The Thirty Years War

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The Thirty Years War Page 59

by C. V. Wedgwood


  A detailed study of Franco-Spanish diplomacy by Auguste Leman appeared just too late for me to be able to consult it when writing my book. Richelieu et Olivares, leurs négociations secrètes de 1636 à 1642 (Lille, 1938) is a careful, fully documented and generous account of convoluted seventeenth century diplomacy.

  INDEX

  The links below refer to the page references of the printed edition of this book. While the numbers do not correspond to the page numbers or locations on an electronic reading device, they are retained as they can convey useful information regarding the position and amount of space devoted to an indexed entry. Because the size of a page varies in reflowable documents such as this e-book, it may be necessary to scroll down to find the referenced entry after following a link.

  Aachen, 199

  Adorf, 341

  Alais, Peace of, 244

  Albert, Archduke, ruler of the Spanish Netherlands, 30, 58, 91, 111, 140

  Albuquerque, Duke of, 442

  Aldringer, Johann von, imperialist general, 203, 286, 306, 308–9, 341–46, 360, 375–76

  Alsace, 26, 59, 75, 89, 112, 146, 219, 371, 496

  conditions in, 143, 151–52, 399

  cession of, 378, 465, 470–73, 500–2, 504–5

  claimed by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, 390–92, 409

  Altdorf, 165

  Amalia Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel, 409, 417–18, 421, 428, 446, 456, 462, 474, 503

  Amalia von Solms, Princess of Orange, 194, 450, 472

  Amberg, 94

  Amelungsborn, 200

  Amsterdam, 194, 481

  Andreae, Johann Valentin, 48

  Anhalt, 37, 38, 234, 272, 401, 489

  Anhalt-Bernburg, see Christian I and Christian II, princes of

  Anjou, 393

  Annaburg, 250

  Anne of Austria, Queen of France, 11, 27, 439, 449, 451

  Ansbach, 163

  Ansbach, Margrave of, 296

  Antwerp, 260, 481

  Armentieres, 483

  Armin, Hans Georg von Saxon, field-marshal, 216, 273–74, 276–78, 285, 310, 313–14, 368, 375, 376, 408, 447, 505

  at Breitenfeld, 290

  invades Bohemia, 295, 359–60

  desires peace, 322, 325, 329, 331–32, 379

  negotiates with Wallenstein, 345–46

  Arminius (Hermann), 49

  Army:

  general remarks, 86–88, 374–76, 419–21

  Bernardine, 411–12, 430, 432, 468, 479–80, 486

  French, 389–90, 437–38

  Spanish, 29, 362–67, 441–44

  Swedish, 265–66, 355–58, 385–87, 429, 432–35, 474, 485–86, 489–90

  Wallenstein’s, 199–201, 229–30, 306–7, 337–38, 341, 345–47, 349–50

  Arnstadt, 314

  Aschaffenburg, 295, 370

  Asti, 191

  Auberton, 440

  Augsburg, 35, 50, 190, 233, 237–38, 305, 307, 359, 370, 387, 475, 482, 492, 495

  Augsburg, Religious settlement of, 44, 60, 176, 231

  Austria, 102, 103, 119–20, 173, 174–75, 482, 501–2. See also Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, Emperors and Archdukes of Austria

  Austria, Lower, 91

  Austria, Upper, 91, 103, 132, 160, 206–9, 401

  Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, Marquis d’, chapter XI, 3, 5

  Aversburg, imperial diplomatist, 427

  Aytona, Marquis de, 385

  Bacharach, 323, 401

  Baden, 42, 44, 46, 146, 147, 233, 251, 272

  Baden-Baden, 37, 462

  Baden-Durlach, 37, 462. See also George Frederick, Margrave of

  Baltic Sea, 31, 34, 135, 213–14, 219, 223, 228, 229, 242, 244–45, 267, 271, 275–76, 457, 494, 502

