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Il Duce and His Women

Page 57

by Roberto Olla


  PIERO VIVARELLI (1927–2010)

  A composer, scriptwriter and film director, Vivarelli was among the young volunteers in the assault-troops unit commanded by Junio Valerio Borghese, the Decima Mas. After the war he joined the Italian Communist Party, and was the only Italian to be allowed by Fidel Castro to join the Cuban Communist Party. He directed a great number of films, many under the pseudonym Donald Murray. He was also active as a songwriter (among his most famous works are Celentano’s ‘24,000 baci’ and ‘Il tuo bacio è come un rock’).

  EDITH WHARTON (1862–1937)

  Born to a rich New York family, Edith Newbold Jones married the banker Edward Wharton in 1885. She moved to France in 1907, divorcing her husband six years later. She published her first novel (set in Italy) in 1902 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1921 for The Age of Innocence.

  GEORG ZACHARIAE (1888–1965)

  Zachariae was a German physician sent by Hitler to treat Mussolini. He looked after the Duce during the last nineteen months of his life.

  ANTEO ZAMBONI (1911–26)

  An Italian anarchist, Zamboni was only fifteen years old when he shot Mussolini in Bologna on 31st October 1926. He was lynched on the spot by the Fascists. The circumstances surrounding this assassination attempt are unclear; Mussolini himself described Zamboni as “the supposed would-be assassin”.

  TITO ZANIBONI (1883–1960)

  A reformist socialist, Zaniboni was against Italy’s intervention in the First World War, but was conscripted and gained two medals. He was elected as a deputy for the reformist Socialists in 1921. He organized a failed assassination attempt against Mussolini on 4th November 1925. He was sentenced to thirty years in prison, later commuted to exile on Ponza. He was freed on 8th September 1943. The following year he was appointed High Commissioner for the liberation of Italy from Fascism, and in 1945 he became High Commissioner for refugees and displaced persons.

  Notes and References

  CUE TITLES

  ADC

  De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il duce, I. Gli anni del consenso. 1929–1936 (Turin: Einaudi, 1974)

  CAL

  Calipso, Vita segreta di Mussolini (Rome: IEDC, 1944)

  CAM

  Navarra, Quinto, Memorie del cameriere di Mussolini (Naples: L’ancora del Mediterraneo, 2004)

  CES

  Rossi, Gianni Scipione, Cesira e Benito (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2007)

  CHI

  Curti, Elena, Il chiodo a tre punte (Pavia: Iuculano, 2003)

  CM

  Ludwig, Emil, Colloqui con Mussolini (Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1950)

  COM

  Buttignon, Ivan, Compagno Duce (Bresso: Hobby & Work, 2010)

  DAN

  Guerri, Giordano Bruno, D’Annunzio. L’amante guerriero. (Milan: Mondadori, 2008)

  DD

  Boratto, Ercole, Diario sul Duce (file JZX-6220, National Archives, Washington, sent by Agent CB 55 (X-2, Oss, Roma), 1946

  DEL

  Canali, Mauro, Il delitto Matteotti, (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1997)

  DM

  Rafanelli, Leda, Una donna e Mussolini (Milan: Rizzoli, 1946)

  DMVP

  I diari di Mussolini (veri o presunti) 1939 (Milan: Bompiani, 2010)

  DUX

  Sarfatti, Margherita, Dux (Milan: Mondadori, 1982)

  FAU

  Sarfatti, Margherita, My Fault, in Festorazzi, Roberto, Margherita Sarfatti. La donna che inventò Mussolini (Costabissara: Angelo Colla Editore, 2010)

  FSD

  Pieroni, Alfredo, Il figlio segreto del duce (Milan: Garzanti, 2006)

  LOV

  Fontanges, Magda (Coraboeuf, Madeleine), Love Affair with Mussolini, Liberty, 1940

  MAR

  Lussu, Emilio, Marcia su Roma e dintorni (Turin: Einaudi, 1945)

