Zoobiquity

  95 An estimated 40 percent: Jan Shifren, Brigitta Monz, Patricia A. Russo, Anthony Segreti, and Catherine B. Johannes, “Sexual Problems and Distress in United States Women: Prevalence and Correlates,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 112 (2008): pp. 970–78.

  96 They affect as many: J. A. Simon, “Low Sexual Desire—Is It All in Her Head? Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,” Postgraduate Medicine 122 (2010): pp. 128–36; S. Mimoun, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, HSDD,” Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité 39 (2011): pp. 28–31; Anita H. Clayton, “The Pathophysiology of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women,” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 110 (2010): pp. 7–11.

  97 Low desire and HSDD: Clayton, “The Pathophysiology,” pp. 7–11; Santiago Palacios, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Current Pharmacotherapeutic Options in Women,” Women’s Health 7 (2011): pp. 95–107.

  98 Doctors treat HSDD: Clayton, “The Pathophysiology,” pp. 7–11; Palacios, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,” pp. 95–107.

  99 “Cases of dissatisfaction by both partners”: Ralph Myerson, “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder,” Healthline: Connect to Better Health, accessed October 8, 2011. http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/hypoactive-sexual-desire-disorder.

  100 I asked Dr. Janet Roser: Roser interview.

  101 Female rats scratch, bite, and vocalize: James Pfaus telephone interview, February 23, 2011.

  102 Entomologists Randy Thornhill: Randy Thornhill and John Alcock, The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983: p. 469.

  103 James Pfaus, a Concordia University: Pfaus interview.

  104 Lordosis is a very specific: Donald Pfaff, Man and Woman: An Inside Story, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011: p. 78; Donald W. Pfaff, Drive: Neurobiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999: pp. 76–79.

  105 According to Donald Pfaff: D. W. Pfaff, L. M. Kow, M. D. Loose, and L. M. Flanagan-Kato, “Reverse Engineering the Lordosis Behavior Circuit,” Hormones and Behavior 54 (2008): pp. 347–54; Pfaff, Drive, pp. 76–79.

  106 “ascend[s] the spinal cord”: Pfaff, Man and Woman, p. 78.

  107 Like some erections: Pfaff, Man and Woman, p. 78; Pfaff et al., “Reverse Engineering,” pp. 347–54.

  108 Receptive female elephant seals: William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, and J. G. M. Thewissen, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2002: p. 394.

  109 “large number of mechanisms for hormone”: Pfaff, Man and Woman, p. 78.

  110 “basic, reductionistic”: Pfaff, Drive, pp. 76–79.

  111 “The most elementary functions”: Pfaff, Man and Woman, p. 57.

  112 “an adequate period of sexual foreplay”: Houpt, Domestic Animal Behavior, p. 117.

  113 Dogs, too, engage: Ibid., pp. 125–27.

  114 Hypersexual behavior occurs: Ibid., pp. 99, 117.

  115 bellow “like a bull”: Ibid., p. 99.

  116 “assumes a stretching posture”: Masaki Sakai and Mikihiko Kumashiro, “Copulation in the Cricket Is Performed by Chain Reaction,” Zoological Science 21 (2004): p. 716.

  117 The “shudder”: Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance, p. 208.

  118 “violet flannel, then the sharpness”: Molly Peacock, “Have You Ever Faked an Orgasm?” in Cornucopia: New & Selected Poems, New York: Norton, 2002.

  119 Sexual desire in: Dreborg et al., “Evolution of Vertebrate Opiod Receptors,” pp. 15487–92.

  FIVE Zoophoria

  1 In Tasmania: Jason Dicker, “The Poppy Industry in Tasmania,” Chemistry and Physics in Tasmanian Agriculture: A Resource for Science Students and Teachers, accessed July 14, 2010. http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm.

  2 Ignoring security cameras: Damien Brown, “Tassie Wallabies Hopping High,” Mercury, June 25, 2009, accessed July 14, 2010. http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2009/06/25/80825_tasmania-news.html.