  Bamberg, 320

  Baner, Johan, Swedish marshal, 355, 356, 359, 368, 370, 376, 377, 380, 381, 398, 401, 407, 408, 428–32, 433

  his troops mutiny, 386

  at Wittstock, 402–3

  attacks Regensburg, 422

  invades Bohemia, 430

  second marriage of, 431

  death, 432

  Barcelona, 416

  Barde, Monsieur de la, 470

  Barwalde, Treaty of, 260, 268–70, 300

  Basel, 21, 404, 473

  Bautzen, 69, 116, 121

  Bavaria, 26, 44, 47, 49, 248, 305, 308–9, 320–21, 338–39, 342, 352, 476–77, 488, 492, 501. See also Maximilian, Duke and later Elector of

  Bayreuth, 399

  Bayreuth, Margrave of, 296

  Beck, Colonel, 347

  Belfort, 394

  Benediktbeuern, 321

  Benfeld, 371, 381, 471

  Bentivoglio, Cardinal Guido, 82

  Berg, 51–53, 472

  Bergen op Zoom, 152, 193

  Berlin, 43, 47, 49, 216, 271, 282, 424, 493

  Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 296, 304, 314, 319, 328, 342–43, 345, 346–48, 370, 371, 376, 379–80, 388, 399, 410–13, 428, 503

  at Lutzen, 316–18

  quarrels with Horn, 339, 355–57

  the Nordlingen campaign, 361–67

  treats with France, 390–92

  acts in alliance with France, 394–96

  at Rheinfelden, 404–6

  at Breisach, 407–8

  defies Richelieu, 409–10

  Besancon, 490

  Bethlen Gabor, 94–95, 98, 102–3, 107, 121–24, 127, 153, 163, 174, 183, 186, 188, 202, 203–6

  Beuggen, 405

  Black Forest, 26, 338, 360, 405, 420, 468

  Bohemia, chapter II, chapter III passim chapter IV, 1, 5: chapter V, 5 passim, 295, 296, 310, 334, 335, 343, 345, 346, 349, 430, 466, 483. See also Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III and Frederick, Kings of

  Bordenwerder, 179

  Borgia, Cardinal, 326

  Borgislav, Duke of Pomerania, 154, 267, 273, 384

  Brabant, 30, 53, 194, 240, 404, 479

  Brandeis, 219, 408

  Brandenburg, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47, 127, 203, 209–12, 219, 231, 234, 249, 251, 268, 275, 277–78, 306, 501. See also George William, John Sigismund and Frederick William, Electors of

  Braunau, 77–78, 90

  Brazil, 27

  Breda, 193–96, 240, 404

  Bregenz, 42

  Breisach, 143, 340–42, 381, 406–9, 411–12, 416, 462–63, 471, 479–80

  Breitenfeld:

  first battle of, 287–93, 294, 316, 369

  second battle of, 434–35, 447

  Bremen, 195, 236, 462, 494

  Breslau, 69, 116, 126–27

  Breze, Marquis de, 300–1

  Bromsebro, Peace of, 456

  Bruck an der Leitha, 213–14

  Brulart, French envoy, 256

  Brun, Antione, 460–61

  Brunn, 69, 116, 466–67

  Brunswick, 38, 44, 251, 252

  Brunswick-Luneburg, Duke of, 296, 384, 395, 396, 417, 418, 421, 428

  Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duke of, 145, 154, 179, 217, 233, 236, 252

  Brussels, 30, 81, 91, 113, 299, 332, 381

  Buckingham, Duke of, 183, 209

  Bucquoy, Comte de, imperialist general, 122–25, 131

  Budweis, 81, 83, 92

  Bullion, Duke of, 56, 98–99, 101, 102, 109, 152

  Butler, Colonel Walter, 348–49

  Calderon, Maria, 437

  Calvin, Jean, 22–23

  Calvinism and Calvinists, 23–24, 45–47, 51, 56, 64, 72, 138, 187, 216, 235, 263, 273, 301, 372, 384, 417, 462, 475

