A History of Korea
Page 33
23 1960s SOUTH KOREA
Cha, Victor D. “Bridging the Gap: The Strategic Context of the 1965 Korea–Japan Normalization Treaty.” Korean Studies 20 (1996): 123–60.
Han, Sungjoo. The Failure of Democracy in South Korea. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1974.
Kirk, Donald. Korean Dynasty: Hyundai and Chung Ju Yung. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
Nam, Hwasook. Building Ships, Building a Nation: Korea’s Democratic Unionism under Park Chung Hee. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009.
Park Chung Hee. Our Nation’s Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction. Seoul: Dong-a Publishing Company, 1969.
Steers, Richard M. Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai. New York: Routledge, 1991.
24 CULTURE AND POLITICS IN 1970s SOUTH KOREA
Pihl, Marshall R., Bruce Fulton, and Ju-Chan Fulton (trs). Land of Exile: Contemporary Korean Fiction. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992.
Kim Chi-ha. Cry of the People and Other Poems. Hayama, Japan: Autumn Press, 1974.
Kim Chi-ha. The Gold Crowned Jesus and Other Writings. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1978.
Kim, Eun Mee. Big Business, Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Developments, 1960–1990. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997.
Moon, Seungsook. Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.
Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
Pak, Kyng-ni. Land: A Novel. London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.
25 MONUMENTAL LIFE IN NORTH KOREA
Chinoy, Mike. Meltdown: The Inside Story of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2009.
Cumings, Bruce. North Korea: Another Country. New York: The New Press, 2004.
Kihl, Young Whan and Hong Nack Kim (eds). North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.
Oh, Kongdan and Ralph C. Hassig. North Korea through the Looking Glass. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000.
Quinones, C. Kenneth and Joseph Tragert. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding North Korea. New York: Alpha, 2004.
Ryang, Sonia (ed.). North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008.
Yu, Chong-Ae. “The Rise and Demise of Industrial Agriculture in North Korea.” The Journal of Korean Studies 12:1 (Fall 2007): 75–110.
26 SOUTH KOREAN DEMOCRATIZATION
Abelmann, Nancy. Echoes of the Past, Epics of Dissent: A South Korean Social Movement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.
Kim, Sunhyuk. The Politics of Democratization in Korea: The Role of Civil Society. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
Lee, Namhee. The Making of Minjung: Democracy and the Politics of Representation in South Korea. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Shin, Gi-Wook and Kyung Moon Hwang (eds). Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Korea’s Past and Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
Lee, Jae-Eui, Kap Su Seol, and Nick Mamatas. Kwangju Diary: Beyond Death, Beyond the Darkness of the Age. Los Angeles: UCLA Asia Institute, 1999.
27 SOUTH KOREA IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM
Abelmann, Nancy. The Melodrama of Mobility: Women, Talk, and Class in Contemporary South Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003.
Huat, Chua Beng and Koichi Iwabuchi (eds). East Asian Pop Culture: Analysing the Korean Wave. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008.
Kendall, Laurel. Under Construction: The Gendering of Modernity, Class, and Consumption in the Republic of Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001.
Kim, Jasper. Crisis and Change: South Korea in a Post-1997 New Era. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press, 2006.
Russell, Mark James. Pop Goes Korea: Behind the Revolution in Movies, Music, and Internet Culture. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2009.
