forces 70, 376;

  Armistice 379–80;

  bombing of 381, 388–9, 391–2;

  declaration of war on Allies 70;

  declaration of war on Germany 384;

  and Eastern Front 316, 333, 335, 338;

  emigration 574;

  failure of close Axis alliance 140, 195, 589;

  Great War 59;

  North African campaigns 119, 120–23, 129, 133, 261, 288–9, 296, 305;

  Pact of Steel with Germany (1939) 9;

  partisans 379–80, 390;

  peace negotiations 377;

  post-war 578;

  Tripartite Pact (1940) 124, 193, 589–90; see also Italian air force; Italian navy

  Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Tsar of Russia 157

  Iwaichi, Major Fujiwara 274

  Iwo Jima, battle of (1945) 260, 568–9, 573, 577

  Izium 176

  Jablunka Pass 16, 18

  Jacob, Lieutenant-General Sir Ian 281, 573

  Jakovlevo 422

  Jamaica 107

  Janus, HMS 396

  Japan: Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 5; bombing of 105, 214, 429, 439, 566, 571–3, 575–8;

  failure of close Axis alliance 140, 195, 589;

  non-aggression pact with USSR (1941) 186, 382;

  pre-war embargoes against 186–7;

  Russo-Japanese neutrality pact (1941) 268;

  Sino-Japanese War 186, 187, 210–11, 267–9;

  Southern Resources Area 188, 189, 252, 256, 275;

  surrender 564, 577, 598;

  total civilian losses 566, 575, 577, 603;

  Tripartite Pact (1940) 124, 193, 589–90;

  war crimes 275–80, 566–7

  Japanese air force 105, 187, 192, 268, 565, 566, 572

  Japanese army: jungle warfare training 202–3; losses 259–60, 566, 572, 603;

  reputation of soldiers 207, 264, 570–71;

  war crimes 275, 566–7; see also individual field armies and divisions

  Japanese Burma Area Army 270

  Japanese navy: aircraft carriers 189, 201, 251–2, 255–6, 565, 566; losses 192, 251, 252, 255–6, 259, 565–6, 570, 572;

  submarines 192, 256, 276, 277;

  war crimes 275–80

  Japanese-Americans 200

  Java 208–9

  Java Sea, battle of (1942) 208, 210

  Jean Nicolet, SS 277–8

  Jedwabne 245

  Jehovah’s Witnesses 234

  Jellicoe, John, 1st Earl 94

  Jennings, Sergeant-Major Augustus 64, 65

  Jennings, Humphrey 101

  Jervis, HMS 396

  Jervis Bay, HMS 356

  Jews: and Anschluss 7; in Belgium 78;

  boycott of Jewish businesses and services 147;

  in Denmark 85;

  deportation from German Reich 223;

  development of Hitler’s genocidal policy 139, 148, 219–24, 226–7, 238–45, 249–50, 492;

  emigration 221, 223, 574;

  and establishment of Israel 578;

  extermination of 78, 223–38, 241, 607;

  in France 78, 81–2, 113, 221;

  ghettos 221;

  in Great War 607;

  in Holland 78, 221, 390;

  in Hungary 236, 244–5, 246;

  in Italy 390–91;

  Kristallnacht 9, 221;

  Madagascar Plan 221–2, 583;

  massacres in occupied East 494–5, 495–6;

  ‘mixed blood’ 239;

  Nuremberg Laws 4, 447;

  in Poland 27, 28–9, 221, 223–4, 241, 243–4, 245, 536;

  in Serbia 224;

  in USSR 148, 222–3, 239, 493, 494, 495–6; see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust

  Jodl, Major-General Alfred: and Ardennes Offensive 510; blamed by other generals 584, 585;

  Great War service 20;

  and invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 49, 63, 91;

  and invasion of USSR 144–5, 160, 170, 317;

  and planned invasion of Britain 92;

  relations with Hitler 7, 18, 328, 510, 511, 585, 593, 594;

  trial 580–81;

  Western Front 487;

  on the Wolfschanze 480–81

  Johnson, Gunner A. W. J. 579

  Johore, Straits of 204

  Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (United States) 309, 328, 403, 602, 606

  Jokanga Bay 149

  Jones, R. V. 433

  Josting, Colonel Erwin 497

  Józefów 225

  Jubilee, Operation see Dieppe Raid

  Juin, General Alphonse 311, 400

  July Bomb Plot against Hitler (1944) 391, 480–85, 486, 492, 510, 581–2, 584, 595

  Junge, Traudl 559

  jungle warfare 202–3, 260, 261–2, 266

  Junkers (aircraft) 337, 340; Ju-52s 55, 335;

