Zoobiquity

  16 stress before being slaughtered: Purdue University Animal Services, “Meat Quality and Safety,” accessed October 14, 2011. http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/meat_quality/mqf_stress.html.

  17 Special care is taken: Mitchell Bush and Valerius de Vos, “Observations on Field Immobilization of Free-Ranging Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Using Carfentanil and Xylazine,” Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 18 (1987): pp. 135–40; H. Ebedes, J. Van Rooyen, and J. G. Du Toit, “Capturing Wild Animals,” in The Capture and Care Manual: Capture, Care, Accommodation and Transportation of Wild African Animals, edited by Andrew A. McKenzie, Pretoria: South African Veterinary Foundation, 1993, pp. 382–440.

  18 Deer, elk, and reindeer: “Why Deer Die,” Deerfarmer.com: Deer & Elk Farmers’ Information Network, July 25, 2003, accessed October 5, 2011. http://www.deer-library.com/artman/publish/article_98.shtml.

  19 yearly helicopter roundups: Scott Sonner, “34 Wild Horses Died in Recent Nevada Roundup, Bureau of Land Management Says,” L.A. Unleashed (blog), Los Angeles Times, August 5, 2010, accessed March 3, 2012. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2010/08/thirtyfour-wild-horses-died-in-recent-nevada-roundup-bureau-of-land-management-says.html.

  20 Military physicians: J. A. Howenstine, “Exertion-Induced Myoglobinuria and Hemoglobinuria,” JAMA 173 (1960): pp. 495–99; J. Greenberg and L. Arneson, “Exertional Rhabdomyolysis with Myoglobinuria in a Large Group of Military Trainees,” Neurology 17 (1967): pp. 216–22; P. F. Smith, “Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Naval Officer Candidates,” Archives of Internal Medicine 121 (1968): pp. 313–19; S. A. Geller, “Extreme Exertion Rhabdomyolysis: a Histopathologic Study of 31 Cases,” Human Pathology (1973): pp. 241–50.

  21 Extreme athletes: Mark Morehouse, “12 Football Players Hospitalized with Exertional Condition,” Gazette, January 25, 2011, accessed October 5, 2011. http://thegazette.com/2011/01/25/ui-release-12-football-players-in-hospital-with-undisclosed-illness/.

  22 Examples of animals dying: Paterson, “Capture Myopathy.”

  23 Bighorn sheep: Bureau of Land Management, “Status of the Science: On Questions That Relate to BLM Plan Amendment Decisions and Peninsular Ranges Bighorn Sheep,” last modified March 14, 2001, accessed October 5, 2011. http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib//blm/ca/pdf/pdfs/palmsprings_pdfs.Par.95932cf3.File.pdf/Stat_of_Sci.pdf.

  24 Pet rabbits: Department of Health and Human Services, “Rabbits,” accessed October 5, 2011. http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/rabbit.htm.

  25 Fireworks blasts: Blue Cross, “Fireworks and Animals: How to Keep Your Pets Safe,” accessed November 26, 2009. http://www.bluecross.org.uk/2154–88390/fireworks-and-animals.html; Maggie Page, “Fireworks and Animals: A Survey of Scottish Vets in 2001,” accessed November 26, 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co3/NCFS/survey/sspca/scottishspca.html; Don Jordan, “Rare Bird, Spooked by Fireworks, Thrashes Itself to Death,” Palm Beach Post News, January 1, 2009, accessed November 26, 2009. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2009/01/01/0101deadbird.html.

  26 In Copenhagen in the mid-1990s: Associated Press, “ ‘Killer’ Opera: Wagner Fatal to Zoo’s Okapi,” The Spokesman-Review, August 10, 1994, accessed March 3, 2012. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19940810&id=J0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5AkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3036,5879969.

  27 Loud, frightening noises: World Health Organization: Regional Office for Europe, “Health Effects of Noise,” accessed October 5, 2011. http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/facts-and-figures/health-effects-of-noise.

  28 One study published: Wen Qi Gan, Hugh W. Davies, and Paul A. Demers, “Exposure to Occupational Noise and Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2010): doi:10.1136/oem.2010.055269, accessed October 6, 2011. http://oem.bmj.com/content/early/2010/09/06/oem.2010.055269.abstract.

  29 Dalmatians born with long QT syndrome: W. R. Hudson and R. J. Ruben, “Hereditary Deafness in the Dalmatian Dog,” Archives of Otolaryngology 75 (1962): p. 213; Thomas N. James, “Congenital Deafness and Cardiac Arrhythmias,” American Journal of Cardiology 19 (1967): pp. 627–43.

  30 Four captive zebras: Darah Hansen, “Investigators Probe Death of Four Zebras at Greater Vancouver Zoo,” Vancouver Sun, April 20, 2009, accessed March 3, 2012. http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=168150.

