Hitler

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Hitler Page 133

by Ian Kershaw


  General Plan for the East (Generalplan Ost) 669, 682

  Geneva conventions 623, 905

  Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–4) 254, 297–300

  Genghis Khan 720, 888

  Genoa 769

  genocide: development of Nazi genocidal policy 459, 468–9, 524–31, 572–9, 594–8, 618, 668–99, 714–17, 775–7, 802–3, 969

  in Mein Kampf 149–50, 467

  Nazi and Soviet compared xxxiv–xxxv

  geopolitics 154

  Gera 307

  Gercke, Rudolf 662 German air-force see Luftwaffe

  German army: conscription 333, 334, 335–6, 351, 711, 854

  equipping of 474, 590–91

  flawed communications with Wehrmacht 553–4, 755

  General Staff Headquarters, Zossen 536, 542, 543, 605, 895, 920

  last counter-offensive (March 1945) 908, 914

  legacy of Blomberg-Fritsch scandals 418, 422

  losses 645–6, 652, 711, 798, 811, 857, 865, 868, 886, 893

  and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 316

  oath of unconditional loyalty to H 317–18

  Operations Department 624

  Reserve Army 662, 835, 845, 860

  resistance to H’s foreign policy 418, 422–3, 425, 429–30

  retreat across the Rhine 892–3

  size 333, 334–5, 888

  spring/summer offensive (1942) 700, 710–13, 719–26

  weakness of leadership 498, 564, 647

  winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 645–6, 647, 651–6, 661–7, 693, 700, 704, 710 see also Army groups; Reichswehr; Wehrmacht

  German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres; OKH): complicity in murderous policy in Soviet Union 599–603 conflicts with H over strategy 554–5, 591, 604, 636–7, 641–3, 647–8, 719–21, 724–5, 786–9

  declaration of loyalty (March 1944) 796

  and drive for Moscow and Leningrad 641–3, 647–8

  lack of coordinated command structure 711, 756

  and ‘Manstein plan’ 555

  and occupation of Italy 773

  and opening of Eastern Front 589–91

  and Operation Barbarossa 636

  and Operation Citadel 755–6

  ‘permanent treachery’ 843–4, 846

  spring/summer offensive (1942) 711, 721

  winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 652–3

  ‘German Christians’ 296

  German Combat League (Deutscher Kampfbund) 124, 126–7, 133, 137

  German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands

  ‘German Day’ (Deutscher Tag): (1922) 109;

  (1923) 123–4

  German Evangelical Church 296

  German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront; DAF) 289, 594, 934, 964

  German language 650

  German National Front (Deutschnationale Front; DNF) 289

  German National People’s Party (DNVP): capitulates 289–90

  Graefe and 141

  Hugenberg and 193, 222–3, 253

  and ‘National Opposition’ 222–3

  opposition to H 243

  Reichstag elections: (1930) 204–5;

  (1932) 242

  Schleicher and 251

  and vote of no-confidence in government 239, 240

  German navy: Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 337–8, 368–9, 486

  flawed communications within Wehrmacht 553–4

  High Command 608, 617–18

  preparation for war with Britain 422, 550

  and proposed invasion of Britain 565, 567

  in Scandinavia 551–2, 553

  sinking of Bismarck 617–18

  size of 337, 338

  steel supplies 387

  Z-Plan 471, 550

  German News Agency 346

  German People’s Party (DVP) 197, 199, 240, 289

  German Radical Party 32

  German Workers’ Party (DAP): committee 85

  founding of 82–3

  H joins 75–7

  H’s role in early development 83–9

  programme 85–6

  renaming 87 see also National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)

  German-Socialist Party (Deutschsozialistische Partei; DSP) 81, 100–101, 232

  German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (28 September 1939) 517

  Germanen-Orden 81–2

  Germany: agreement with Austria (1936) 369–70, 386, 402

  alliance with Italy 151, 169, 369–70, 371, 402, 403, 471

  Allied assault on 892–3, 908, 914, 918, 935

  Allied bombing raids 570, 718, 727–8, 748, 752–3, 762–3, 770, 789–90, 799, 851, 861, 893–4, 900–901, 921

  Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 337–8, 368–9, 486

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 369, 370–71

  capitulation xxix, 895, 904, 958–9, 961–3

  cultural ‘coordination’ under Nazis 291

  declaration of war on United States (11 December 1941) 606–7, 658–60, 690, 693–4

  Depression 196, 198, 222, 257–8, 261, 530

  diplomatic relations with Soviet Union 331–2, 488–9, 583–6

  division of 969

  economic crisis of 1929 185, 190–96, 199

  economic crisis of 1936 359–61, 365

  failure of ‘total war’ effort 746–7, 854–60

  French occupation of Ruhr (1923) 118, 119, 121, 151, 170

  German-Japanese alliance 657

  hatred of Britain 562

  hyperinflation (1923) 108, 114, 125

  introduction of Rentenmark 132

  judicial system 705–7, 708–9, 848

  national pride 372

  non-aggression pact with Poland (1934) 298, 331, 483, 486 non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (1939) 496, 498–9, 500, 501, 502, 551, 580, 585, 621

  ‘Pact of Steel’ (1939) 487

  paramilitary politics 121

  plebiscites 193, 196, 299–300, 317, 318, 332, 414

  post-First World War political climate 77–9, 108, 258–9

  radicalization of home front 705–9, 715, 744, 749–50, 854–7

  reparations 96, 132, 191, 193, 198, 208, 222

  return of Saar (1935) 332–3

  Revolution of 1918 60, 62–3, 66–71, 80

  Soviet invasion 890, 893, 919–21

  trade treaty with Soviet Union (1939) 488–9, 495–6

  Treaty of Friendship with Soviet Union (1939) 517

  Tripartite Pact (1940) 580, 584

  unique circumstances allowing H’s rise to power 256–9

  war debts 661

  wartime shortages 502, 573, 680, 705

  withdrawal from League of Nations (1933) 297–300, 331, 351 see also First World War; Second World War; Third Reich; Weimar Republic

  Germany Flight’ (Deutschlandflug) 227, 228, 231, 241

  Gersdorff, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von 819, 820, 821, 822, 824

  Gerstenmaier, Eugen 824, 846

  Gestapo (Secret State Police): and Blomberg scandal (1938) 392

  and development of genocidal programme 675

  and Fritsch scandal (1938) 395, 396

  and the ‘Jewish problem’ 340, 341, 343, 384, 452

  Müller as head 671

  ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312

  and November pogrom (1938) 457–8

  and opposition groups 741, 823, 825, 828

  torture of July plotters 846

  Geyr von Schweppenburg, Leo 813

  Gibraltar 567, 580, 582, 591–2, 730

  Giesing, Erwin 849, 869–70

  Giesler, Hermann 561, 709, 903

  Giesler, Paul 950

  Giraud, Henri 732

  Gisevius, Hans-Bernd 541

  Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 405, 408

  Glasgow 611

  Gleichschaltung (‘coordination’) 282–3, 291, 297, 410

  Gleiwitz 508

  Globocnik, Odilo 575, 688

  Glogau 891

  Gneisenau (battleship) 704


  Gneisenau, August Graf Neithardt von 809

  Godesberg Memorandum 438–9, 440, 441, 445

  Godin, Reinhart, Freiherr von 59

  Goebbels, Joseph: adoration of H 171, 173, 181, 379, 592, 909

  and Allied bombing raids 790, 905

  and Allied invasion 804, 805, 808–10

  and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481

  anti-clericalism 661

  appointed Gauleiter of Berlin 171

  appointed Propaganda Leader of Nazi Party 200

  and Ardennes offensive 881

  and assassination attempts on H (November 1939) 544–5;

