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Index
A Farewell to Alms (Clark), 57, 59, 61, 170
Abecedarian Project, 90–4
aggressive personality, 2–3, 26, 32, 80, 90, 108–9, 129–30, 140
agreeableness
benefit claims, 145
changes in society, 57, 62, 64
concept, 9–10
degree of heritability, 116
effect of motivation, 30–2
employment difficulties, 18–19
employment-resistant personality profile, 112, 122–3, 163
face value, 89
family environment, 47, 121
functional difference, 11–12
Gage’s case study, 20–4
juvenile delinquency, 55
occupational performance, 27, 36–9
personality measurement, 25–6, 35, 44–5
preschool training, 52
selective-breeding programmes, 105, 107
self-control and, 29, 49
socialisation patterns, 171
Ultimatum Game (UG) data, 149, 153, 155
unemployment risk, 40–2, 53
antisocial behaviour
childhood disadvantage, 2–3, 140
childhood self-control, 50, 52
employment-resistant personality profile, 33, 60, 71, 138–9, 142–3, 181
family environment, 121, 130–1
fear of destitution, 32
GED recipients, 41
parental inattention, 85–6
preschool tutoring, 80, 90, 129
socioeconomic status (SES), 120
troubled families, 155–8
UK and US population, comparison, 60–2
violent criminality, 165–6, 173
welfare claimants, 153, 155
antisocial personality disorder, 33, 60–1, 71, 138–9, 165–6
Better Angels of Our Nature, The (Pinker), 167
Big Five dimensions of personality. see agreeableness; conscientiousness; extraversion; neuroticism; openness to experience
Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS), 94–5
childhood disadvantage
criminal records, 136
employment-resistant personality, 3–4, 117, 177
human capital debate, 2, 140
Perry Preschool Project, example, 123–30
personality mis-development, 144
childhood self-control, 29, 48–9, 51–2, 65–7
children, number of
childhood self-control, 65–7
in disadvantaged households, 2, 54, 57, 116, 124, 140, 142, 148, 157, 172, 180–2, 185
family/household type, 158–9, 176–7
household income, 63
neglect-prone households, 143
social class, 59
unemployed adults, 72–3
welfare claimants, 58, 74–5, 79, 98, 123, 133, 154, 176
claimant reproduction
British Cohort Study (BCS) participants, 66–7
comparison families, 59, 76–7
modern theory, 65–71
National Child Development Study (NCDS) participants, 66
pre-welfare eras, 69, 72
problem families, 58–9, 76–7
r-K selection theory, 55–7
welfare era, 71–8
comparison families
criminality, 136–7, 164
impoverishment, 59
mother’s protectiveness, 77
personality analysis, 25–6, 113–14
socio-economic background, 163
unemployment, 113
work records, 19, 27, 76, 86
conscientiousness
benefit claims, 145
changes in society, impact on, 57, 62, 64
concept, 9
degree of heritability, 116
differences in laziness, 106
employment difficulties, 18–19
employment-resistant personality profile, 40–2, 53, 112, 151, 163
face value, 89
family environment, 47, 121
functional difference, 11
Gage’s case study, 21–4
human reproduction, 68–9
juvenile delinquency, 56
level of motivation, 31–2
Machiguenga environment, 151–3, 155
occupational performance, 27, 29–30, 35–9, 122–3
personality measurement, 25–6, 44–6
preschool training, 51–2
selective-breeding programmes, 105, 107
self-control, 49
socialisation, 171
contraception, 2, 4, 58, 74–5, 99, 103, 176
criminal violence, 6, 33, 143, 164–7, 170–1, 173–4
cultural kinship, 154
disadvantaged households
genetic profiles, 133, 175
moral concerns, 178
number of children, 2, 54, 57, 124, 128, 140, 142, 148, 157, 172, 180–2, 185
uneven exposure, 120
domestic violence, 159, 166, 173
Dunedin Study, 42, 47–50, 53, 65, 76
employment-resistant personality profile