Index
absolutism, 105, 141, 238
“Account of Travels in Tang for the Purpose of Seeking the Law”, 28
accountants, 96
Acheson, Dean, 207
Advance in Unity Society (Ilchinhoe), 159
Africa, 29
Agreed Framework, 254
agriculture, 27, 73, 107
in North Korea, 251
Allied summits, 199
alphabet, Korean, 43–44, 68, 75, 93, 112, 170, 176, 246
American invasion of Korea (1871), 125
An Ch’angho, 147, 171, 191
An Chunggn, 154, 155
anarchism, 174
ancestor worship, 75, 76, 78
Anglo-Saxon civilization, 191
annexation of Korea by Japan, 158
Annexation Treaty (1910), 152
anthem, Korean national, 141
anti-Americanism, 264, 279
anti-communism, 200, 203, 216, 228, 230, 247, 278
Anti-Communist Law, 236, 240
April Student Revolution (1960), 227, 228
Arabian peninsula, 29
Arch of Triumph, Pyongyang, 256
archery, 276
“Arirang”, 177
aristocracy, 8, 23, 26, 33, 46, 56, 76, 90, 94, 96–97, 102, 115, 136
and Catholicism, 107
continuity of, 66
of Kory, 48, 66, 73
of Silla, 23
relationship to Mongols during Kory, 54
under Mongol rule, 56
Armistice of Korean War, 206, 210
Armstrong, Louis, 233
army, disbandment of, 154
army, North Korean, 206, 208, 216
army, South Korean, 208
army, Soviet, 198, 215–16
“Arrows”, 242
assimilation, 187, 215
atrocities, 163, 208, 209
“Azaleas”, 177
Bank of Korea, 72, 79
barbarians, 4, 34, 39, 87, 92, 100, 123, 125–26, 186
Barefooted Youth, 234
Battle of Pyongyang (1592), 82
Beatlemania, 225
Beijing, 55, 87, 101, 107
Berlin Olympics, 172, 178
Big Brother, 256
biography (genre), 25, 56, 76, 116, 224
“Biography of Queen Inhyn”, 94
black marketeering, 253
Boleyn, Anne, 92
“bone rank” (kolp’um) system, 26–27
Book of Corrections (Chingbirok), 84–85
Boys (literary journal), 190
Britain, 123, 225
British Broadcasting Corporation, 244
Buddha, 13
Buddhism, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 19, 28, 34, 37, 39, 170, 177, 247
as promoter of native Korean culture, 70
centrality of in the Ten Injunctions, 36
centrality of in printing, 45
incorporation of Shamanism and geomancy in, 45
state’s patronage of in Kory, 37, 42
Buddhist clergy, 14, 43, 73
decline due to Chosn founding, 69
relationship to political power, 42
role in developing printing technologies, 43
Buddhist temples, 14, 20, 25, 28–29, 46, 167
bureaucracy, 69, 204, 238, 253, 262, 267
Busan. See Pusan
calendar, North Korean, 258
California, 171
capitalism, 104–5, 127, 181, 273
capping, 75
Carter, Jimmy, 254
Catholicism, 105, 122, 125, 170, 177, 247
origins of in Korea, 107
persecution of, 122, 124, 126
celadon, 42–43
mobile phones, 255, 271, 274
censorship, 172–74, 245, 246
ceramics, 29, 42–43
Ch’ae Mansik, 179
Ch’oe Ch’iwn, 27, 28
Ch’oe Cheu, 121, 130
Ch’oe Ikhyn, 127, 155
Ch’oe Namsn, 177, 183, 184, 190, 191
Ch’oe Snghi, 167
Ch’oe Yongsin, 170
Ch’oe, House of, 52
Ch’llima campaign, 219, 238
Ch’ngch’n River, 7
Ch’nghaejin Fortress, 25, 26, 29
Ch’rwn, 210–11
Ch’ungch’ng province, 163
Ch’ungnyl, King of Kory, 54
Ch’unhyang, Song of, 112
Ch’unhyang, Tale of, 111, 115, 177, 259
chaebol. See conglomerates
Chang Chiyn, 156
Chang Kai-shek, 206
Chang Myn, 227
government of, 228
Chang Pogo, 24–25, 27, 29, 34
as local warlord, 32
assassination of, 24
command over trade by, 30
early life of, 25
experiences in China of, 28
historical appropriation of, 30
trading activities of, 25, 30
Cheguk sinmun newspaper, 148
Cheju Island, 53, 202, 203
Chi Haksun, Bishop, 247
China, 1–7, 11–13, 15–18, 22, 25, 27, 28, 51
agricultural collectivization in, 220
