Charles Darwin

by Janet Browne

  78. DAR 219.1.86. Darwin’s letters of thanks are in Life and Letters 3:225–27.

  79. Colp 1983. Emma Darwin’s diary has Sunday 11 March 1877 as the date.

  80. Matthew 1986, vol. 9, p. 199. See also Gladstone to his wife, ibid., p. 221. For Gladstone generally, see Bassett 1936 and Checkland 1971. The visit is discussed in Colp 1983.

  81. To C. E. Norton, 16 March 1877, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

  82. Gladstone’s interest in colour perception arose from his work in classical history. He thought the vagueness of the terminology for colour in ancient Greece meant that these peoples were at a lower stage of development and incapable of refined colour discrimination. Darwin discussed similar points in relation to the heightened natural perceptions of primitives. See Kuklick 1994.

  83. To W. E. Gladstone, 4 August [1879], British Library.

  84. C. Darwin 1877, reprinted in H. Gruber 1974, pp. 464–74.

  85. H. Gruber 1974, pp. 224–29. George Darwin made good use of these infant observations in after-dinner speeches. When elected president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society he read out extracts pertaining to himself. Christ’s College Magazine, Michaelmas term 1914.

  86. Browne 1989, Schiebinger 1991.

  87. Chandrasekhar 1981.

  88. From Charles Bradlaugh, 5 June 1877, DAR 160.

  89. To Charles Bradlaugh, 6 June [1877], DAR 202, partly printed in Bradlaugh 1895, vol. 2, p. 24, where there is a full account of the trial. See also Manvell 1976 and Arnstein 1965. For Victorian views on contraception see McLaren 1978 and Hall and Porter 1995.

  90. To ? Truelove, 1 July 1878, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. The elder Truelove was being tried for obscenity after publishing a cheap edition of Robert Dale Owen’s Moral Physiology, or, a Plain and Brief Treatise on the Population Question.

  91. Letter to G. A. Gaskell, More Letters 2:50. See also Weikart 1995.

  CHAPTER 12.: HOME IS THE SAILOR

  1. Earthworms 313. On Darwin’s investigations see Satchell 1983 and Elliott 1995.

  2. To Francis Darwin, 10 June 1877, DAR 211, in which Darwin refers to these bundles of notes.

  3. Emma Darwin 2:281.

  4. More Letters 2:214. More generally on animal intelligence, see Boakes 1984 and R. Richards 1987.

  5. Emma Darwin 2:282.

  6. Emma Darwin 2:285–86. According to Emma, Darwin at first wished to decline the degree because of the “bother” of visiting Cambridge for the award. DAR 219.9.146.

  7. Cambridge Chronicle, 24 November 1877, p. 4.

  8. Emma Darwin 2:285–86.

  9. Quoted from Brent 1981, p. 499.

  10. Stirling 1926, p. 101.

  11. Emma Darwin 2:321.

  12. Atkins 1974, Moore 1985a.

  13. Annual Audit, Bromley Savings Bank, Bromley Record, 1 February 1863. For Darwin’s correspondence with John Innes on some of these matters see Stecher 1961, p. 216.

  14. Wedgwood and Wedgwood 1980, p. 345.

  15. “A Visit to Darwin’s Village,” Evening News, 12 February 1909.

  16. Russell Gebbett 1977, pp. 29–41. The quotation is from p. 31. See Gosden 1961 on Friendly Societies and Gosden 1973 on other voluntary associations.

  17. Stecher 1961, p. 242.

  18. Freeman 1977, p. 157.

  19. Life and Letters 2:289.

  20. Stecher 1961, p. 233.

  21. DAR 140(4):64.

  22. Stecher 1961, p. 219. On the duties of Victorian clergymen, see Colloms 1977 and Haig 1984.

  23. “A Visit to Darwin’s Village,” Evening News, 12 February 1909.

  24. “A Visit to Darwin’s Village,” Evening News, 12 February 1909. See also Atkins 1974, p. 48.

  25. DAR 219.1:110. Bell demonstrated his first commercially available telephone at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876.

  26. F. Darwin 1920, p. 58.

  27. Nash 1921, p. 27. See Colp 1977, 228n30. Victorian servants are discussed in Horn 1995. See also Girouard 1978 and Mitchell 1996. A standard source on the working classes in Victorian Britain is E. Thompson 1963. Atkins 1974, pp. 72–77, describes Darwin’s household.

  28. Atkins 1974, p. 74.

  29. Atkins 1974, p. 73. The model was given to Karl Pearson and displayed for several years at UCL before being returned to Down House.

  30. Jordan 1922, vol. 1, p. 273. Darwin’s dislike of remonstrating with employees was displayed in his dealings with a footman called Duberry; see DAR 219.9.8 and 12; and Lettington’s “idleness,” DAR 219.9.59 and 210.

  31. John Lubbock, speaking at the Darwin-Wallace Centenary celebrations, Linnean Society 1908, pp. 57–58.

  32. B. Darwin 1933, p. 22.

  33. DAR 140(4):77–78.

  34. Paul Harvey, Oxford Companion to English Literature, 4th ed. (1967), entry for Trollope.

  35. Anderson and Cottrell 1974.

  36. Jackson 1999. The interplay between Darwin’s principles and economic activity are discussed concisely in Wyllie 1959.

  37. Down House MS 11.5

  38. Atkins 1974, pp. 95–100, and Down House MS 11.14

  39. See D. Roberts 1978 and Tosh 1999.

  40. DAR 140(4):49.

  41. Papers in DAR 210.23.

  42. A. Desmond 1997, pp. 104, 132–33.

  43. DAR 219.1.147 and 219.9.270. See also Emma Darwin 2:321.

  44. Chadarevian 1996. On self-recording instruments in physiology see Chadarevian 1993. See also Lynch 1985 and Lynch and Woolgar 1988. Darwin’s microscopes are described in Burnett 1992.

