Churchill 1940-1945: Under Friendly Fire
Page 46
11. Cabinet Minute, quoted in Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
12. Bernard M. Baruch Papers, quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
13. Quoted W. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 7.
Chapter 21
1. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. Vol. 1, C-43X.
2. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, pbk edn, p. 88.
3. Quoted Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 60.
4. Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 178.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–11x.
6. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–5x.
7. R. Sherwood, (ed.), The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1948), p. 796.
8. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 19 et seq.
9. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 160.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 331.
11. D. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets (London: Little, Brown, 1999), quotation from pbk edn, p. 54.
12. D. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor: Abdication and War: the Diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson 2006), p. 251.
13. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 345.
14. Eric Seal, quoted in M. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (London: Heinemann, 1991), p. 689.
15. Quoted Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, p. 178.
16. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 59.
17. See Kathleen Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in A. Lane and H. Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, (London: Macmillan Press; St Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 52 et seq.
18. C. Ponting, 1940: Myth & Reality (London: Hamilton, 1990), p. 212.
19. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, pbk edn, Vol 1, p. 88.
20. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 972 et seq.
21. R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937–1946 (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 103.
22. See A.J.P. Taylor, ‘The Statesman’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 44.
23. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 229.
24. See Kathleen Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in Lane & Temperley, Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, p. 43 et seq.
25. Colville in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 96.
26. PREM, WSC to Halifax, 10 January 1942, fo. 364; quoted, J. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995), p. 49.
27. PREM 4/17/1, Cherwell to WSC, December 1940, fos. 82/85; quoted, Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 23.
28. Quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 49.
29. Sayers, Financial Policy, Table 5, quoted Burk, ‘American Foreign Economic Policy & Lend-Lease’ in Lane & Temperley, Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, p. 57 et seq.
30. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance, p. 135.
Chapter 22
1. W. Harriman and E. Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 75.
2. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 705.
3. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), p. 44.
4. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 260.
5. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, pp. 36, 38.
6. Quoted Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, pp. 742–3.
7. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 260.
8. See Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1161.
9. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1163.
10. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 261.
11. See Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, pp. 705, 706.
12. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1167.
13. H. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1967), p. 415.
14. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 364.
15. Bercuson & Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 29 et seq.
16. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 374.
Chapter 23
1. Danchev and Todman (eds), Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1939–1945, p. 209.
2. 30 November 1941. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–135x.
3. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 126.
4. See Attlee to Churchill, 20 December 1941, Churchill papers, 20/23, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1654.
5. See Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–1941, p. 54 et seq.
6. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1177.
7. Quoted Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 56 et seq.
8. H. Stimson and M. Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 18 November 1940.
9. See Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 218.
10. Quoted, Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 219.
Chapter 24
1. Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 18.
2. Fraser, ‘Field-Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, p. 93.
3. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 418.
4. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 489.
5. Fraser, ‘Field-Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 93.
6. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 217.
7. Daily Telegraph, 28 May 1981.
8. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 53.
9. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 275.
10. Alex Danchev, ‘Being Friends: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Making of Allied Strategy in the Second World War’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy and International Politics, p. 208.
11. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 138.
12. Churchill papers, 20/36, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1623.
13. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 270.
14. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 170.
15. Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 165.
Chapter 25
1. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 245.
2. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 244.
3. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), pp. 1473–4.
4. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 223.
5. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 224.
6. Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 175.
7. See Danchev, ‘Being Friends’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 196 et seq.
8. Quoted, R. Overy, Why the Allies Won (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995), pbk edn, p 306.
9. H. Nicholas (ed.), Washington Dispatches 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1981), p. 257 et seq (9 October 1943).
10. Dill to Wavell, 9 January 1942, Wavell Family Papers.
11. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 250.
12. See M. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–43, (Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 7.
13. Quoted Bercuson & Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 261.
Chapter 26
1. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, p. 43.
2. Nicolson, Diary, 1
7 December 1941.
3. Quoted J. Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory: A Political Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1993), p. 479.
4. J. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI: His Life and Reign (London: Macmillan; St. Martin’s Press, 1958), p. 537.
5. Quoted J. Barnes and D. Nicholson (eds), The Leo Amery Diaries (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 23 December 1941, p. 755.
6. Channon, Diary, 27 January 1942, p. 318.
7. Hansard, 25 March 1942.
8. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 16 February 1942.
9. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 341.
10. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 341.
11. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–37.
12. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 343.
13. W. Churchill, Secret Session Speeches (London: Cassell, 1946), p. 53 et seq.
14. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, chapter 5.
15. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 309.
16. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 62.
17. P. French, Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division (London: HarperCollins, 1997). Quotation from pbk edn, pp 142, 144.
18. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 89.
19. Hansard, 29 April 1941.
20. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 288.
Chapter 27
1. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 142.
2. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 143.
3. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 134.
4. Quoted, J. Colville, The Churchillians, p. 144.
5. Quoted Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 134.
6. See appendix 17 in C. Webster and N. Frankland The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, vol. 4 (London: Imperial War Museum in association with Battery Press, 1961), p. 231 et seq.
7. J. Keegan, Churchill (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2002), p. 137.
8. Carver, ‘Churchill and the Defence Chiefs’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 368.
9. J. Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), p. 552.
10. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 139.
11. Captain G.H. Roberts, quoted Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 297.
Chapter 28
1. F. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 (New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 319 et seq.
2. See Kimball and Rose, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, in Finest Hour, Journal of the Churchill Centre and Societies, Autumn 2004, number 124, p. 31 et seq.
3. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 249.
4. See Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 247 et seq.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, p. 289 et seq.
6. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 598.
7. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 59.
8. Luce, ‘The American Century’ in Life, 17 February 1941, p. 61 et seq.
9. Quoted, Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 251.
10. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 130.
Chapter 29
1. See Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 281.
2. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1144.
3. Leasor, War at the Top, p 184.
4. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey, p. 468.
5. Professor David Jablonsky, US Army War College, at Churchill Centre Conference, 2006.
6. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 129.
7. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 604.
Chapter 30
1. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 60.
2. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 220.
3. Richard Symons, The Making of Pakistan (London: Faber & Faber 1950), p. 74.
4. Quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 90.
5. R. Dallek, Lyndon B. Johnston: Portrait of a President, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Quotation from pbk edn, p. 201.
6. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 221.
7. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 61.
Chapter 31
1. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 2 July 1942.
2. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 2 July and 9 September 1942.
3. Bullock, A., The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 2 (London: Heinemann, 1967), p. 300, but see Danchev ‘Waltzing with Winston’ in Paul Smith (ed.), Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856–1990 (London/Rio Grande: Hambledon P., I996), p. 199.
4. Moran, Winston Churchill: Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, p. 72.
5. See Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier.
6. Quoted, Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier, pbk edn, p. 179.
7. Quoted, Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier, pp. pbk edn, 314, 315.
8. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 306.
9. Jacob’s Diary, quoted in A. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, 1939–1943: A Study Based on the Diaries and Autobiographical Notes of the Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke (London: Collins, 1957), p. 451.
10. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 53.
11. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 306.
12. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 6 November 1941.
Chapter 32
1. C. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre: vol. 2 L’Unité 1942–44 (Paris: Plon, 1956), p. 33.
2. Quoted, Kersaudy, Churchill & De Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 211.
3. Hart-Davis, ed, King’s Counsellor, p. 132.
4. FO 371/31950, C. Peake to W. Strang, 31/10/42, quoted Kersaudy Churchill & De Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 216.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–123/1, quoted, Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 175.
6. See, for example, Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940– 1965, p. 62.
7. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 55.
8. See Kimball and Rose, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, in Finest Hour, Journal of the Churchill Centre and Societies, Autumn 2004, number 124, p. 32.
9. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–210.
10. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 326.
11. See D. Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings that shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 112.
12. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 309.
13. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 345 et seq.
14. Ronald Lewin, Montgomery as Military Commander (London: Batsford, 1971), p. 81.
15. See Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 272.
Chapter 33
1. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, pbk edn, p. 139.
2. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 475.
3. Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 256.
4. Quoted, Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 151.
5. See Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 193.
6. J. Harvey (ed.), Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937–40 (London: Collins, 1970), vol. 2, 2 October 1942, p. 165.
Chapter 34
1. Churchill papers, 9/152, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1103.
2. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–210.
3. Churchill, Secret Session Speeches, p. 95.
4. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 294.
5. FO 954/8, Eden to Halifax No.42 8/1/43.
6. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 332, 333.
7. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 74.
Chapter 35
1. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 243.
2. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 100.
3. Danchev ‘Being Friends’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 208 et seq.
4. See Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 217 et seq.
Chapter 36
1. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 248.
2. H. Giraud Un Seul But, la Victoire: Alger 1942–44 (Paris: René Julliard, 1949), p. 91, et seq.
3. Quoted Kersaudy, Churchill & de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 246.
4. R. Sherwood, Roosevelt & Hopkins (New York: Harper, 1948), p. 685.
5. Quoted H. Adams, Harry Hopkins: A Biography (New York: Putnam’s, 1977), p. 311.
6. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2 p. 643.
7. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 341 et seq.
8. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 346.
9. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 345.
10. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 353.
11. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 324.
12. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 290.
13. Kersaudy, Churchill & de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 266.
14. A. Eden, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning Part 3 (London: Cassell, 1965), p. 386.
15. PREM 3 181/2, FDR to WC No.228, 17/06/43.
Chapter 37