Il Duce and His Women
Page 57
PIERO VIVARELLI (1927–2010)
A composer, scriptwriter and film director, Vivarelli was among the young volunteers in the assault-troops unit commanded by Junio Valerio Borghese, the Decima Mas. After the war he joined the Italian Communist Party, and was the only Italian to be allowed by Fidel Castro to join the Cuban Communist Party. He directed a great number of films, many under the pseudonym Donald Murray. He was also active as a songwriter (among his most famous works are Celentano’s ‘24,000 baci’ and ‘Il tuo bacio è come un rock’).
EDITH WHARTON (1862–1937)
Born to a rich New York family, Edith Newbold Jones married the banker Edward Wharton in 1885. She moved to France in 1907, divorcing her husband six years later. She published her first novel (set in Italy) in 1902 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1921 for The Age of Innocence.
GEORG ZACHARIAE (1888–1965)
Zachariae was a German physician sent by Hitler to treat Mussolini. He looked after the Duce during the last nineteen months of his life.
ANTEO ZAMBONI (1911–26)
An Italian anarchist, Zamboni was only fifteen years old when he shot Mussolini in Bologna on 31st October 1926. He was lynched on the spot by the Fascists. The circumstances surrounding this assassination attempt are unclear; Mussolini himself described Zamboni as “the supposed would-be assassin”.
TITO ZANIBONI (1883–1960)
A reformist socialist, Zaniboni was against Italy’s intervention in the First World War, but was conscripted and gained two medals. He was elected as a deputy for the reformist Socialists in 1921. He organized a failed assassination attempt against Mussolini on 4th November 1925. He was sentenced to thirty years in prison, later commuted to exile on Ponza. He was freed on 8th September 1943. The following year he was appointed High Commissioner for the liberation of Italy from Fascism, and in 1945 he became High Commissioner for refugees and displaced persons.
Notes and References
CUE TITLES
ADC
De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il duce, I. Gli anni del consenso. 1929–1936 (Turin: Einaudi, 1974)
CAL
Calipso, Vita segreta di Mussolini (Rome: IEDC, 1944)
CAM
Navarra, Quinto, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini (Naples: L’ancora del Mediterraneo, 2004)
CES
Rossi, Gianni Scipione, Cesira e Benito (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2007)
CHI
Curti, Elena, Il chiodo a tre punte (Pavia: Iuculano, 2003)
CM
Ludwig, Emil, Colloqui con Mussolini (Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1950)
COM
Buttignon, Ivan, Compagno Duce (Bresso: Hobby & Work, 2010)
DAN
Guerri, Giordano Bruno, D’Annunzio. L’amante guerriero. (Milan: Mondadori, 2008)
DD
Boratto, Ercole, Diario sul Duce (file JZX-6220, National Archives, Washington, sent by Agent CB 55 (X-2, Oss, Roma), 1946
DEL
Canali, Mauro, Il delitto Matteotti, (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1997)
DM
Rafanelli, Leda, Una donna e Mussolini (Milan: Rizzoli, 1946)
DMVP
I diari di Mussolini (veri o presunti) 1939 (Milan: Bompiani, 2010)
DUX
Sarfatti, Margherita, Dux (Milan: Mondadori, 1982)
FAU
Sarfatti, Margherita, My Fault, in Festorazzi, Roberto, Margherita Sarfatti. La donna che inventò Mussolini (Costabissara: Angelo Colla Editore, 2010)
FSD
Pieroni, Alfredo, Il figlio segreto del duce (Milan: Garzanti, 2006)
LOV
Fontanges, Magda (Coraboeuf, Madeleine), Love Affair with Mussolini, Liberty, 1940
MAR
Lussu, Emilio, Marcia su Roma e dintorni (Turin: Einaudi, 1945)
MAS
D’Aurora, Giorgio, La maschera e il volto di Magda Fontanges (Milan: Cebes, 1946)
MCE
Rossi, Cesare, Mussolini com’era (Rome: Ruffolo, 1946)
MF