  Ju-87s (Stukas) 21, 66–7, 93, 106, 323, 418, 537

  Juno beach 467, 476

  Junyo (aircraft carrier) 566

  Jutland 41

  Jutland, battle of (1916) 94, 210, 361

  Kachanaburi death camp 275

  Kaduk, Oswald ‘Papa’ 229

  Kaga (aircraft carrier) 256

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics 550, 608

  Kaiten (manned torpedoes) 566

  Kalach-on-Don 335

  Kalavryta 127

  Kalinin 171, 173, 176, 315

  Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 562, 582–3

  Kaluga 171, 173, 315

  Kamaing 267

  kamikaze (suicide attacks) 254, 565–6, 568, 570

  Kaminski, Bronislav 164

  Kannenberg, Arthur ‘Willy’ 136, 137

  Karelian Isthmus 29, 30, 34, 171

  Karinhall 93, 106, 513

  Kashira 175

  Kassala 121

  Kasserine Pass, battle of (1943) 310–12, 591, 607

  Kattegat Strait 38, 41

  Katy– massacre 25, 536

  Katyusha mobile rockets 174, 181, 331, 414

  Kaunas 226, 534

  Kazakhstan 184

  Kean, Ordinary Seaman Richard 277

  Keegan, (Sir) John 285, 500, 598

  Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm: appointed chief of OKW 6–7, 18; blamed by other generals 584, 585;

  and Blomberg–Fritsch affair 6;

  character 7, 142–3, 328, 510;

  created field marshal 75;

  on fears of western-front attack 22;

  and Great War 20, 74;

  invasion of USSR 137, 142–3, 149, 170, 176;

  and July Bomb Plot 482;

  and Manstein 411;

  Operation Zitadelle (battle of Kursk) 413, 416, 427;

  relations with Hitler 49, 51, 143, 169, 176, 510, 583, 585, 590, 593, 594;

  trial 510–11, 583

  Kemijärvi 31

  Kempeitai (Japanese military police) 206

  Kempka, Erich 480

  Kennedy, Major-General John 68, 77, 261, 437

  Kennedy, John F. 574

  Kennedy, (Sir) Ludovic 360, 361, 362

  Kenya 121

  Kerch peninsula 316, 521, 593

  Kerch Straits 593

  Kershaw, Ian 138–9, 141, 219

  Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert: and Allied invasion of Germany 404, 514; background and career 378, 379
;

  battle of Britain 94;

  created field marshal 75;

  Italian campaign 378, 379–80, 381, 384–5, 388, 389, 394, 396, 403, 404, 405;

  North African campaigns 311–12;

  and peace negotiations 546;

  on reasons for defeat 597;

  trial 380, 497, 593

  Keynes, John Maynard, Baron 112

  Khaldei, Yevgeny 560–61

  Khalkin Gol, battle of (1939) 182, 323

  Kharkov 175, 315, 336, 409, 412, 425, 427, 521, 522, 591

  Khrushchev, Nikita 556

  Khudyakov, Air Marshal Sergei 454

  Kiantajärvi, Lake 32

  Kidney Ridge 287, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 302

  Kiel Canal 469

  Kiev 153, 159, 165–6, 168, 170, 226, 528, 590–91, 592

  Kimmel, Admiral Husband 189–90, 191, 192, 193

  King, Admiral Ernest J. 195

  King George V, HMS 363

  King’s Liverpool Regiment 264, 266–7

  King’s Own Scottish Borderers 500

  King’s Royal Rifle Corps 294

  King’s Shropshire Light Infantry 396

  Kinkaid, Admiral Thomas 565

  Kirby, Major-General S. W. 267

  Kirkhil ponies 182

  Kiska island 256

  Kitchens, James H. III 247

  Kittel, Lieutenant-General Heinrich 494–5

  Kleist, Field Marshal Paul von: on Clausewitz 167, 596;

  Eastern Front 175, 316–17, 319, 338, 531;

  Great War service 20;

  invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 56, 57, 60–61, 63;

  and North African campaigns 285;

  promotion of 75;

  relations with Hitler 63, 167, 317, 511, 524–5, 531, 583;

  trial 524, 531, 583;

  and war crimes 497

  Kluge, Field Marshal Günther ‘Hans’: created field marshal 75;