  45. C. Darwin 1880, pp. 571, 573.

  46. A description of a typical experiment is given in More Letters 2:415.

  47. J. Secord 1986.

  48. On the history of experiment see Shapin 1988 and Gooding, Pinch, and Schaffer 1989. Darwin’s experimental work is discussed in Rheinberger and McLaughlin 1984.

  49. Ophir and Shapin 1991, Smith and Agar 1998, and Forgan 1996, p. 453.

  50. Life and Letters 1:146.

  51. “A Visit to Darwin’s Village,” Evening News, 12 February 1909, p. 4.

  52. K. Timiriazev, “At Darwin’s in Down,” Russkie Vedomosti (Moscow), 1909, vol. XLVI, Nos. 24–25. See also Vuccinich 1988 and Atkins 1974, pp. 85–86.

  53. Obituary notice, Nature (Botany), 1882, extracted from Candolle 1882.

  54. DAR 219.1:122.

  55. Raverat 1952, p. 185.

  56. Emma Darwin 2:298.

  57. Most of these papers are in DAR 210.29. See Freeman 1984.

  58. Proof sheets of Erasmus Darwin (Krause 1879) are in DAR 210.11:45.

  59. Krause 1879, pp. 48, 68. See also Appendix 1, Barlow 1958, pp. 149–66. On the rhetorical effects of distinguishing between “head” and “hand” see Ophir and Shapin 1976.

  60. Bowler 1983 and 1988. For Butler see H. F. Jones 1920, Greenacre 1963, and Appendix 2, Barlow 1988, pp. 167–219.

  61. Athenaeum, 31 January 1880.

  62. DAR 210.11:46.

  63. DAR 219.1.134.I thank Jim Paradis for discussions about Butler.

  64. Francis Darwin’s papers on the affair are in DAR 139(11).

  65. From Anthony Rich, 9 February 1881, DAR 176.

  66. Barlow 1958, pp. 167–73.

  67. Life and Letters 1:129, Emma Darwin 2:299. See also DAR 219.1.125.

  68. Life and Letters 1:125.

  69. Letter to Victor Marshall, 14 September 1879, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

  70. DAR 149(3):11.

  71. Emma Darwin 2:302. See also DAR 219.1.131 and 219.9.218.

  72. Chadarevian 1996.

  73. DAR 262.10:1–27. The stone currently embedded in the lawn at Down House is apparently a recreation of an experiment originally carried out under Horace Darwin’s supervision in 1929. Horace reported on the movements in H. Darwin 1900.

  74. Groeben 1982.

  75. Groeben 1982, p. 63.

  76. Life and Letters 3:352–53.

  77. L. Huxley 1918, vol. 2, p
p. 237–39.

  78. Darwin’s papers relating to this scheme are in DAR 196.3.

  79. Colp 1992.

  80. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 378.

  81. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, pp. 314–15.

  82. Nash 1921, pp. 132–35.

  83. Feuer 1975.

  84. Aveling 1883, p. 4. There is a copy in DAR 139(12). The veneration of Darwin’s absent presence has been discussed in part in Browne 1998. See also Leder 1990.

  85. Life and Letters 1:143, Emma Darwin 2:315.

  86. To Wallace, 12 July 1881, British Library.

  87. Frithiof Holmgren, professor of physiology at Uppsala University, Times, 18 April 1881.

  88. To William Darwin, 4 August [1881], DAR 210.6.

  89. Sakula 1982. The painting was by Archibald Preston Tilt, and hangs in the Wellcome Trust, London.

  90. Prescott 1985. See also Jordanova 2000.

  91. Marian Collier’s drawing is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

  92. DAR 219.1.144. In another letter, Emma Darwin mentions that in addition to Jackson a second understudy was used; DAR 219.9.199.

  93. I am very grateful to Trudy Prescott Nuding for this information and for allowing me access to her unpublished research.

  94. Autobiography, p. 43. See Carlyle 1881, vol. 2, pp. 207–8.

  95. Murray 1919, p. 18.

  96. From Robert Cooke [John Murray], 5 November 1881, DAR 171.

  97. To Francis Darwin, 9 November [1881], DAR 211.

  98. Index, 22 December 1881.

  99. F. Darwin 1920, p. 57.

  100. Emma Darwin 2:294, and DAR 219.9.188.

  101. Emma Darwin, 2nd ed., 1915, vol. 2, p. 395.

  102. L. Darwin 1929, pp. 119–20.

  103. DAR 140(3):36, and letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University.

  104. DAR 140(3):12.

  105. Emma Darwin 2:254.

  106. On Darwin’s purported deathbed conversion see Moore 1994. Emma Darwin’s diary records the figures “3 1/2,” presumably the time of Darwin’s death. See also Life and Letters 3:358. I am grateful to the Darwin Correspondence Project for letting me see a copy of Probate of Darwin’s will, dated 4 June 1882. His estate was valued at £146,911. The will was witnessed by William Jackson, the butler.

  107. Emma Darwin’s notes on Darwin’s death, Emma Darwin 2:328–29.

  108. Jordan 1922, vol. 1, p. 273.

  109. Matthew 1990, p. 244.

  110. Raverat 1952, p. 176.

  111. Quoted from Moore 1982, pp. 110, 111. See A. R. Hall 1966 for scientists buried in Westminster Abbey.

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