  MAS

  D’Aurora, Giorgio, La maschera e il volto di Magda Fontanges (Milan: Cebes, 1946)

  MCE

  Rossi, Cesare, Mussolini com’era (Rome: Ruffolo, 1946)

  MF

  De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il fascista (Turin: Einaudi, 1966)

  MFB

  Mussolini, Edvige, Mio fratello Benito (Florence: La Fenice, 1957)

  MP

  Mussolini, Rachele, Mussolini privato (Milan: Mondadori, 1980)

  MPB

  Monelli, Paolo, Mussolini piccolo borghese (Milan: Garzanti, 1983)

  MR

  De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il rivoluzionario (Turin: Einaudi, 1965)

  MS

  Petacci, Claretta, Mussolini segreto, ed. Mario Suttora (Milan: Rizzoli, 2009)

  MSA

  Urso, Simona, Margherita Sarfatti (Venice: Marsilio, 2003)

  MSAD

  Wieland, Karin, Margherita Sarfatti. L’amante del Duce (Turin: Utet, 2006)

  MSC

  Zachariae, Georg, Mussolini si confessa, (Milan: Garzanti, 1966)

  MTQ

  Bertoldi, Silvio, Mussolini tale e quale (Milan: Longanesi, 1973)

  PF

  Le Bon, Gustave, La psicologia delle folle (Milan: Longanesi, 1980)

  RAZ

  Fabre, Giorgio, ‘Mussolini, Claretta e la questione della razza. 1937–38’, in Annali della Fondazione Ugo La Malfa – Storia e Politica, XXIV, 2009

  RN

  De Felice, Renzo, Il Rosso e il Nero, ed. Pasquale Chessa (Milan: Baldini e Castoldi, 1995)

  SAGC

  Nenni, Pietro, Sei anni di guerra civile (Milan: Rizzoli, 1945)

  ST

  De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il duce, II. Lo Stato totalitario. 1936–1940 (Turin: Einaudi, 1981)

  TM

  Balabanoff, Angelica, Il traditore Mussolini (Rome, Milan: Avanti, 1945)

  WORKS BY BENITO MUSSOLINI

  AC

  L’amante del Cardinale, (Trento: Reverdito, 1986)

  DG

  Il mio diario di guerra, 1915–1917 (Milan: FPE, 1966)

  MAY

  La tragedia di Mayerling, (Trento: La Finestra Editrice, 2005)

  OMN

  Opera Omnia, ed. Susmel, Edoardo and Susmel, Duilio (Florence, La Fenice, 1951–63)

  PNF

  Partito Nazionale Fascista. Il Gran Consiglio nei primi cinque anni dell’Era Fascista (Rome: Libreria del Littorio, 1927)

  INTRODUCTION

  1. MS, p. 222.

  2. Ib. p. 376.

  3. RAZ, p. 349.

  4. MS, p. 225.

  5. Pasolini, Pier Paolo, Petrolio (Milan: Mondadori, 2005), Appunto 67, p. 278.

  6. Mosse, George L., Il Sole 24 Ore, 14th May 2006.

  7. RN, p. 146.

  8. Chessa, Pasquale and Raggi, Barbara, L’ultima lettera di Benito, (Milan: Bompiani, 2010), p. 31 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato, fascicolo 98, foglio 112.1.f)

  9. Ib. pp. 61–2 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato fascicolo 51, foglio 8).

  10. Ib. p. 82 (Archivio Centrale dello Stato, fascicolo 29, foglio 64).

  11. ‘Signor Mussolini’s personal affairs’. The National Archives of UK, Kew (Fo 371/22444).

  12. RN, p. 153.

  13. Ib. p. 158.

  14. Mack Smith, Denis, La Stampa, 27th May 1996.

  15. Renzo De Felice interviewed by Giorgio Fabre, Panorama, 18th November 1990.

  16. Bobbio, Norberto, La Stampa, 26th May 1996.

  17. Giorgio Amendola interviewed by Piero Melograni, in Amendola, Giorgio, Intervista sull’antifascismo (Bari: Laterza, 2008) pp. 12–14.