  31 Some bird-watchers: Jacquie Clark and Nigel Clark, “Cramp in Captured Waders: Suggestions for New Operating Procedures in Hot Conditions and a Possible Field Treatment,” IWSG Bulletin (2002): 49.

  32 Circumstances that are not: Alain Ghysen, “The Origin and Evolution of the Nervous System,” International Journal of Developmental Biology 47 (2003): pp. 555–62.

  33 It’s possible that our imaginative: Martin A. Samuels, “Neurally Induced Cardiac Damage. Definition of the Problem,” Neurologic Clinics 11 (1993): p. 273.

  34 “We know that stress”: Carolyn Susman, “What Ken Lay’s Death Can Teach Us About Heart Health,” Palm Beach Post, July 7, 2006, accessed October 4, 2011. http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/palm-beach-post/mi_8163/is_20060707/ken-lays-death-teach-heart/ai_n51923077/.

  35 Indeed, studies have demonstrated: Joel E. Dimsdale, “Psychological Stress and Cardiovascular Disease,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51 (2008): pp. 1237–46.

  36 “a unifying hypothesis … to explain”: M. A. Samuels, “Neurally Induced Cardiac Damage. Definition of the Problem,” Neurologic Clinics 11 (1993): p. 273.

  37 Voodoo curses and overly ominous thoughts: Helen Pilcher, “The Science of Voodoo: When Mind Attacks Body,” New Scientist, May 13, 2009, accessed May 14, 2009. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227081.100-the-science-of-voodoo-when-mind-attacks-body.html.

  38 “Surgeons are wary”: Brian Reid, “The Nocebo Effect: Placebo’s Evil Twin,” Washington Post, April 30, 2002, accessed November 26, 2009. http://www.washington post.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A2709–2002Apr29.

  39 Arthur Barsky, a psychiatrist: Ibid.

  40 Sudden unexpected nocturnal: Ronald G. Munger and Elizabeth A. Booton, “Bangungut in Manila: Sudden and Unexplained Death in Sleep of Adult Filipinos,” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1998): pp. 677–84.

  41 Potato leaves and tubers: Anna Swiedrych, Katarzyna Lorenc-Kukula, Aleksandra Skirycz, and Jan Szopa, “The Catecholamine Biosynthesis Route in Potato Is Affected by Stress,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42 (2004): pp. 593–600; Jan Szopa, Grzegorz Wilczynski, Oliver Fiehn, Andreas Wenczel, and Lothar Willmitzer, “Identification and Quantification of Catecholamines in Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum) by GC-MS,” Phytochemistry 58 (2001): pp. 315–20.

  42 The evolutionary medicine expert: Randolph M. Nesse, “The Smoke Detector Principle: Natural Selection and the Regulation of Defensive Responses,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935 (2001): pp. 75–85.

  43 “Being killed greatly decreases”: S. L. Lima and L. M. Dill, “Behavioral Decisions Made Under the Risk of Predation: A Review and Prospectus,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (1990): pp. 619–40.

  44 In human medical circles: Wanda K. Mohr, Theodore A. Petti, and Brian D. Mohr, “Adverse Effects Associated with Physical Restraint,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48 (2003): pp. 330–37.

  45 Sudden infant death syndrome: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome—United States, 1983–1994,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 45 (1996): pp. 859–63; M. Willinger, L. S. James, and C. Catz, “Defining the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Deliberations of an Expert Panel Convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,” Pediatric Pathology 11 (1991): pp. 677–84; Roger W. Byard and Henry F. Krous, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Overview and Update,” Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 6 (2003): 112–27.

  46 “the sudden death of an infant”: National SIDS Resource Center, “What Is SIDS?,” accessed October 5, 2011. http://sid
s-network.org/sidsfact.htm.

  47 Theories abound: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 859–63; Willinger, James, and Catz, “Defining the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 677–84; Byard and Krous, “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” pp. 112–27.

  48 These reflexes likely share: B. Kaada, “Electrocardiac Responses Associated with the Fear Paralysis Reflex in Infant Rabbits and Rats: Relation to Sudden Infant Death,” Functional Neurology 4 (1989): pp. 327–40.

  49 The heart rates of animals: E. J. Richardson, M. J. Shumaker, and E. R. Harvey, “The Effects of Stimulus Presentation During Cataleptic, Restrained, and Free Swimming States on Avoidance Conditioning of Goldfish (Carassius auratus),” Psychological Record 27 (1997): pp. 63–75; P. A. Whitman, J. A. Marshall, and E. C. Keller, Jr., “Tonic Immobility in the Smooth Dogfish Shark, Mustelus canis (Pisces, Carcharhinidae),” Copeia (1986): pp. 829–32; L. Lefebvre and M. Sabourin, “Effects of Spaced and Massed Repeated Elicitation on Tonic Immobility in the Goldfish (Carassius auratus),” Behavioral Biology 21 (1997): pp. 300–5; A. Kahn, E. Rebuffat, and M. Scottiaux, “Effects of Body Movement Restraint on Cardiac Response to Auditory Stimulation in Sleeping Infants,” Acta Paediatrica 81 (1992): 959–61; Laura Sebastiani, Domenico Salamone, Pasquale Silvestri, Alfredo Simoni, and Brunello Ghelarducci, “Development of Fear-Related Heart Rate Responses in Neonatal Rabbits,” Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 50 (1994): pp. 231–38.

