Hitler
Page 134
Großraumwirtschaft (‘greater economic sphere’) 403
Grozny 711, 722, 723, 725
Gruhn, Margarethe 392
‘Gruko’ (Bayerische Reichswehr Gruppenkommando Nr.4) 71–2
Grynszpan, Herschel 455, 467
Guderian, Heinz: back in favour 754
and Battle of Kiev 642–4
clashes with H 895–6, 914–15
in ‘Court of Honour’ 844
dismissal (December 1941) 666
fails to simplify military command 788
and ‘Manstein plan’ 554
and Operation Citadel 766, 767
replaced by Krebs 915
replaces Zeitzler 813, 814, 850
and Soviet advances in the east 879, 888–9, 891–2, 894–6, 911
and Warsaw rising 868
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 652–3, 656, 662–3, 665–6
Gumbinnen 879
Günsche, Otto 715, 922, 946, 954, 955, 956–8, 960
Gürtner, Franz: attempts to curb police power 329
and ‘Blood Law’ 346
death 705
and Dohnanyi 536
and ‘euthanasia action’ 528–9
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 395, 396, 399
and the ‘Law for the Emergency Defence of the State’ (1934) 314
and May Day affair (1923) 123
and release of Heß from Landsberg 161
and removal of ban on NSDAP 162
Gustloff, Wilhelm 348, 455
Gutmann, Hugo 59
GVG see Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft gypsies 521, 574, 618
Haase, Ludolf 141, 142
Haase, Werner 952, 953
Habsburg monarchy 9, 27, 47, 401
Hácha, Emil 477–8
Hadamar 534
Haeften, Werner von 829, 830, 831–2, 834, 839, 840, 841, 845
Hafeld 490
Haffner, Sebastian 259
Hagen, Hans 838
Hahn, Otto 874
Haifa 567
Halder, Franz: and Balkan campaign 605
and battle for Stalingrad 727
and Brauchitsch 428, 540–41
dismissal 726
and drive for Moscow and Leningrad 639, 640, 642–3, 646, 647–8
in Führer Headquarters 624, 720
H’s contempt for 646, 724
and July plotters 846
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 520
and opening of Eastern Front 566, 568–9, 586–7, 589–90, 591, 600, 609
and opening of Western Front 540–41, 555, 558
and Operation Barbarossa 619, 627, 635–6, 637, 638
and plans for coup d’état: (1938) 445, 483;
(1939) 540–41, 542, 543, 544
and Polish crisis (1939) 483–4, 507, 516
and proposed invasion of Britain 567
and spring/summer offensive (1942) 711, 712, 721, 722, 723, 724
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 651, 653, 662, 663–4, 667, 711
Halifax, E.F.L. Wood, Viscount (later 1st Earl of Halifax): and the Anschluß 410
appointed Foreign Secretary 407
and Polish crisis (1939) 501, 503–5, 506
potential peace terms (1940) 565, 566
and Sudeten crisis (1938) 426, 433
visits Germany (1937) 402
‘Halt Order’ (December 1941) 665–7
Hamburg: bombing of 770–71, 802
city elections: (1931) 222;
(1932) 227–8
H speaks in 177–9, 221
Hotel Atlantik 214
Nazi seizure of power 278
Speer in 925, 931, 932
Hamburger Nationalklub 177–9
Hamilton, Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of 611–12, 617
Hamm 918
Hammerstein-Equord, Kurt Freiherr von 265
Hammitzsch, Angela (née Hitler, then Raubal; H’s half-sister) 2, 3, 16, 34, 177, 218, 220
Hanau 915
Hanfstaengl, Egon 160
Hanfstaengl, Ernst ‘Putzi’: background 114 first encounters H 97, 115
and funding of NSDAP 117
H stays with after release from Landsberg 160 on H’s personality and leadership style 209–10, 212–13
and H’s sexuality 115, 175
as H’s ‘social secretary’ 115–16
and H’s trial (1924) 134
and Leipzig Reichswehr trial (1930) 207–8
and personality cult of H 112, 114–15
in Propaganda Ministry 293
and putsch attempt (1923) 131–2
and Reichstag fire (1933) 274–5
relations with H 211
Hanfstaengl, Helene 115, 132, 175, 218
Hanisch, Reinhold 22, 30–32, 33, 34, 40–41, 43–4
Hanke, Karl 891, 905, 950
Hanover 205, 455, 556, 918
Harlan, Veit 858
Harpe, Josef 890–91
Harrer, Karl 82–3, 84–5
Harris, Arthur 893
Hartheim 534
Harz mountains 630 ‘Harzburg Front’ 223, 226
Hase, Paul von 838
Hasselbach, Hans-Karl von (H’s doctor) 515, 870
Hassell, Ulrich von 350, 352, 498, 541, 820
Haug, Jenny 218
Haus Wachenfeld, Obersalzberg 177, 218, 222, 327 see also Berghof
Haus Wahnfried, Bayreuth 490–91
Haushofer, Albrecht 617
Haushofer, Karl 98, 154, 617
Häusler, Rudolf 46, 48, 49
Havel river 935
Hawaii 656, 657
He 176 (rocket-propelled plane) 490
Hearst press 208
Hefelmann, Hans 532, 533
Heilmann and Littmann (Munich construction firm) 48
Heim, Ferdinand 733
Heine, Heinrich 41, 292
Heinemann, Erich 808
Heines, Edmund 237, 311, 315
Heinkel factory, Rostock 707
Heinrici, Gotthard 891, 911, 920, 927–8
Heisenberg, Werner 874
Held, Heinrich 133, 161–2
Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von 392, 452, 454, 847
Hendaye 581
Henderson, Sir Nevile: British Ambassador to Germany 386
meeting with H (March 1938) 407
and Munich Agreement negotiations 440, 442, 443–4
and Polish crisis (1939) 496–7, 500–502, 503, 505–7
and Sudeten crisis (1938) 426, 442, 443–4
Henkel (winemakers) 236