  3 Even the mug shot: Ibid.

  4 The medical community’s: National Institutes of Health, “Addiction and the Criminal Justice System,” NIH Fact Sheets, accessed October 7, 2011. http://report.nih.gov/NIHfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=22.

  5 Addicts belong to: K. H. Berge, M. D. Seppala, and A. M. Schipper, “Chemical Dependency and the Physician,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84 (2009): pp. 625–31.

  6 No one issued Flying While Intoxicated: Emily Beeler telephone interview, October 12, 2011.

  7 The Bohemian waxwings: Ronald K. Siegel, Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise, New York: Pocket Books, 1989.

  8 When a horse named Fat Boy: Luke Salkeld, “Pictured: Fat Boy, the Pony Who Got Drunk on Fermented Apples and Fell into a Swimming Pool,” MailOnline, October 16, 2008, accessed July 15, 2010. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1077831/Pictured-Fat-Boy-pony-gotdrunk-fermented-apples-fell-swimming-pool.html.

  9 Bighorn sheep: Siegel, Intoxication, pp. 51–52.

  10 In opium-producing regions of Asia: Ibid., p. 130.

  11 The pen-tailed tree shrew: Frank Wiens, Annette Zitzmann, Marc-André Lachance, Michel Yegles, Fritz Pragst, Friedrich M. Wurst, Dietrich von Holst, et al., “Chronic Intake of Fermented Floral Nectar by Wild Treeshrews,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): pp. 10426–31.

  12 When cattle and horses: M. H. Ralphs, D. Graham, M. L. Galyean, and L. F. James, “Creating Aversions to Locoweed in Naïve and Familiar Cattle,” Journal of Range Management 50 (1997): pp. 361–66; Michael H. Ralphs, David Graham, and Lynn F. James, “Social Facilitation Influences Cattle to Graze Locoweed,” Journal of Range Management 47 (1994): pp. 123–26; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Locoweed (astragalus and Oxytropis spp.).” Last modified February 7, 2006, accessed March 9, 2010. http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=9948&pf=1&cg_id=0.

  13 A friendly cocker spaniel: Laura Mirsch, “The Dog Who Loved to Suck on Toads,” NPR, October 24, 2006, accessed July 14, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6376594; United States Department of Agriculture, “Locoweed.”

  14 In Australia’s Northern Territory: “Dogs Getting High Licking Hallucinogenic Toads!” StrangeZoo.com, accessed July 14, 2010. http://www.strangezoo.com/content/item/105766.html.

  15 In colonial New England: Iain Gately, “Drunk as a Skunk … or a Wild Monkey … or a Pig,” Proof Blog, New York Times, January 24, 2009, accessed January 27, 2009. http://proof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/drunk-as-a-skunk-or-a-wild-monkey-or-a-pig/.

  16 “they were filled with the husks”: Ibid.

  17 Apparently the trick: Ibid.

  18 Darwin also detailed: Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, in From So Simple a Beginning: The Four Great Books of Charles Darwin, ed. Edward O. Wilson. New York: Norton, 2006: pp. 783–1248.

  19 You can see modern-day: BBC Worldwide, “Alcoholic Vervet Monkeys! Weird Nature—BBC Animals,” video, 2009, retrieved October 9, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSm7BcQHWXk&feature=related.

  20 They lose neuromuscular control: Toni S. Shippenberg and George F. Koob, “Recent Advances in Animal Models of Drug Addiction,” in Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress, ed. K. L. Davis, D. Charney, J. T. Coyle, and C. Nemeroff, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2002: pp. 1381–97; J. Wolfgramm, G. Galli, F. Thimm, and A. Heyne, “Animal Models of Addiction: Models for Therapeutic Strategies?” Journal of Neural Transmission 107 (2000): pp. 649–68.