  50 Birger Kaada connected: Birger Kaada, “Why Is There an Increased Risk for Sudden Infant Death in Prone Sleeping? Fear Paralysis and Atrial Stretch Reflexes Implicated?” Acta Paediatrica 83 (1994): pp. 548–57.

  51 And, interestingly, swaddling: Patricia Franco, Sonia Scaillet, José Groswaasser, and André Kahn, “Increased Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Auditory Challenges in Swaddled Infants,” Sleep 27 (2004): pp. 1527–32.

  SEVEN Fat Planet

  1 But there I was: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference with the Nutrition Advisory Group, Tulsa, OK, October 2009.

  2 Exact numbers are hard to pin down: I. M. Bland, A. Guthrie-Jones, R. D. Taylor, and J. Hill. “Dog Obesity: Veterinary Practices’ and Owners’ Opinions on Cause and Management,” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 94 (2010): pp. 310–15; Alexander J. German, “The Growing Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats,” Journal of Nutrition 136 (2006): pp. 19405–65; Elizabeth M. Lund, P. Jane Armstrong, Claudia A. Kirk, and Jeffrey S. Klausner, “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practice,” International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 4 (2006): pp. 177–86.

  3 But studies in both the United States and Australia: Bland et al., “Dog Obesity”; German, “The Growing Problem,” pp. 19405–65; Lund et al., “Prevalence and Risk Factors,” pp. 177–86.

  4 close to a jaw-dropping 70 percent: Cynthia L. Ogden and Margaret D. Carroll, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008,” National Center for Health Statistics, June 2010, accessed October 12, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf.

  5 With our pets’ excess pounds: Lund et al., “Prevalence and Risk Factors”; C. A. Wyse, K. A. McNie, V. J. Tannahil, S. Love, and J. K. Murray, “Prevalence of Obesity in Riding Horses in Scotland,” Veterinary Record 162 (2008): pp. 590–91.

  6 Some dogs are put on: Rob Stein, “Something for the Dog That Eats Everything: A Diet Pill,” Washington Post, January 6, 2007, accessed October 12, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501753.html.

  7 Liposuction has been the treatment: P. Bottcher, S. Kluter, D. Krastel, and V. Grevel, “Liposuction—Removal of Giant Lipomas for Weight Loss in a Dog with Severe Hip Osteoarthritis,” Journal of Small Animal Practice 48 (2006): pp. 46–48.

  8 Companion felines have been placed: Jessica Tremayne, “Tell Clients to Bite into ‘Catkins’ Diet to Battle Obesity, Expert Advises,” DVM Newsmagazine, August 1, 2004, accessed March 3, 2012. http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=110710.

  9 Veterinarians increasingly treat “portly ponies”: Caroline McGregor-Argo, “Appraising the Portly Pony: Body Condition and Adiposity,” Veterinary Journal 179 (2009): pp. 158–60.

  10 If you’ve ever tallied: Jennifer Watts interview, Tulsa, OK, October 27, 2009; CBS News, “When Lions Get Love Handles: Zoo Nutritionists Are Rethinking Ways of Feeding Animals in Order to Avoid Obesity,” March 17, 2008, accessed January 30, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/17/tech/main3944935.shtml.

  11 In Indianapolis, zookeepers: Ibid.

  12 In Toledo, plump giraffes: Ibid.

  13 City rats crawling: Yann C. Klimentidis, T. Mark Beasley, Hui-Yi Lin, Giulianna Murati, Gregory E. Glass, Marcus Guyton, Wendy Newton, et al., “Canaries in the Coal Mine: A Cross Species Analysis of the Plurality of Obesity Epidemics,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B (2010): pp. 2, 3–5. dom0.1098/rspb.2010.1980.

  14 Big felines, like lions: Joanne D. Altman, Kathy L. Gross, and Stephen R. Lowry, “Nutritional and Behavioral Effects of Gorge and Fast Feeding in Captive Lions,” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8 (2005): pp. 47–57.

  15 “We’re all hardwired”: Mark Edwards interview, San Luis Obispo, CA, February 5, 2010.

  16 In fact, when presented with unlimited: Katherine A. Houpt, Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists, 5th ed., Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: p. 62.