De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il fascista (Turin: Einaudi, 1966)
MFB
Mussolini, Edvige, Mio fratello Benito (Florence: La Fenice, 1957)
MP
Mussolini, Rachele, Mussolini privato (Milan: Mondadori, 1980)
MPB
Monelli, Paolo, Mussolini piccolo borghese (Milan: Garzanti, 1983)
MR
De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il rivoluzionario (Turin: Einaudi, 1965)
MS
Petacci, Claretta, Mussolini segreto, ed. Mario Suttora (Milan: Rizzoli, 2009)
MSA
Urso, Simona, Margherita Sarfatti (Venice: Marsilio, 2003)
MSAD
Wieland, Karin, Margherita Sarfatti. L’amante del Duce (Turin: Utet, 2006)
MSC
Zachariae, Georg, Mussolini si confessa, (Milan: Garzanti, 1966)
MTQ
Bertoldi, Silvio, Mussolini tale e quale (Milan: Longanesi, 1973)
PF
Le Bon, Gustave, La psicologia delle folle (Milan: Longanesi, 1980)
RAZ
Fabre, Giorgio, ‘Mussolini, Claretta e la questione della razza. 1937–38’, in Annali della Fondazione Ugo La Malfa – Storia e Politica, XXIV, 2009
RN
De Felice, Renzo, Il Rosso e il Nero, ed. Pasquale Chessa (Milan: Baldini e Castoldi, 1995)
SAGC
Nenni, Pietro, Sei anni di guerra civile (Milan: Rizzoli, 1945)
ST
De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il duce, II. Lo Stato totalitario. 1936–1940 (Turin: Einaudi, 1981)
TM
Balabanoff, Angelica, Il traditore Mussolini (Rome, Milan: Avanti, 1945)
WORKS BY BENITO MUSSOLINI
AC
L’amante del Cardinale, (Trento: Reverdito, 1986)
DG
Il mio diario di guerra, 1915–1917 (Milan: FPE, 1966)
MAY
La tragedia di Mayerling, (Trento: La Finestra Editrice, 2005)
OMN
Opera Omnia, ed. Susmel, Edoardo and Susmel, Duilio (Florence, La Fenice, 1951–63)
PNF
Partito Nazionale Fascista. Il Gran Consiglio nei primi cinque anni dell’Era Fascista (Rome: Libreria del Littorio, 1927)
INTRODUCTION
1. MS, p. 222.
2. Ib. p. 376.
3. RAZ, p. 349.
4. MS, p. 225.
5. Pasolini, Pier Paolo, Petrolio (Milan: Mondadori, 2005), Appunto 67, p. 278.
6. Mosse, George L., Il Sole 24 Ore, 14th May 2006.
7. RN, p. 146.
8. Chessa, Pasquale and Raggi, Barbara, L’ultima lettera di Benito, (Milan: Bompiani, 2010), p. 31 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato, fascicolo 98, foglio 112.1.f)
9. Ib. pp. 61–2 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato fascicolo 51, foglio 8).
10. Ib. p. 82 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato, fascicolo 29, foglio 64).
11. ‘Signor Mussolini’s personal affairs’. The National Archives of UK, Kew (Fo 371/22444).
12. RN, p. 153.
13. Ib. p. 158.
14. Mack Smith, Denis, La Stampa, 27th May 1996.
15. Renzo De Felice interviewed by Giorgio Fabre, Panorama, 18th November 1990.
16. Bobbio, Norberto, La Stampa, 26th May 1996.
17. Giorgio Amendola interviewed by Piero Melograni, in Amendola, Giorgio, Intervista sull’antifascismo (Bari: Laterza, 2008) pp. 12–14.
18. Colletti, Lucio, Il Corriere della Sera, 27th May 1996.
19. Sabbatucci, Giovanni, Il Sole 24 Ore, 14th May 2006.
20. Corriere della Sera, 28th May 2010.
21. Sullivan, Brian, Il Corriere della Sera, 27th June 1994.
22. RN, pp. 140–42.
23. DMVP, Introduzione.
24. Ib. p. 236.
CHAPTER 1
1. MFB, p. 24.
2. CM, p. 39.
3. Mussolini, Benito, My Life. Youth, The Saturday Evening Post, 5th May 1928, p. 4.
4. MFB, p. 14.
5. MR, p. 6.
6. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 4.
7. MSC, p. 139.
8. TM, p. 25.
9. Vita di Arnaldo (1932), OMN, XXXIV, p. 141.
CHAPTER 2
1. La mia vita dal 29 luglio 1883 al 23 novembre 1911, OMN, XXXIII, p. 248.
2. Ib. p. 231.
3. Ib. p. 245.
4. Fest, Joachim, Hitler, una biografia, (Milan: Garzanti, 1999), p. 25.
5. MFB, p. 12.
6. Vita di Arnaldo, OMN, XXXIV, p. 145.
7. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 224.
8. CM, p. 194.
9. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 226.