  21 Bees “dance” more vigorously: Andrew B. Barron, Ryszard Maleszka, Paul G. Helliwell, and Gene E. Robinson, “Effects of Cocaine on Honey Bee Dance Behaviour,” Journal of Experimental Biology 212 (2009): pp. 163–68.

  22 Immature zebrafish hang out: S. Bretaud, Q. Li, B. L. Lockwood, K. Kobayashi, E. Lin, and S. Guo, “A Choice Behavior for Morphine Reveals Experience-Dependent Drug Preference and Underlying Neural Substrates in Developing Larval Zebrafish,” Neuroscience
146 (2007): pp. 1109–16.

  23 Methamphetamine juices snail: Kathryn Knight, “Meth(amphetamine) May Stop Snails from Forgetting,” Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (2010), i, accessed May 31, 2010. doi: 10.1242/jeb.046664.

  24 Spiders on a range of drugs: “Spiders on Speed Get Weaving,” New Scientist, April 29, 1995, accessed October 9, 2011. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14619750.500-spiders-on-speed-get-weaving.html.

  25 Alcohol can make: Hyun-Gwan Lee, Young-Cho Kim, Jennifer S. Dunning, and Kyung-An Han, “Recurring Ethanol Exposure Induces Disinhibited Courtship in Drosophila,” PLoS One (2008): p. e1391.

  26 Even humble Caenorhabditis elegans: Andrew G. Davies, Jonathan T. Pierce-Shimomura, Hongkyun Kim, Miri K. VanHoven, Tod R. Thiele, Antonello Bonci, Cornelia I. Bargmann, et al., “A Central Role of the BK Potassium Channel in Behavioral Responses to Ethanol in C. elegans,” Cell 115: pp. 656–66.

  27 That we can see parallel: T. Sudhaharan and A. Ram Reddy, “Opiate Analgesics’ Dual Role in Firefly Luciferase Activity,” Biochemistry 37 (1998): pp. 4451–58; K. L. Machin, “Fish, Amphibian, and Reptile Analgesia,” Veterinary Clinics of North American Exotic Animal Practice 4 (2001): pp. 19–22.

  28 Receptors for opiates: Susanne Dreborg, Görel Sundström, Tomas A. Larsson, and Dan Larhammar, “Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): pp. 15487–92; Janicke Nordgreen, Joseph P. Garner, Andrew Michael Janczak, Brigit Ranheim, William M. Muir, and Tor Einar Horsberg, “Thermonociception in Fish: Effects of Two Different Doses of Morphine on Thermal Threshold and Post-Test Behavior in Goldfish (Carassius auratus),” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 119 (2009): pp. 101–07; N. A. Zabala, A. Miralto, H. Maldonado, J. A. Nunez, K. Jaffe, and L. de C. Calderon, “Opiate Receptor in Praying Mantis: Effect of Morphine and Naloxone,” Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 20 (1984): pp. 683–87; V. E. Dyakonova, F. W. Schurmann, and D. A. Sakharov, “Effects of Serotonergic and Opioidergic Drugs on Escape Behaviors and Social Status of Male Crickets,” Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999): pp. 435–37.

  29 Receptors for cannabinoids: John McPartland, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Luciano De Petrocellis, Alison Mercer, and Michelle Glass, “Cannabinoid Receptors Are Absent in Insects,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 436 (2001): pp. 423–29; Osceola Whitney, Ken Soderstrom, and Frank Johnson, “CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Inhibits a Neural Correlate of Song Recognition in an Auditory/Perceptual Region of the Zebra Finch Telencephalon,” Journal of Neurobiology 56 (2003): pp. 266–74; E. Cottone, A. Guastalla, K. Mackie, and M. F. Franzoni, “Endocannabinoids Affect the Reproductive Functions in Teleosts and Amphibians,” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 286S (2008): pp. S41–S45.

  30 “how the human mind, especially emotions”: Jaak Panksepp, “Science of the Brain as a Gateway to Understanding Play: An Interview with Jaak Panksepp,” American Journal of Play 3 (2010): p. 250.