  18. Colletti, Lucio, Il Corriere della Sera, 27th May 1996.

  19. Sabbatucci, Giovanni, Il Sole 24 Ore, 14th May 2006.

  20. Corriere della Sera, 28th May 2010.

  21. Sullivan, Brian, Il Corriere della Sera, 27th June 1994.

  22. RN, pp. 140–42.

  23. DMVP, Introduzione.

  24. Ib. p. 236.

  CHAPTER 1

  1. MFB, p. 24.

  2. CM, p. 39.

  3. Mussolini, Benito, My Life. Youth, The Saturday Evening Post, 5th May 1928, p. 4.

  4. MFB, p. 14.

 
5. MR, p. 6.

  6. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 4.

  7. MSC, p. 139.

  8. TM, p. 25.

  9. Vita di Arnaldo (1932), OMN, XXXIV, p. 141.

  CHAPTER 2

  1. La mia vita dal 29 luglio 1883 al 23 novembre 1911, OMN, XXXIII, p. 248.

  2. Ib. p. 231.

  3. Ib. p. 245.

  4. Fest, Joachim, Hitler, una biografia, (Milan: Garzanti, 1999), p. 25.

  5. MFB, p. 12.

  6. Vita di Arnaldo, OMN, XXXIV, p. 145.

  7. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 224.

  8. CM, p. 194.

  9. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 226.

  10. Ib. p. 230.

  11. Ib. p. 235.

  12. MS, p. 263.

  13. TM, p. 49.

  CHAPTER 3

  1. MCE, pp. 279–80.

  2. Gehes Codex, Dresden, 1939.

  3. Bertoldi, Silvio, Gli arricchiti all’ombra di Palazzo Venezia (Milan: Ugo Mursia Editore, 2009), pp. 34–5.

  4. MF, p. 381.

  5. Tonelli, Anna, E ballando ballando – La storia d’Italia a passi di danza (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1998), pp. 68–70.

  6. Ib. p. 85.

  7. Hess, Rémi, Il valzer, rivoluzione della coppia in Europa (Turin: Einaudi, 1993), p. 271.

  8. Ib. p. 267.

  9. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 238.

  10. Ib. p. 239.

  11. Ib. p. 246–47.

  12. Ib. p. 247.

  13. MS, p. 99.

  CHAPTER 4

  1. MP, p. 78.

  2. Ib. p. 80.

  3. DUX, p. 85.

  4. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 251.

  5. MR, p. 35.

  6. CAL, p. X.

  7. CM, p. 149.

  8. MSC, p. 140.

  9. TM, p. 16–7.

  10. MP, p. 80.

  11. TM, p. 19.

  12. MFB, p. 32.

  13. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 258.

  14. CM, p. 41.

  15. Cordova, Ferdinando, Il ‘consenso’ imperfetto (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2010), p. 301.

  CHAPTER 5

  1. MP, p. 22.

  2. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 5, p. 117.

  3. Vita di Arnaldo (1932), OMN, XXXIV, p. 147.

  4. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 261.

  5. MFB, p. 159.

  6. Ib. p. 158.

  7. MS, p. 236.

  8. My Life. Youth, op. cit., p. 117.

  9. TM, p. 110–11.

  10. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 261.

  11. Ib. p. 262.

  12. MS, p. 179.

  13. DUX, p. 102.

  14. Ib. p. 102.

  15. Ib. p. 102.

  16. Ib. p. 103.

  17. Ib. p. 103.

  18. TM, p. 44–5.

  19. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 262.

  20. Ib. p. 262.

  21. Ib. p. 264.

  22. MCE, p. 34.

  23. MFB, p. 38.

  24. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 265.

  25. CAL, p. 9.

  26. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 265.