  Calw, 398, 399, 400

  Capelle, La, 394

  Capuchins, 25, 173, 185, 187, 189

  Carafa, Carlo, Cardinal, 162, 170, 172, 174

  Carinthia, 26, 91, 174

  Carniola, 26, 91, 174

  Casale, 227–28, 244, 256

  Castile, 29

  Catalonia, 415–16, 478

  Cecilia Renata, Archduchess, 384

  Cham, 142

  Champlitte, 394

  Charles I, King of England, 145, 178, 182, 185, 191, 378, 412, 450

  Charles, Duke of L
orraine, 298–99, 354–55, 394, 464, 488, 490

  Charles, Duke of Mantua-Nevers, 227, 239, 247, 256

  Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 13, 57, 83, 86, 88–89, 93, 107, 191, 244

  Charles Gustavus, Count Palatine, Swedish commander-in-chief, 481, 486–88

  Charles Lewis, Elector Palatine, 329, 384, 396, 408, 411, 417, 422, 428 431, 456, 463, 471, 473–74, 490

  Charnace, Hercule de, 301, 327, 333

  Chemnitz, 408, 493

  Chemnitz, Borgislav von, 426

  Chigi, Fabio, Papal nuncio, 452–53, 461, 475, 487

  Chile, 27

  Christian I, Prince of Anhalt, 56–57, 61, 75, 82–86, 89, 94, 95, 98, 101, 105, 107–8, 109, 113, 117, 118, 121–26, 127

  Christian II, Prince of Anhalt, 20, 125, 384

  Christian of Brunswick, Administrator of Halberstadt, 145–53, 178–81, 193, 201–2

  Christian IV, King of Denmark, 21, 31–32, 107, 135–36, 153, 177, 179, 183, 186, 191, 196–99, 212, 241, 247, 301, 323, 328, 384, 428

  his intervention in Germany, 196–205, 214–17, 119

  interview with Gustavus Adolphus, 242–44

  war with Sweden, 1644, 454–56

  Christian William, Administrator of Magdeburg, 212, 234, 267–68, 278–79

  Christina, Duchess of Savoy, 89, 415, 427

  Christina, Queen of Sweden, 245, 301, 312–13, 327–29, 371, 403, 428, 455–56, 460, 472, 506

  Cinq Mars, Duke of, 438–39

  Circle:

  Franconian, 236, 296, 314

  Upper Rhenish and Lower Rhenish, 314

  Lower Saxon, 114, 135, 178, 186, 198–99, 296, 358, 368–69

  Upper Saxon, 106, 114, 358, 368–69

  Swabian, 236, 314

  Cleves, 51–54

  Cleves-Julich, 51, 178, 255, 258, 462, 472, 475

  Coblenz, 120

  Coburg, 400

  Collalto, Imperial general, 201, 245

  Colmar, 492

  Cologne, 51, 231, 400

  Cologne, Elector of, Ferdinand of Bavaria, 67–68, 96, 109, 154, 253, 299, 415, 436

  Comenius, John Amos, 506

  Comines, 483

  Compiegne, 394

  Compiegne:

  Treaty of (1624), 191

  Treaty of (1635), 381

  Conde, Prince of, 437, 440

  Constance, Council of, 69–70

  Constance, Lake of, 53, 359, 436

  Contarini, Alvisi, mediator at Munster, 461

  Copenhagen, 21, 197, 455

  Corbie, 394

  Cordoba, Gonzales de, Spanish general, 142, 147–51, 152–53

  Corpus Evangelicorum, 310, 312, 314, 328

  Corvey, 179

  Creussen, 399

  Crossen, 211, 215

  Cuba, 240

  Cyprus, 498

  Dalmatia, 206

  Danube, 43, 51, 102, 208, 226, 252, 305, 360, 396, 422, 430, 466, 467, 468, 482

  Danzig, 35, 248

  Davos, 102

  Defenestration, the 79–80

  Demmin, 275

  Denmark. See Christian IV, King of

  Descartes, 373

  Dessau, 203

  Dessau Bridge, Battle of, 203, 212

  Devereux, Walter, 349–50

  Diessen, 321

  Diest, 389

  Dieterichstein, Cardinal, 173

  Dijon, 393

  Directors of Bohemia, 80–81, 128

  Ditmarschen, 244, 250

  Dollstedt, 490

  Domitz, 387

  Donauworth, 51, 53, 57, 67, 237, 305, 360, 362, 467, 475

  Dortmund, 233

  Dresden, 15, 47, 48, 292, 310, 328, 329, 339, 343, 494, 499, 503

  Duben, 286

  Duderstadt, 204

  Dunkirk, 227

  Durlach, 320

  Duval, 341, 375

  Ecclesiastical Reservation, 45, 463

  Eger, 90, 339, 348–49, 489

  Eggenberg, Ulrich von, 60, 61, 113, 161, 166, 257, 339, 470

  Eichstatt, 399

  Eilenburg, 288

  Eilfkirchen, 401

  Elbe, 35, 43, 135, 178, 202, 203, 205, 217, 223, 226, 234, 241, 249, 267, 268, 276, 280, 285, 310, 373, 386, 387, 418, 420, 465, 500

  Elbing, 247

  Eleonore of Mantua, Empress, wife of Ferdinand II, 218, 397

  Elizabeth, Princess of England, Electress Palatine, Queen of Bohemia, 48, 54–55, 58, 94, 97–98, 110, 116, 117–18, 119, 121, 125–26, 128, 129, 136, 144–45, 146, 177, 180, 182, 186, 218, 422

  Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 384

  Ems, 180

  Enghien, Duc d’, later Prince de Conde, 437–38, 439–44, 448, 467, 483

  England, 18, 31, 32, 72, 135, 141, 185, 190–91, 201, 384, 488. See also James I, Charles I, Kings of

  Ensisheim, 143

  Erfurt, 295, 403, 430, 432, 494

  Erlach, Hans Ludwig von, 410–13, 429, 480

  Erskine, Alexander, 474, 486

  Ettal, 321

  Fadinger, Stephan, 208

  Falkenberg, Dietrich von, 276–79

  Ferdinand, Archduke of Styria, later Emperor Ferdinand II, 58–62, 68, 319, 352–53, 367–68, 372, 373, 411, 503–4

  elected King of Bohemia, 73–77

  revolt against, in Bohemia, chapters II and III

  his policy in Bohemia, chapter IV, 1, V; chapter V, 5

  his policy in Germany, chapter IV, 2, 4, 6; chapter V, 5; chapter VI, 4; 252–53

  at the Deputationstag at Regensburg, 1623, chapter IV, 4

  at the Electoral meeting at Regensburg, 1630, chapter VI, 7

  and Wallenstein, chapter V, 1, 4; chapter VI, 1; 297–98, 306–7, 334–35, 343–50

  and the Peace of Prague, 377–78

  his death, 396–98

  Ferdinand, Archduke, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of the Romans, later Emperor Ferdinand III, 218–19, 221, 225, 228, 246, 254–55, 269–70, 373–74, 385, 394, 395–96, 406, 407, 408, 415

  and Wallenstein, 297–98, 306, 334–35, 340, 344, 345, 350

  and the Nordlingen campaign, chapter VIII, 5

  and the Peace of Prague, 377–78

  elected King of the Romans, 395–96

  his policy in Germany, 417–18, 427–28, 436, 501–2

  at the Diet of Regensburg, 1640, 421–22

  and the Peace of Westphalia, 443, 445–48, 468–73, 475–76, 483–84, 489–90, 506

  Ferdinand, Infant of Spain, Cardinal, Governor of the Netherlands, the Cardinal-Infant, 333–35, 340, 350, 354, 380, 384–85, 388, 396, 404, 406–7, 408, 414, 436

  and the Nordlingen campaign, 359–71

  invades France, 393–94

  his death, 416

  Feria, Duke of, 341

  Feuquieres, Manasses de Pas, Marquis de, 327, 330–31, 344, 355, 358, 360–61, 368, 379, 389, 390