  (July 1944) 836–9, 843, 844–5, 847

  and Austrian Question 385–6, 407–8, 409, 411, 414

  background 167–8

  and Balkan campaign 607

  and ban on intermarriage 343

  and battle for Stalingrad 737, 739, 742

  and Blomberg scandal (1938) 393

  and bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384

  and Bormann’s restructuring for peacetime Germany 916–17

  and boycott of Jewish businesses 286

  brings news of death of Roosevelt 918

  and Brüning’s resignation 229–30

  Christmas present to H (1937) 377

  and ‘Committee of Three’ 750–51

  conflict with Churches 381, 382

  construction of ‘Westwall’ 431

  and Czechoslovakia 386, 420, 431, 445, 476, 477, 479

  on dangers of H’s declining authority 913, 915–16

  and deal with Schleicher 232–3

  and declaration of war against United States 658, 659–60

  and deportations and massacres of Jews 595, 669, 671, 680–81, 683, 685–7, 689, 694, 698–9

  diary 168, 361, 364, 381, 385, 456, 457, 465, 691, 780, 843

  disappointed by H 170, 171

  and disposal of H’s body 956–7

  and economic crisis of 1936 360–61

  field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty (March 1944) 796

  and ‘Final Solution’ 714–15, 777

  and Frick 771

  and Fritsch scandal (1938) 396, 397, 398, 399

  in Führer Bunker 902, 923, 929–30, 931, 936–7, 938, 939, 940–41, 943, 946, 950, 954, 955

  on generals’ opposition to H 843, 844–5

  and ‘German Revolution’ 303

  and German surrender 958, 959

  H proposes for Ministry for the People’s Education 232

  and Heß affair (May 1941) 613–14, 615

  his ‘Damascus’ 170–71, 173

  and H’s last Testament 950–51

  on H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 243, 254

  in H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293, 324, 376

  ideological fanaticism 168

  inferiority complex 168

  and invasion of Hungary (March 1944) 793–4

  and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768–9

  and ‘Jewish Question’ 347, 381, 452–5, 577–8, 679, 694, 698–9, 759–60, 763–4

  Kolberg (film) 858, 908

  and ‘leadership crisis’ 748, 751–3

  and Leipzig Reichswehr trial (1930) 207

  marital problems 463, 492

  memorandum to H (September 1944) 872–3

  and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 436–7, 438–9, 441, 444, 445

  and Nazi atrocities in Poland 521, 525–6, 549

  and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 310, 311–12, 315

  and north German NSDAP 167–9, 170

  and November pogrom (1938) 455–63, 465–7

  and Nuremberg rallies 344

  and occupation of France 561, 562

  and opening of Western Front 540, 555

  and Operation Barbarossa 618, 620–21, 622, 623–4, 626, 627

  organizes torchlight procession (30 January 1933) 261

  and Papen’s Marburg speech (1934) 307–8

  plans for ‘racial cleansing’ of Berlin 454

  and Polish crisis (1939) 502, 503, 507, 511

  preparations for invasion of Britain 562–3, 564

  and proposals for ending war 897–8, 899, 904, 908–9

  radicalization of home front 705–6, 707, 854–7

  and rearmament 353, 354, 364, 384

  refashions H’s image 701–2

  Reich Minister of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda 280, 288, 291

  Reichstag deputy 190

  and Reichstag elections: (1930) 202, 204;

  (1932) 227–8, 231, 241;

  (1933) 277;