American considerations of during Korean War, 210
as model for northern learning reform proposals, 103
as birthplace of Confucianism, 37
as originator of woodblock printing, 43
civil war of, 206–07
entrance in Korean War, 206, 224
establishment of relations with South Korea, 268
historical perspectives in, 2
imperialism in, 119
Korea’s tributary relationship with, 69
Korean embassies to, 96
Korean influence in, 58
Korean traders in, 29
military interventions in Korea by, 205
recurrence of historical role in Korea by, 211
reference to in the Ten Injunctions, 37
rivalry with Japan, 132
role in decision to launch the Korean War, 207
trade with Korea, 25
trading ties to Korea, 24
tributary relationship with Korea, 140
tribute missions to, 99, 101
under Mongol rule, 55–56, 58
Chindk, Queen, 22
Chinju rebellion (1862), 121
Chinp’yng, King, 17
Chinsng, Queen, 22, 28
Chinul, 45
Cho Chngnae, 243
Cho Hiryong, 109, 110
Cho Kwang, 47, 48
Cho Mansik, 215, 216
Choi Kyu-ha, 263
Chlla province, 84, 130, 241–42, 264
Ch’msngdae astronomical observatory, 20–21
Chn Pongjun, 130
Chn T’aeil, 240
Chng Chiyong, 177–78
Chng Mongju, 63
Chng Tojn, 60–66
background of, 63
death of, 60, 64
as institutional reformer, 66
historical significance of, 69
Chng Yagyong, 105, 108
exile of, 107
historical significance of, 106
Chngjo, King of Choson, 102, 105, 106
death of, 120
reaction to Catholicism of, 107
relationship to King Yngjo, 106
response to Catholicism of, 122
Chngju, 146, 147
Chosn dynasty, 62, 74, 79
Chosn ilbo newspaper, 164, 181
Chosn, ancient state of, 2
Chou dynasty of China, 4
Christian nationalism, 216
Christianity, 170, 188, 199, 215, 256
explanations for success of in Korea, 170
Chumong, 3
Chun Doo Hwan, 261, 267, 269
coup by, 263
lack of legitimacy of, 266
Chung Ju Yung, 232
chungin (technical officials), 96, 109, 137
England, Church of, 92
cinema, 178, 180, 181, 220
cities, 144
civil war, 207
civilization and enlightenment, 148
clerks, hereditary (hyangni), 96, 109, 113, 115, 116
Cold War, 196, 206, 243, 259, 268, 271, 278
beginnings of, 206
end of, 252
remnants of, 211
collaboration, 192, 193
colonial state, 158, 171, 174, 187–88, 259
incorporation of Koreans into, 165
colonialism, European, 148
colonial rule, Japanese, 79, 147, 196
feeling of permanence regarding, 192
Comfort Women, 189
commanderies, Chinese, 4
commandos, North Korean, 222, 230
commerce, 27, 29, 30, 101, 103–4, 139, 142
lower standing of in Chosn, 73
Committee for the Preparation for Korean Independence (CPKI), 197
commoners, 22, 26, 96, 97, 114–15, 134, 253
communism, 174, 192, 201, 219, 230
communist bloc, 207
communist guerrillas, 202
Communist Party, South Korean, 211
Communist Party, Korean, 180
Communist Party, North Korean, 213, 216, 259
communists, 193, 199, 200, 219, 278
in support of trusteeship, 199
in the people’s committees, 198
communists, Chinese, 206
communists, Soviet-Korean, 214, 219, 220
companies, 30, 145, 146, 165, 232, 239, 271, 273
concubine descendants, 96, 106, 110, 111, 115
concubines, 51, 56, 58, 78, 88, 92, 93, 95
Confucianism, 4, 15, 23, 27, 34, 37–38, 49, 71, 73, 92, 100, 111, 115, 122, 126, 175, 219, 275
and slavery, 135
as driving force behind founding of Chosn, 62, 64
as ideological foundation of Chosn, 67
as representative of civilization, 69
as statecraft in Kory, 37
canonical works of, 63
debates over proper social order in, 95
great chain of being of, 103
historical significance of, 64, 74