10. Ib. p. 230.
11. Ib. p. 235.
12. MS, p. 263.
13. TM, p. 49.
CHAPTER 3
1. MCE, pp. 279–80.
2. Gehes Codex, Dresden, 1939.
3. Bertoldi, Silvio, Gli arricchiti all’ombra di Palazzo Venezia (Milan: Ugo Mursia Editore, 2009), pp. 34–5.
4. MF, p. 381.
5. Tonelli, Anna, E ballando ballando – La storia d’Italia a passi di danza (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1998), pp. 68–70.
6. Ib. p. 85.
7. Hess, Rémi, Il valzer, rivoluzione della coppia in Europa (Turin: Einaudi, 1993), p. 271.
8. Ib. p. 267.
9. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 238.
10. Ib. p. 239.
11. Ib. p. 246–47.
12. Ib. p. 247.
13. MS, p. 99.
CHAPTER 4
1. MP, p. 78.
2. Ib. p. 80.
3. DUX, p. 85.
4. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 251.
5. MR, p. 35.
6. CAL, p. X.
7. CM, p. 149.
8. MSC, p. 140.
9. TM, p. 16–7.
10. MP, p. 80.
11. TM, p. 19.
12. MFB, p. 32.
13. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 258.
14. CM, p. 41.
15. Cordova, Ferdinando, Il ‘consenso’ imperfetto (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2010), p. 301.
CHAPTER 5
1. MP, p. 22.
2. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 5, p. 117.
3. Vita di Arnaldo (1932), OMN, XXXIV, p. 147.
4. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 261.
5. MFB, p. 159.
6. Ib. p. 158.
7. MS, p. 236.
8. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 117.
9. TM, p. 110–11.
10. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 261.
11. Ib. p. 262.
12. MS, p. 179.
13. DUX, p. 102.
14. Ib. p. 102.
15. Ib. p. 102.
16. Ib. p. 103.
17. Ib. p. 103.
18. TM, p. 44–5.
19. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 262.
20. Ib. p. 262.
21. Ib. p. 264.
22. MCE, p. 34.
23. MFB, p. 38.
24. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 265.
25. CAL, p. 9.
26. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 265.
27. MP, p. 23.
28. Ib. 24–5.
29. MS, p. 81.
30. MP, p. 25.
31. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 266.
32. MR, p. 67–8.
33. MP, p. 26.
34. Ib. p. 27.
35. Ib. p. 28.
36. Ib. p. 29.
37. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 266.
38. MTQ, p. 43.
39. CM, p. 186.
CHAPTER 6
1. AC, p. 44.
2. Ib. p. 45.
3. Ib. p. 45.
4. Ib. p. 57.
5. Ib. p. 76–7.
6. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 239.
7. MFB, p. 32.
8. DUX, p. 117.
9. MS, p. 153.
10. Tg1Storia No. 268 (1st March 2010), Rai Uno. Interview by Giorgio Assumma.
11. MAY, p. 233.
12. Ib. p. 242.
13. MR, p. 88.
14. OMN, IV, p. 104–6.
CHAPTER 7
1. MCE, p. 48.
2. La lotta di classe, 14th December 1912, in OMN, V, p. 380.
3. Siragusa, Mario, ‘Stragi e stragismo nell’età dei Fasci siciliani’, in La Sicilia delle stragi, ed. Marino, Giuseppe Carlo (Rome: Newton Compton, 2007), p. 122.