agreeableness, 112, 122–3, 163
antisocial behaviour, 33, 60, 71, 138–9, 142–3, 181
childhood disadvantage, 3–4, 117, 177
conscientiousness, 40–2, 53, 112, 151, 163
criminality, 163–4
mis-evolution of personality, 184–5
nightmare scenario, 185
violent crime, 164
welfare claimants, 3, 32–3, 53, 98, 112, 122–3, 141, 153
welfare state, 18, 32, 79, 153–5, 157, 163
English intelligentsia, 180–1
environmental effects, 5, 86–7, 115–16, 118–20, 134–6, 172
extra welfare benefits, 157, 177
extraversion
concept, 8
personality measurement, 25–6, 34–5, 44
positive emotion, 10
family cap, 73–4
family environment, 93, 119–21
Fiscal Case for Working with Troubled Families, The, 160–1
Gage, Phineas (case study), 20–4
general educational development (GED) test, 28–9, 33, 41, 83
general intelligence, 27
genetic influences
level of foresight, 100
natural selection, 97–8, 102
selective breeding, 97–8, 103, 105–7, 109, 111–12
genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA), 117–18
homicide, 164–5, 167–8, 170, 172
household income, 72, 74, 76, 177
human capital, 1–3, 6, 18, 45, 80–1, 131, 133, 135, 140, 185
impulsive/irresponsible behaviour, 26, 172
IQ score, 24, 27, 42–3, 48, 50–3, 89, 91–3, 120
job performance, 7, 11, 19, 27, 34–6, 41
juvenile delinquency, 55–6, 138
laziness, 106–7, 116
Lebensführung, 170–1, 173
London riots 2011, 182
middle-class households, 42, 120–1
Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study, 95–6
The National Evaluation of the Troubled Families Programme (government report), 160
natural selection, 12, 65, 97–8, 102, 140, 153
nepotism, 153–4
neuroticism
childhood self-control, 49
concept, 10
personality measurement, 25, 34–5, 44<
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selective breeding, 105
non-human animals, 5, 81, 103, 109, 112
openness to experience
concept, 8
intellectual abilities, 10–11
personality measurement, 25, 44
organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB), 36
Origin of Species (Darwin), 97, 140
parental inattention, 81–3, 85–6
Perry Preschool Project, 87, 89–93, 123–30
personality-damaged welfare babies, 166–7
personality development
child neglect, 81–7
family environment, 121
genetic basis, 5
life outcomes, 129
occupational performance, 27–38
state altruism, 3
personality mis-development, 6–7, 76, 79–80, 83, 98–9, 122–4, 129, 142, 144, 172, 175, 185
poverty, 58–9, 73, 80, 83, 137, 165
prefrontal brain injury, 18–20, 18–22, 22–4, 24, 26, 40–1
preschool tutoring, 80, 87–8, 90, 93, 124–6, 128–9, 131, 185
privileged families, 4, 180
problem families
concept, 113
criminal violence, 164
personality characteristics, 24–7
poverty, 59
psychological characteristics, 18–19
welfare payments, 77
work records, 76, 86
see also Sheffield problem families (case study)
Project CARE, 93–4
questionnaire
employability dimension, 38
online, 8
personality scores, 19–20, 23, 25, 34, 41, 55, 68–9, 71, 132
self-report, 7, 25, 44, 84
social behaviour, 95
workplace performance, 35
reproduction
developed countries, 57
employment-resistant personality profile, 56
offspring care, 54, 154
personality and, 14, 65–71, 170, 172
unrestrained, 99–100, 102
welfare and, 4, 71–8
rule-breaking personality, 2–3, 33, 80, 90, 129, 140
selective-breeding experiments
Maudsley reactive rats, 103–5
Russian domestication programme, 107–11
work ethic in mice, 106–7
self-control
Dunedin Study data, 50–1
during childhood, 29–30, 65–7
hybrid construct, 42
lack of, 53
levels, 48–9, 52, 76
values of, 171, 174
Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 2, 98–100, 103, 176
Sheffield problem families (case study), 100, 103, 137