  17 A seal with the catchy nickname: Jim Braly, “Swimming in Controversy, Sea Lion C265 Is First to Be Killed,” Oregon-Live, April 17, 2009, accessed April 27, 2010. http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/swimming_in_controversy_c265_w.html.

  18 The weight of blue whales: Dan Salas telephone interview, September 21, 2010.

  19 In the Colorado Rockies: Arpat Ozgul, Dylan Z. Childs, Madan K. Oli, Kenneth B. Armitage, Daniel T. Blumstein, Lucretia E. Olsen, Shripad Tuljapurkar, et al., “Coupled Dynamics of Body Mass and Population Growth in Response Environmental Change,” Nature 466 (2010): pp. 482–85.

  20 “As the snow has melted”: Dan Blumstein interview, Los Angeles, CA. February 29, 2012.

  21 A study Blumstein copublished: Ibid.

  22 And if this doesn’t seem like a lot: Cynthia L. Ogden, Cheryl D. Fryar, Margaret D. Carroll, and Katherine M. Flegal, “Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 347, October 27, 2004, accessed October 13, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf.

  23 Slovakians living at the base: Eugene K. Balon, “Fish Gluttons: The Natural Ability of Some Fishes to Become Obese When Food Is in Extreme Abundance,” Hydrobiologia 52 (1977): pp. 239–41.

  24 “Obesity is a disease of the environment”: “Dr. Richard Jackson of the Obesity Epidemic,” video, Media Policy Center, accessed October 13, 2011. http://dhc.mediapolicycenter.org/video/health/dr-richardjackson-obesity-epidemic.

  25 “One of the problems”: Ibid.

  26 Excess sugar, fat, and salt: David Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite, Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009.

  27 A survey of almost 300,000: Medscape News Cardiology, Cardiologist Lifestyle Report 2012,” accessed March 1, 2012. http://www.medscape.com/features/slide show/lifestyle/2012/cardiology.

  28 The evolutionary biologist Peter Gluckman: Peter Gluckman, and Mark Hanson, Mismatch: The Timebomb of Lifestyle Disease, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: pp. 161–62.

  29 In the dry western United States: Peter Nonacs interview, Los Angeles, April 13, 2010.

  30 These sandy-blond rodents: Ibid.

  31 “You don’t have to eat a lot of meat”: Ibid.

  32 Evolutionary biologists think the desire: Ibid.

  33 Even insects’ body fat: Caroline M. Pond, The Fats of Life, Cam
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

  34 “It’s what the animal”: Mads Bertelsen interview, Tulsa, OK, October 27, 2009.

  35 The gorge-and-fast regimen: Altman, Gross, and Lowry, “Nutritional and Behavioral Effects,” pp. 47–57.

  36 Environmental enrichment: Jill Mellen and Marty Sevenich MacPhee, “Philosophy of Environmental Enrichment: Past, Present and Future,” Zoo Biology 20 (2001): pp. 211–26.

  37 Settings that allowed: Ibid.; Ruth C. Newberry, “Environmental Enrichment: Increasing the Biological Relevance of Captive Environments,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44 (1995): pp. 229–43.

  38 At the Smithsonian National Zoo: Smithsonian National Zoological Park, “Conservation & Science: Zoo Animal Enrichment,” accessed October 12, 2011. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/SCBI/AnimalEnrichment/default.cfm.

  39 Nutritionists provide smaller: Newberry, “Environmental Enrichment.”

  40 Every autumn: Jennifer Watts, telephone interview by Kathryn Bowers, April 19, 2010.

  41 Every day, as it has: Volodymyr Dvornyk, Oxana Vinogradova, and Eviatar Nevo, “Origin and Evolution of Circadian Clock Genes in Prokaryotes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): pp. 2495–500.

  42 The cells of all: Jay C. Dunlap, “Salad Days in the Rhythms Trade,” Genetics 178 (2008): pp. 1–13; John S. O’Neill and Akhilesh B. Reddy, “Circadian Clocks in Human Red Blood Cells,” Nature 469 (2011): pp. 498–503; John S. O’Neill, Gerben van Ooijen, Laura E. Dixon, Carl Troein, Florence Corellou, François-Yves Bouget, Akhilesh B. Reddy, et al., “Circadian Rhythms Persist Without Transcription in a Eukaryote,” Nature 469 (2011): pp. 554–58; Judit Kovac, Jana Husse, and Henrik Oster, “A Time to Fast, a Time to Feast: The Crosstalk Between Metabolism and the Circadian Clock,” Molecules and Cells 28 (2009): pp. 75–80.

  43 So-called higher creatures: Dunlap, “Salad Days”; O’Neill and Reddy, “Circadian Clocks”; O’Neill et al., “Circadian Rhythms”; Kovac, Husse, and Oster, “A Time to Fast.”