  (1936) 356

  and Reichstag fire (1933) 274–5

  relationship with H 378–9, 909

  reminiscing with H 719

  and Russian campaign 640, 644, 648–9, 651, 654

  and SA revolt (1931) 217

  and Saar plebiscite (1935) 332

  and Scandinavian campaign 552–3

  and Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) 496

  and spring offensive (1942) 713

  on Stalin 385

  and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 245, 248

  suicide 960

  ‘total war’ effort 705–6, 745–7, 749, 750–51, 808–10, 855–8

  tours bombed-out cities 762

  urges peace offer with Stalin 773

  and ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 728

  and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 648, 665, 667, 704

  witness at H’s wedding 948

  worries about depression in popular mood 799, 807

  Goebbels, Magda 491, 909, 954, 955, 960

  Goerdeler, Carl: and Four-Year Plan 364–5

  opposition to H 418, 541, 819, 823, 846

  Gold Beach 805

  Goldap 879

  Goliath tanks 877

  Gollancz, (Sir) Victor 968

  Goltz, Count von der 194

  Gömbös, Gyula 114

  Gomorrha, Operation 770

  Göring, Edda 924

  Göring, Emmy 924

  Göring, Hermann: agitates against Manstein 797

  aircraft production 800–801

  ambitions to run War Ministry 397

  announces existence of German air-force 334

  and the Anschluß 403, 407–11

  appointed head of SA 112

  ‘aryanization’ policy 383, 463

  background 112

  and Balkan campaign 608

  and battle for Stalingrad 734, 735, 738

  blamed for Allied bombing raids 718, 752–3, 762, 768, 790–91, 797, 880

  and Blomberg scandal (1938) 392–3

  business links 223, 224, 268–9

  and ‘Committee of Three’ 750, 751, 752

  construction of ‘Westwall’ 425

  and Czechoslovakia 418, 442–3, 444, 478–9

  and D-Day 805

  designated H’s successor 624

  and development of genocidal programme 676

  and Dunkirk 558–9

  and economic crisis of 1936 360–61

  and Enabling Act (1933) 281

  expelled from all offices 949

  extravagance 224–5

  foreign policy ideas 403, 406

  and Four-Year Plan 364–7, 397, 403, 461, 634

  and Fritsch scandal (1938) 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 408

  and German expansion plans 386–7, 390, 418, 422–3

  and German occupation of France 560–61

  H proposes for Air Ministry 232

  and Halder 726

  and Heß affair (May 1941) 612, 614

  and Himmler 329

  house-arrest 933

  on H’s military genius 607

  and H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 252, 253, 254, 255

  and H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293, 376

  and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768–9

  and ‘Jewish Question’ 450, 461, 464, 575, 598, 678, 679

  and July 1944 assassination attempt 832

  leadership of Lu
ftwaffe 641

  leaves Führer Bunker 923–4

  made Field-Marshal 398

  Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich 506, 751, 752

  and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 442–3, 444

  and Nazi atrocities in Poland 520

  and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312, 313

  and North African campaign 736

  and November pogrom (1938) 460–63, 465, 467

  and opening of Western Front 538, 541, 558

  and outbreak of war 513

  and Papen 317

  and party funding 224–5

  and personality cult of H 112, 284

  and plans for ‘New Order’ 633

  and Polish crisis (1939) 503, 504, 509, 511

  and Potempa murder affair (1932) 237

  prestige at rock-bottom 900

  promoted to Reich Marshal 564

  proposals for ending war 897–8, 899

  and proposed invasion of Britain 563–4, 570

  Prussian Minister of the Interior 273, 284

  Prussian Minister President 283–4

  and putsch attempt (1923) 128, 131

  and rearmament 352, 353, 387

  Reichstag deputy 190

  and Reichstag fire (1933) 275

  Reichstag President 240

  and Ribbentrop 471, 472

  and Russian Campaign 627, 634

  and the SA 303, 306, 309, 310

  and Spanish Civil War 362–3

  stripped of rights of succession 932–3

  suicide 964

  terror-wave in Prussia 273–4

  and Total War Effort 855

  ‘utterly unimaginable’ as leader of nation 913

  and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 662

  Gorki 653

  Göttingen 141, 167

  Graefe, Albrecht 141

  Graf, Ulrich 98

  Graf, Willi 741

  Grafeneck 534

  Grandel, Gottfried 95

  Grauert, Ludwig 276

  Grave 866

  Great Britain see Britain Great King, The (film) 702

  ‘great men’ theories xxxv-xxxvi, 157, 181

  ‘Greater German National Community’ (Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft; GVG) 140–41, 144

  Greece 581, 583, 591, 604–5, 607, 608, 609–10, 862, 867

  Greenland 761

  Greim, Robert Ritter von 938, 946–7, 963

  Greiner, Helmuth 735

  Greiner, Josef 23, 29, 41

  Greiser, Arthur 526–7, 575–6, 684–5, 891, 965

  Grimm, Hans 154

  Grodno 626

  Groener, Wilhelm 228–9

  Grohé, Josef 341

  Groscurth, Helmuth 433, 442, 536, 541, 543

  Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (GVG; ‘Greater German National Community’) 140–41, 144

 

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