  Eastern Front 166, 316, 411, 595;

  Great War service 20;

  invasion of France 70;

  and July Plotters 482, 501;

  Operation Zitadelle (battle of Kursk) 413, 416, 421, 424, 601;

  suicide 501;

  Western Front 486, 487, 491, 539, 595

  Knochlein, Captain Fritz 64

  Knox, Alfred Dilwyn (‘Dilly’) 349

  Knox, Frank 193

  Kobe 214

  Koch, H. A. 346–7

  Koenig, Brigadier-General Marie-Pierre 290

  Kohima, battle of (1944) 267, 269, 270–74

  Kolbe, Father Maksymilian 237

  Kolberg 549

  Köln (cruiser) 40

  Komet (cruiser) 149

  Komsomol (Russian Young Communist League) 326

  Kondor (bomber) 354–5, 360

  Konev, General Ivan 154, 414, 418, 424–5, 426, 529, 531, 542, 543, 550, 601, 602

  Königgrätz 553

  Königsberg 549

  Kopets, Lieutenant-General Ivan 156

  Korean ‘comfort’ women 275

  Korsun, battle of (1944) 529

  Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya 159–60

  Kota Bharu 202

  Kotin, Josef 161

  Kovno 226

  Kraków 17, 227, 244

  Kraków Army 23

  Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star newspaper) 320

  Krebs, General Hans 560, 596

  Krebs (trawler) 350

  Kretschmer, Captain Otto 354, 357

  Kriegsmarine (German navy): and Allied Normandy landings 468–9;

  evacuation of Baltic ports (1945) 549;

  French bases 358, 370;

  invasion of Poland 21;

  losses 37, 44, 358, 363–4, 468, 549;

  Norway campaign 41, 44, 92, 358;

  and planned invasion of Britain 92, 100; see also Atlantic, battle of the; U-boats

  Kripo (German criminal police) 242

  Kristallnacht 9, 221

  Kristiansand 39

  Krivosheev, General G. F. 556

  Kronstadt 152

  Krueger, General Walter 565

  Krylov, General Nikolai I. 322

  Kuban bridgehead 523

  Kubinka, Museum of Tank Construction 525

  Kubi?, Jan 242–3

  Küchler, Field Marshal Georg von 75, 528

  Kuhl, Private Charles H. 377

  Kuhmo, battle of (1940) 34

  Kuntsevo 157

  Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) 187, 268

  Kurile islands 190

  Kurland 541, 542

  Kursk 411, 548; battle of (1943) 409, 411–16, 417–28, 458, 520–21, 525, 526, 594, 600, 601, 605

  Kurusu, Saburo 190

  Küstrin 548

  Kutno, battle of (1939) 24

  Kutrzeba, General Tadeusz 24

  Kutuzov, Michael 174

  Kutuzov, Operation 421

  Kuybyshev 182

  KV-1, 2 and 85 (Russian tanks) 161, 425, 526

  Kvaternik, Marshal Slavko 160

  Kwai, River 275

  Kwajalein 260

  Kyushu 569, 573

  La Ferla, General Francesco 296

  La Ferté 56

  La Roche-Guyon 471, 472

  La Rochelle 358

  La Spezia 380, 403

  Łaaodź Army (Polish) 23

  Laborde, Admiral Jean 307

  Labour Party 45, 69

  Ladbergen 436

  Ladoga, Lake 173

  Lancaster, Avro (bomber) 438, 455

  Lancastria, RMS 73

  Lang, Captain E. A. R. 66

  Langbehn, Julius 220

  Langsdorff, Captain Hans 37

  Laon 59

  Larvik 39

  Lashio 212

  Latvia 29, 494–5, 514, 541, 549, 561

  Laval, Pierre 74, 76, 79, 80, 81

  Lavarack, Major-General J. D. 128

  Laverty, Lieutenant-Colonel John ‘Danny’ 271

  Lawrence, T. E. ‘of Arabia’ 260

  Le Havre 469

  Le Kef 311

  Le Mans 487

  Leach, Captain John 362

  leafleting 22, 35, 69, 89, 150, 339

  League of Anti-Semites 220

  League of Nations 33

  Lebensraum (living space) 19, 27, 90, 135, 138, 139, 144, 163–5, 188, 238, 579, 580, 590