  31 Rat tickling came in the mid-1900s: Ibid., p. 266

  32 Most animals don’t vocalize: Franklin D. McMillan, Mental Health and Well-Being in Animals, Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 2005: pp. 6–7.

  33 And in some cases tragically: K. J. S. Anand and P. R. Hickey, “Pain and Its Effects in the Human Neonate and Fetus,” The New England Journal of Medicine 317 (1987): pp. 1321–29.

  34 In the early 1900s: Jill R. Lawson, “Standards of Practice and the Pain of Premature Infants,” Recovered Science, accessed December 18, 2011. http://www.recoveredscience.com/ROP_preemiepain.htm.

  35 how an animal experiences: Joseph LeDoux, “Rethinking the Emotional Brain,” Neuron 73 (2012): pp. 653–76.

  36 “Emotions … shaped by natural selection”: Randolph M. Nesse and Kent C. Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use in Evolutionary Perspective,” Science 278 (1997): pp. 63–66, accessed February 16, 2010. doi:0.1126/science.278.5335.63.

  37 “Love joins hate”: E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.

  38 Indeed, when these activities: Brian Knutson, Scott Rick, G. Elliott Wimmer, Drazen Prelec, and George Loewenstein, “Neural Predictors of Purchases,” Neuron 53 (2007): pp. 147–56; Ethan S. Bromberg-Martin and Okihide Hikosaka, “Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information About Upcoming Rewards,” Neuron 63 (2009): pp. 119–26.

  39 “from slugs to primates”: Nesse and Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use,” pp. 63–66.

  40 Opioid receptors and pathways: Dreborg et al., “Evolution of Vertebrate Opioid Receptors,” pp. 15487–92.

  41 Researchers working with Panksepp: Panksepp, “Science of the Brain,” p. 253.

  42 “neurochemical jungle of the human brain”: Shaun Gallagher, “How to Undress the Affective Mind: An Interview with Jaak Panksepp,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 15 (2008): pp. 89–119.

  43 “Drugs of abuse”: Nesse and Berridge, “Psychoactive Drug Use,” pp. 63–66.

  44 “You can’t become addicted to a drug”: David Sack telephone interview, July 28, 2010.

  45 “Every mammal has a system in the brain”: Jaak Panksepp, “Evolutionary Substrates of Addiction: The Neurochemistries of Pleasure Seeking and Social Bonding in the Mammalian Brain,” in Substance and Abuse Emotion, ed. Jon D. Kassel, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010, pp. 137–67.

  46 As Gary Wilson: Gary Wilson interview, Moorpark, CA, May 24, 2011.

  47 David J. Linden: David J. Linden, The Compass of Pleasure, Viking: 2011 (location 113 in ebook).

  48 Extensive study of the effect: Craig J. Slawecki, Michelle Betancourt, Maury Cole, and Cindy L. Ehlers, “Periadolescent Alcohol Exposure Has Lasting Effects on Adult Neurophysiological Function in Rats,” Developmental Brain Research 128 (2001): pp. 63–72; Linda Patia Spear, “The Adolescent Brain and the College Drinker: Biological Basis of Propensity to Use and Misuse Alcohol,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 14 (2002): pp. 71–81; Melanie L. Schwandt, Stephen G. Lindell, Scott Chen, J. Dee Higley, Stephen J. Suomi, Markus Heilig, and Christina S. Barr, “Alcohol Response and Consumption in Adolescent Rhesus Macaques: Life History and Genetic Influences,” Alcohol 44 (2010): pp. 67–90.

  SIX Scared to Death

  1 On the day of the earthquake: Jonathan Leor, W. Kenneth Poole, and Robert A. Kloner, “Sudden Cardiac Death Triggered by an Earthquake,” New England Journal of Medicine 334 (1996): pp. 413–19.

  2 Admissions to hospitals for chest pain: Laura S. Gold, Leslee B. Kane, Nona Sotoodehnia, and Thomas Rea, “Disaster Events and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Washington State Investigation,” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22 (2007): pp. 313–17.