  27. MP, p. 23.

  28. Ib. 24–5.

  29. MS, p. 81.

  30. MP, p. 25.

  31. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 266.

  32. MR, p. 67–8.

  33. MP, p. 26.

  34. Ib. p. 27.

  35. Ib. p. 28.

  36. Ib. p. 29.

  37. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 266.

  38. MTQ, p. 43.

  39. CM, p. 186.

  CHAPTER 6

  1. AC, p. 44.

  2. Ib. p. 45.

  3. Ib. p. 45.

  4. Ib. p. 57.

  5. Ib. p. 76–7.

  6. La mia vita, OMN, XXXIII, p. 239.

  7. MFB, p. 32.

  8. DUX, p. 117.

  9. MS, p. 153.

  10. Tg1Storia No. 268 (1st March 2010), Rai Uno. Interview by Giorgio Assumma.

  11. MAY, p. 233.

  12. Ib. p. 242.

  13. MR, p. 88.

  14. OMN, IV, p. 104–6.

  CHAPTER 7

  1. MCE, p. 48.

  2. La lotta di classe, 14th December 1912, in OMN, V, p. 380.

  3. Siragusa, Mario, ‘Stragi e stragismo nell’età dei Fasci siciliani’, in La Sicilia delle stragi, ed. Marino, Giuseppe Carlo (Rome: Newton Compton, 2007), p. 122.

  4. La lotta di classe, 23rd March 1912, in OMN, IV, pp. 118–19.

  5. MSAD, p. 108.

  6. DUX, p. 135.

  7. MCE, p. 239.

  8. MSAD, p. 57.

  9. MS, p. 405.

  CHAPTER 8

  1. DM, p. 21.

  2. Ib. p. 23.

  3. Ib. p. 48–51.

  4. TM, p. 118.

  5. DM, p. 109.

  6. MR, p. 139.

  7. MFB, pp. 160–1.

  8. DM, p. 168–9.

  9. TM, p. 75–6.

  10. MS, p. 208.

  11. MR, p. 160–1.

  12. DM, p. 122.

  13. Ib., p. 123.

  14. Ib. p. 124.

  15. Ib. p. 131–32.

  16. MP, p. 39.

  17. DM, p. 160.

  18. MTQ, p. 83.

  19. TM, p. 115.

  20. Pensieri Pontini e Sardi, OMN, XXXIV, p. 286.

  21. DUX, pp. 152–53.

  22. CM, p. 149.

  23. DM, p. 253.

  24. DUX, p. 163.

  25. DM, p. 282.

  26. MR, p. xxiii.

  27. MFB, p. 50.

  28. MCE, p. 71.

  29. OMN, VI, pp. 404–8.

  30. CM, p. 58.

  CHAPTER 9

  1. OMN, VII, pp. 473–4.

  2. Ib. p. 486 (from L’Avanti!, 27th March 1915)

  3. Ib. p. 489.

  4. MP, p. 44.

  5. Ib. p. 42–3.

  6. Il Popolo d’Italia, No. 259, 29th October 1921.

  7. CM, p. 46.

  8. MR, pp. 307–8.

  9. MP, p. 42.

  10. DG, p. 14.

  11. Ib. p. 25.

  12. Ib. p. 13.

  13. Ib. p. 46.

  14. Ib. p. 72.

  15. Ib. p. 41.

  16. OMN, VII, p. 381.

  17. MS, p. 94.

  18. DG, p. 155–57.

  19. DUX, p. 177.

  20. MFB, p. 161.

  21. MP, p. 81.

  22. Ib. p. 82.

  23. Ib. p. 83.

  24. FSD, p. 30.

  25. MS, pp. 273–74.

  26. Ib. p. 437.

  27. Ib. pp. 451–52.

  28. MFB, p. 65.

  CHAPTER 10

  1. MCE, p. 203.

  2. Ib. p. 206.

  3. DUX, p. 203.

  4. FAU, p. 409.

  5. MFB, p. 85.

  6. MSAD, p. 145.

  7. MSA, p. 128.

  8. MR, pp. 391–92.

  9. Il Popolo d’Italia, No 53, 3rd March 1921.

  10. MP, p. 84.

  11. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 736.