  Leclerc, General (Vicomte Jacques-Philippe de Hautecloque) 488, 489–90

  Lecussan, Joseph 81

  Ledo 265, 269

  Lee (American tank) 198

  Lee, General Raymond 101, 102

  Leeb, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von 75, 153, 227, 410

  Leese, Lieutenant-General (Sir) Oliver 287, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 384, 404

  Legnano, battle of (1176) 146

  Lehmann, Arnim 552

  Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (Waffen-SS) 64, 419, 424

  Leidig, Theodor 223–4

  Leigh, Vivien 104

  Leigh-Mallory, Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford 433–4, 449

  Leipzig 454

  Lemp, Julius 350

  Lend-Lease scheme 87, 130, 411, 551

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 174

  Leningrad: bombing of 171, 172, 173; Hitler’s plans to capture 152, 153, 166, 315, 318;

  siege of 172–3, 176, 315, 323, 528

  Leningrad Front 528

  Leninism 163

  Lens 60

  Leopold III, King of the Belgians 56, 65, 85

  Lethbridge Commission 568

  Levi, Primo 219, 229, 232, 235, 237–8

  Lewinski, General Eduard 409

  Lewis, Lieutenant-Commander R. C. 36

  Lexington, USS 189, 251–2, 565

  Ley, Robert 63, 222, 583

  Leyte 565

  Leyte Gulf, battle of (1944) 565

  Ležáky 243

  Liberal Party 45

  Liberty ships 277–8, 469

  Libya 81, 123, 124, 125, 127, 149, 285, 290

  Licata 376

  Liddell Hart, Sir Basil 39, 57, 75, 143, 167, 227, 424, 463, 478, 530, 596


  Lidice 243

  Lightfoot, Operation 287, 295

  Lille 52, 54, 64

  Lindbergh, Charles A. 199

  Lindemann, Captain Ernst 361

  Lingayen Gulf 208, 567

  Liri Valley 384, 386, 387–8, 389

  List, Field Marshal Wilhelm 56, 75, 316, 317, 592, 593, 594

  Lithuania 17, 26, 29, 226, 541, 561

  Little Saturn, Operation 338

  Littorio Division 294

  Litvinov, Maxim 366

  Liverpool 88, 91, 102, 103, 576

  ‘living space’ policy see Lebensraum

  Llewellyn, Richard, How Green was my Valley 379

  Lloyd-Davies, Lieutenant-Commander Cromwell 468

  Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 91

  Lockard, Private Joseph 185

  Łódź 17, 223

  Löhr, General Alexander 126

  Loire, River 70, 468, 479

  Lokoty Self-Governing District 164

  Lombard League 146

  Lombard-Hobson, First Lieutenant Sam 66

  London: Blitz 100–104, 105, 106, 108, 458, 459–60, 538, 576; V-1 and V-2 attacks on 515, 516, 517–18;

  victory celebrations 604

  London Gazette 106–7, 406

  London Treaty (1935) 353, 360

  Londonderry 370

  Long Range Desert Group (British) 120, 286–7

  Longcloth, Operation 262–4, 265, 269

  Lopez, Pedro 275

  Lorient 358, 440

  Los Alamos 574, 598, 608

  Lothian, Philip Kerr, 11th Marquis of 4, 89

  Louis XIV, King of France 86

  Louisiana (tanker) 293

  Louvain 430

  Lovat, Simon Fraser, 15th Lord 471

  Löwenfeld, Dorothea von 360

  Lowry, Rear-Admiral Frank 394

  Loyal Regiment 579

  Lübeck 434

  Lublin 23, 26, 104, 224, 225, 534

  Lubomirski, Lieutenant Prince Eugene 536

  Lucas, Major-General John 393, 394, 395–6

  Lucy (Soviet spy ring) 155, 417

  Ludendorff, General Erich 16

  Ludendorff Bridge 513, 596

  Lufthansa 177

  Luftwaffe (German air force): Allied bombing of installations 440, 442, 445, 446–7, 453, 476;

  and Allied Combined Bomber Offensive 600;

  and Allied Normandy landings 468, 476;

  announcement of existence of 4;

  battle of Britain 92–5, 97–101, 105–7, 156;

  battle of Kursk 416, 418, 423;

  battle of Stalingrad 321, 323, 326;

  bombing of Britain 100–101, 102–3, 516;

  co-operation with Panzer divisions 51–2;

  and Dunkirk evacuation 64, 65, 66–7;

  on Eastern Front 532–3, 542;

  intelligence division 98, 587;

  invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 51–2, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61–2, 74, 430, 587;

 

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