  3 Statisticians combing through the numbers: S. R. Meisel, K. I. Dayan, H. Pauzner, I. Chetboun, Y. Arbel, D. David, and I. Kutz, “Effect of Iraqi Missile War on Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death in Israeli Civilians,” Lancet 338 (1991): pp. 660–61.

  4 The number of life-threatening: Omar L. Shedd, Samuel F. Sears, Jr., Jane L. Harvill, Aysha Arshad, Jamie B. Conti, Jonathan S. Steinberg, and Anne B. Curtis, “The World Trade Center Attack: Increased Frequency of Defibrillator Shocks for Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients Living Remotely from New York City,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44 (2004): pp. 1265–67.

  5 Take the 1998 soccer World Cup: Paul Oberjuerge, “Argentina Beats Courageous England 4–3 in Penalty Kicks,” Soccer-Times.com, June 30, 1998, accessed December 8, 2010. http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/1998/games/jun30a.htm.

  6 And that day heart attacks: Douglas Carroll, Shah Ebrahim, Kate Tilling, John Macleod, and George Davey Smith, “Admissions for Myocardial Infarction and World Cup Football Database Survey,” BMJ 325 (2002): pp. 21–8.

  7 Interestingly, soccer matches: L. Toubiana, T. Hanslik, and L. Letrilliart, “French Cardiovascular Mortality Did Not Increase During 1996 European Football Championship,” BMJ 322 (2001): p. 1306.

  8 Richard Williams, a sportswriter: Richard Williams, “Down with the Penalty Shootout and Let the ‘Games Wo
n’ Column Decide,” Sports Blog, Guardian, October 24, 2006, accessed October 5, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/oct/24/sport.comment3.

  9 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: K. Tsuchihashi, K. Ueshima, T. Uchida, N. Oh-mura, K. Kimura, M. Owa, M. Yoshiyama, et al., “Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning Without Coronary Artery Stenosis: A Novel Heart Syndrome Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38 (2001): pp. 11–18; Yoshiteru Abe, Makoto Kondo, Ryota Matsuoka, Makoto Araki, Kiyoshi Dohyama, and Hitoshi Tanio, “Assessment of Clinical Features in Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41 (2003): pp. 737–42; Kevin A. Bybee and Abhiram Prasad, “Stress-Related Cardiomyopathy Syndromes,” Circulation 118 (2008): pp. 397–409; Scott W. Sharkey, Denise C. Windenburg, John R. Lesser, Martin S. Maron, Robert G. Hauser, Jennifer N. Lesser, Tammy S. Haas, et al., “Natural History and Expansive Clinical Profile of Stress (Tako-Tsubo) Cardiomyopathy,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55 (2010): pp. 333–41.

  10 Every year your heart: Matthew J. Loe and William D. Edwards, “A Light-Hearted Look at a Lion-Hearted Organ (Or, a Perspective from Three Standard Deviations Beyond the Norm) Part 1 (of Two Parts),” Cardiovascular Pathology 13 (2004): pp. 282–92.

  11 Tragically, however, this steadfast: National Institutes of Health, “Researchers Develop Innovative Imaging System to Study Sudden Cardiac Death,” NIH News—National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, October 30, 2009, accessed October 14, 2011. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/oct2009/nhlbi-30.htm.

  12 At forty-one: Dan Mulcahy interview, Tulsa, OK, October 27, 2009.

  13 The term describes a syndrome: Jessica Paterson, “Capture Myopathy,” in Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, edited by Gary West, Darryl Heard, and Nigel Caulkett, Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2007: 115, pp. 115–21.

  14 Veterinarians divide: Ibid.

  15 Fishermen trawling: G. D. Stentiford and D. M. Neil, “A Rapid Onset, Post-Capture Muscle Necrosis in the Norway Lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), from the West Coast of Scotland,” Journal of Fish Diseases 23 (2000): pp. 251–63.