in the Ten Injunctions, 40
meritocratic ideals of, 63
metaphysics of, 74
of Ch’oe Ch’iwn, 28
origins of in China, 37
orthodoxy of, 97
philosophy of, 74, 101
place in contemporary Korean identity, 79
political philosophy of, 4
prominence of in the Ten Injunctions, 37
state dissemination of, 68
conglomerates (chaebol), 232–33, 237, 239, 241, 266, 273
constitution, 76
of Republic of Korea, 196, 202
of Sixth Republic, 268
Constitutional Court, 280
construction industry, 231, 232
consumerism, 186
cooperatives, agricultural, 176
Core Teachings for Shepherding the People, 107
corruption, 57, 58, 120, 152, 226, 230, 269, 272, 279
as depicted in “Five Bandits”, 241
as target of satire, 237
by Rhee government, 227
in North Korea, 253
in the 1980s, 266
local, 121, 130
countryside, 14, 22, 34, 53, 107, 115, 117, 122, 130, 136, 160, 166, 169, 175, 189, 229, 238, 242
coup, 52, 67, 132, 226, 229, 238, 263
Creation and Criticism (Ch’angjak kwa pip’yng) journal, 246
“Cry of the People”, 240
Cultural Rule, 162, 164, 174
culture industry, 276
currency, 68, 74, 79, 103, 272
currency reform, 220
Customs Service, 133
Daewoo, 239
Dalian, 133
“Day in the Life of the Novelist Kubo, A”, 180
Declaration of Independence. See March First Declaration
of Independence
decolonization, 198, 203
de-Confucianization, 274
Deliberative Assembly of 1894, 130, 133–35, 136
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), 210
democratization in South Korea, 261–69, 271
“Diary of the Summer Palace”, 101–2
dictatorship, military, 52, 228, 230, 251, 262
Discourse on Northern Learning, 99, 102–03, 106
divorce, 88, 92, 167–69, 274–75
domination and resistance narrative, 153
dramas, television, 264
role of females in, 276
Du Mu, 28
dynastic code of Chosn, 63
Dynastic Foundation Merit Subject, 62
East Asian region, 206, 211
East Asian war (1592–98), 80, 85
Eastern Barbarians, 5
Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters, 53, 58
economic development, 186, 266, 280
in North Korea, 220, 251–52, 258
in South Korea, 226, 234, 237, 271
of South Korea and Park Chung Hee, 185
economy, 26, 29, 30, 65, 73–74, 106, 134–35, 145, 149, 164, 186, 228, 231, 233, 263, 266
under state control, 187
conglomerates’ domination of, 232
crisis of 1997 in South Korea, 270
diversification of in the colonial period, 165
early North Korean, 217
expansion and advances in mid-Chosn, 95
in late Chosn era, 99
militarization of, 229, 230
postindustrial, 273
restructuring in South Korea, 273
ecumenism, 248
Edison Electrical Company, 142
Eight Gates Festival, 45
elections, 225–27, 230, 238, 247, 261–63, 266–69, 270, 272, 274, 276–77, 279–80
in northern Korea (1946), 216
in southern Korea (1948), 195, 201–2
electricity, 145, 149, 231
Emancipation Proclamation, 135
Emergency Measures, Yusin period, 244
emperor of China, 12, 13, 17, 23, 28, 140
emperor of Japan, 19, 143, 188
emperor of Korea, 140, 143
enlightenment movement, 127–28, 133, 137, 147–48
Ennin, 28, 29
Europe, 43, 59, 151, 162, 167–68, 271
examination system, 33, 65, 108
for Buddhist clergy, 45
implementation in Kory, 40
exports, 231, 239
factionalism, 82, 89, 106, 219
factories, 29, 165, 169, 186, 239, 240
family customs, Confucian, 78
family law, 75, 274
Confucian, 75, 76
famine in North Korea, 252, 259
females
and Protestant activity, 170
as factory workers, 169
effects of modern change on, 166
prominence of in South Korea, 275
social and familial standing of, 22–23, 76, 78, 93, 274