  Finale, 27

  Flanders, 30, 53, 479, 480, 481

  Fleurus, Battle of, 152

  Fontaine, General of the Spanish Infantry, 442, 443

  France. See Loius XIII, Louis XIV, Richelieu, Mazarin

  Franche-Comte, 389, 394

  Franconia, 143, 219, 231, 357, 368, 370, 383, 390, 392. See also Franconian Circle

  Frankenthal, 135, 142, 153, 187, 490

  Frankfort on the Main, 35, 39, 47, 50, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 273, 295, 301, 303, 328, 351, 355, 361, 368, 370, 374, 384, 399, 400, 494

  Frankfort on the Main, Deputationstag at, 436, 445–46

  Frankfort on the Oder, 35, 268, 274–75, 277, 295

  Franz Albrecht, Duke of Saxe-Laurenburg, 344–46, 375

  Frederick V, Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia, 53–58, 62, 65, 67, 190, 215, 225, 271, 323, 329, 372, 424, 503–4

  and the Bohemian revolt, 75, 82–84, 89–90, 93–95, 97–100; chapter III passim

  his troops on the Rhine and in the Upper Palatine, chapter IV, 2, 3

  loses his Electorate, chapter IV, 4; 219, 225

  his policy in exile, 177–78, 186

  and Gustavus Adolp
hus, 167, 273, 296, 303

  Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 194–95, 201, 227, 240, 326, 332–33, 380, 385, 389, 404, 450–51, 472

  Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, 302, 312–13, 423–27, 428, 445, 456, 463, 468, 470–72, 481, 501

  Freiburg, Battle of, 448

  Freiburg im Breisgau, 448

  Freising, 37

  Freising, Bishop of, 129

  Friedland, 138, 165, 171, 275–76, 307

  Friesland, East, 182, 396, 417–18, 493

  Fuerstenberg, Count, imperial general, 289

  Fuerstenfeld, 321

  Fulda, 400

  Furth, 311, 399

  Galileo, 21, 373

  Gallas, Matthias, Count, imperialist field-marshal, 345–47, 351, 363, 388, 394, 408, 419–20, 455

  Gardelegen, 211, 493

  Gascony, 393

  Gassion, Jean, Comte de, French marshal, 298–99, 354–55, 439, 441, 442–43

  Gaston, Duke of Orleans, 298–99, 354–55

  Gennep, 389, 416

  Genoa, 32, 191

  George, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, 296, 304, 384

  George of Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, 70, 170, 172

  George Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, 146–49, 176

  George William, Elector of Brandenburg, 113–14, 153–55, 157, 158, 159, 177, 188, 191, 211–12, 219, 225, 242, 275, 310, 320, 325, 372, 384, 395, 403, 423–24, 503

  and Wallenstein, 215–16, 224, 241, 244, 246, 271–72

  and the Edict of Restitution, 233–35, 255–58

  at Annaburg, 250

  at Leipzig, 272–74

  and Gustavus Adolphus, 277–78, 282, 285, 301–2, 312

  and Oxenstierna, 326–27, 370, 379

  Germersheim, 147

  Gitschin, 166, 171

  Glatz, 210

  Gmunden, 209

  Goch, 389

  Goetz, Count von, imperialist general, 375, 407, 408, 466

  Goldberg, 210, 387

  Gollersdorf, 306

  Goppingen, 368, 370

  Gordon, Colonel John, 248–50

  Gottingen, 493

  Graz, 58, 102, 104

  Greifswald, 275

  Greven, 180

  Grimmelshausen, 250

  Grisons, 34, 102, 191, 389, 474

  Groensfeld, 482

  Grotius, Hugo, 261

  Guebeiant, Jean Baptiste, Count of, French marshal, 410–11, 430, 432, 447

 

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