4. La lotta di classe, 23rd March 1912, in OMN, IV, pp. 118–19.
5. MSAD, p. 108.
6. DUX, p. 135.
7. MCE, p. 239.
8. MSAD, p. 57.
9. MS, p. 405.
CHAPTER 8
1. DM, p. 21.
2. Ib. p. 23.
3. Ib. p. 48–51.
4. TM, p. 118.
5. DM, p. 109.
6. MR, p. 139.
7. MFB, pp. 160–1.
8. DM, p. 168–9.
9. TM, p. 75–6.
10. MS, p. 208.
11. MR, p. 160–1.
12. DM, p. 122.
13. Ib., p. 123.
14. Ib. p. 124.
15. Ib. p. 131–32.
16. MP, p. 39.
17. DM, p. 160.
18. MTQ, p. 83.
19. TM, p. 115.
20. Pensieri Pontini e Sardi, OMN, XXXIV, p. 286.
21. DUX, pp. 152–53.
22. CM, p. 149.
23. DM, p. 253.
24. DUX, p. 163.
25. DM, p. 282.
26. MR, p. xxiii.
27. MFB, p. 50.
28. MCE, p. 71.
29. OMN, VI, pp. 404–8.
30. CM, p. 58.
CHAPTER 9
1. OMN, VII, pp. 473–4.
2. Ib. p. 486 (from L’Avanti!, 27th March 1915)
3. Ib. p. 489.
4. MP, p. 44.
5. Ib. p. 42–3.
6. Il Popolo d’Italia, No. 259, 29th October 1921.
7. CM, p. 46.
8. MR, pp. 307–8.
9. MP, p. 42.
10. DG, p. 14.
11. Ib. p. 25.
12. Ib. p. 13.
13. Ib. p. 46.
14. Ib. p. 72.
15. Ib. p. 41.
16. OMN, VII, p. 381.
17. MS, p. 94.
18. DG, p. 155–57.
19. DUX, p. 177.
20. MFB, p. 161.
21. MP, p. 81.
22. Ib. p. 82.
23. Ib. p. 83.
24. FSD, p. 30.
25. MS, pp. 273–74.
26. Ib. p. 437.
27. Ib. pp. 451–52.
28. MFB, p. 65.
CHAPTER 10
1. MCE, p. 203.
2. Ib. p. 206.
3. DUX, p. 203.
4. FAU, p. 409.
5. MFB, p. 85.
6. MSAD, p. 145.
7. MSA, p. 128.
8. MR, pp. 391–92.
9. Il Popolo d’Italia, No 53, 3rd March 1921.
10. MP, p. 84.
11. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 736.
12. ADC, p. 166.
13. OMN, XI, p. 509 (from the Caffaro of Genoa, 2nd August 1918).
14. MFB, p. 99.
15. Vicini, Sergio, Fasciste (Bresso: Hobby & Work, 2009), p. 181.
16. MR, p. 498.
17. DUX, p. 221.
18. Ib. p. 217.
19. MCE, pp. 83–4.
20. OMN, XIV, pp. 486–87.
21. MCE, p. 93.
22. MP, p. 49.
23. Ib. p. 49.
24. MSAD, p. 110.
CHAPTER 11
1. MSAD, p. 177.
2. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 733.
3. MP, p. 55.
4. MR, p. 567.
5. FSD, p. 48.
6. MS, pp. 121–22.
7. CM, p. 143.
8. MR, p. 627.
9. Melli, Giorgio, Le donne di Mussolini (Milan: Astoria, 1960), p. 76.
10. CHI, pp. 20–21.
11. Ib. p. 14.
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12. Rossi, Gianni Scipione, ‘Alice, la donna segreta di Mussolini’ (2009), www.storiainrete.com
13. MFB, p. 108.
14. Ib. p. 100.
15. MCE, p. 108.
16. Arendt, Hannah, Le Origini del totalitarismo (Milan: Edizioni di Comunità, 1967), pp. 234–35.
17. MCE, p. 104.
18. CM, p. 112.
19. MSAD, p. 175.
20. SAGC, pp. 13–15.
21. MS, p. 282.
22. MF, p. 234.
23. Ib. pp. 264–65.
24. MCE, p. 229.
25. DAN, pp. 274–75.
26. MF, p. 282.
27. MCE, p. 230.
28. DAN, p. 277.
29. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 736.
30. Susmel, Duilio, Nenni e Mussolini (Milan: Rizzoli, 1969), p. 153.
31. MP, p. 64.
32. FAU, p. 69.
33. SAGC, pp. 135–136.
34. MCE, pp. 119–20.
35. MP, p. 65.
36. Mussolini, Benito, Il tempo del bastone e della carota. Storia di un anno: ottobre 1942–settembre 1943 (Milan: Mondadori, 1944), p. 167–68.
37. MAR, p. 72.
38. DUX, pp. 276–77.
39. MAR, p. 121.
40. Ib. p. 123.
41. Ib. p. 123.
42. Ib. p. 124.
43. CM, p. 94.
CHAPTER 12
1. DD, p. 17.
2. Ib. p. 17.
3. CM, p. 217.
4. DD, p. 18.
5. Ib. p. 18.
6. Il Popolo d’Italia, No. 297, 12th December 1922.
7. DD, p. 19.
8. Ib. p. 20.
9. Ib. p. 20.
10. MS, p. 101.
11. Ib. p. 126.
12. Ib. p. 225.
13. Ib. p. 100.
14. Ib. p. 405.
15. MFB, p. 164.
16. DUX, p. 241.
17. MSA, pp. 13–14.
18. Ib. p. 165.
19. DUX, p. 240.
20. CM, p. 166.
21. MCE, p. 144.
22. PNF, p. 4.
23. Ib. p. xi.
24. Ib. p. xii.
25. MCE, p. 251.
26. DUX, p. 294.
27. PNF, p. x.
28. DUX, p. 246.