  12. ADC, p. 166.

  13. OMN, XI, p. 509 (from the Caffaro of Genoa, 2nd August 1918).

  14. MFB, p. 99.

  15. Vicini, Sergio, Fasciste (Bresso: Hobby & Work, 2009), p. 181.

  16. MR, p. 498.

  17. DUX, p. 221.

  18. Ib. p. 217.

  19. MCE, pp. 83–4.

  20. OMN, XIV, pp. 486–87.

  21. MCE, p. 93.

  22. MP, p. 49.

  23. Ib. p. 49.

  24. MSAD, p. 110.

  CHAPTER 11

  1. MSAD, p. 177.

  2. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 733.

  3. MP, p. 55.

  4. MR, p. 567.

  5. FSD, p. 48.

  6. MS, pp. 121–22.

  7. CM, p. 143.

  8. MR, p. 627.

  9. Melli, Giorgio, Le donne di Mussolini (Milan: Astoria, 1960), p. 76.

  10. CHI, pp. 20–21.

  11. Ib. p. 14.
>
  12. Rossi, Gianni Scipione, ‘Alice, la donna segreta di Mussolini’ (2009), www.storiainrete.com

  13. MFB, p. 108.

  14. Ib. p. 100.

  15. MCE, p. 108.

  16. Arendt, Hannah, Le Origini del totalitarismo (Milan: Edizioni di Comunità, 1967), pp. 234–35.

  17. MCE, p. 104.

  18. CM, p. 112.

  19. MSAD, p. 175.

  20. SAGC, pp. 13–15.

  21. MS, p. 282.

  22. MF, p. 234.

  23. Ib. pp. 264–65.

  24. MCE, p. 229.

  25. DAN, pp. 274–75.

  26. MF, p. 282.

  27. MCE, p. 230.

  28. DAN, p. 277.

  29. ‘Rapporto Gasti, 4th June 1919’, in MR, p. 736.

  30. Susmel, Duilio, Nenni e Mussolini (Milan: Rizzoli, 1969), p. 153.

  31. MP, p. 64.

  32. FAU, p. 69.

  33. SAGC, pp. 135–136.

  34. MCE, pp. 119–20.

  35. MP, p. 65.

  36. Mussolini, Benito, Il tempo del bastone e della carota. Storia di un anno: ottobre 1942–settembre 1943 (Milan: Mondadori, 1944), p. 167–68.

  37. MAR, p. 72.

  38. DUX, pp. 276–77.

  39. MAR, p. 121.

  40. Ib. p. 123.

  41. Ib. p. 123.

  42. Ib. p. 124.

  43. CM, p. 94.

  CHAPTER 12

  1. DD, p. 17.

  2. Ib. p. 17.

  3. CM, p. 217.

  4. DD, p. 18.

  5. Ib. p. 18.

  6. Il Popolo d’Italia, No. 297, 12th December 1922.

  7. DD, p. 19.

  8. Ib. p. 20.

  9. Ib. p. 20.

  10. MS, p. 101.

  11. Ib. p. 126.

  12. Ib. p. 225.

  13. Ib. p. 100.

  14. Ib. p. 405.

  15. MFB, p. 164.

  16. DUX, p. 241.

  17. MSA, pp. 13–14.

  18. Ib. p. 165.

  19. DUX, p. 240.

  20. CM, p. 166.

  21. MCE, p. 144.

  22. PNF, p. 4.

  23. Ib. p. xi.

  24. Ib. p. xii.

  25. MCE, p. 251.

  26. DUX, p. 294.

  27. PNF, p. x.

  28. DUX, p. 246.

 

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