Henlein, Konrad 387, 424, 432–3, 505
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria 521
Hepp, Ernst 53, 56
Herber, Franz 839 ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ 704, 744, 798, 822, 910
Herrlingen 875
Heß, Ilse (née Pröhl) 147, 611
Heß, Rudolf: and anti-Jewish propaganda 340, 342, 347, 348
besotted with H 98–9, 104, 156
and ‘German Revolution’ 303
heads Political Central Commission 248
and H’s negotiations with Papen 250
imprisonment (1924) 161, 173
installed as Deputy Führer 306, 328, 448
internment in Spandau 616, 965
Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich 506
mission to Scotland (May 1941) 610–17
and murder of Strasser 249
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 311
and occupation of France 561
and occupation of Poland 522
and remilitarization of Rhineland 353
as student 97, 98, 154
suicide 965
and Thule Society 82
trial 616
and writing of Mein Kampf 147, 154
Heß, Wolf Rüdiger 611
Hesse 227, 278, 456, 465–6
Heusinger, Adolf 624, 640–41, 830, 831
Hewel, Walther 477, 492, 500, 504, 593, 922, 943
Heydrich, Reinhard: and
the Anschluß 413
assassination 713–14, 719
and deportation of Jews 678, 682, 685–6, 687–8, 690, 696
Deputy Reich Protector in Czechoslovakia 685, 691
development of genocidal programme 668–9, 670, 678, 696, 697
expansionist ambitions 448
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 394
head of Bavarian Political Police 278, 279
heads Central Office for Jewish Emigration 464
and invasion of Poland 508
and ‘Jewish Question’ 453–4, 574, 578–9, 593, 594–8
mandate for ‘Final Solution’ 678
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 520–21, 522, 525, 526, 527, 548–9
and November pogrom (1938) 457–8, 459, 462, 464
and Operation Barbarossa 618
proposes badges for Jews 462, 679–80
and Prussian Gestapo 306
and the SD 308
Hiedler (Hüttler), Johann Nepomuk 2
Hiedler, Johann Georg 2
Hiedler, Maria Anna (née Schicklgruber; H’s paternal grandmother) 1
Hilger, Gustav 488
Himmler, Heinrich: agitates against Manstein 797
ambitions to run War Ministry 397
and the Anschluß 413
appearance 188
appointed leader of SS 189
appointed Reich Minister of the Interior 771
approach to ‘Jewish Question’ 449, 575, 576–7, 578, 594, 596–8
background 188
commander of Munich police 278, 279, 290
Commander of the Reserve Army 835, 845, 859, 860
and Czechoslovakia 430, 448
and defence of Berlin 940
deportation of Jews 596–8, 634, 684–5, 687, 688, 690, 692
Deputy Reich Propaganda leader 189, 192
development of genocidal programme 668–9, 675–6, 688, 689
estrangement from H 891
expansionist ambitions 448–9
expelled from all offices 949
failure as military commander 891, 905, 908, 913–14, 944
‘Final Solution’ 715–17, 764–5, 776–7, 878
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 393–4
in Führer Bunker 902, 923
‘General Plan for the East’ 669
and H’s negotiations with Papen 250, 251
and H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293
ideological struggle against ‘forces’ 449
and ‘Jewish Question’ 676, 715–17
joins NSDAP 188
and July 1944 assassination attempt 832, 835, 840, 845, 860
leaves Führer Bunker 925
murder of Röhm 189
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 522, 524–5, 526–7
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312
and November pogrom (1938) 457–8, 465
offer to surrender 943–6, 947, 953
orders total destruction of Warsaw 868
overtures to Britain and America 860, 899
his ‘police state’ xxxviii, 329–30
and Polish crisis (1939) 511
and Prussian Gestapo 306
and putsch attempt (1923) 189
racial selection programme 28
and radicalization of home front 706, 860
reads H’s proclamation (12 November 1944) 880
Reich Commissar for the Consolidation of Germandom 527
rejected by Dönitz 961–2
and Russian campaign 650
Settlement Commissar for the East 520
‘Some Thoughts on the Treatment of the Alien Population in the East’ 576
and Soviet advances in the east 814
and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 248
suicide 963–4
and Total War Effort 856, 858, 859
urges H to leave Führer Bunker 929
Volkssturm 858, 860
Hindenburg, Oskar von 252, 309
Hindenburg, Paul von: and anti-Jewish legislation 288
appoints Schleicher as Reich Chancellor 245
banning of SA and SS 228
and Brüning’s resignation 229–30
and ‘Day of Potsdam’ 280
elected Reich President (1925) 165
and fall of Müller administration 199
funeral 318
grants H dissolution of Reichstag 264
and H’s appointment as Chancellor 234–6, 238, 255, 260
illness and death 301, 306–7, 316–17, 940, 950
negotiations with H 242–4, 250, 251–5
Osthilfe scandal 251
and Papen’s appointment as Chancellor 230
and proposed dissolution of Reichstag (1932) 239
Reich’s President election (1932) 224, 226–7, 232
and the Reichswehr 304
and resignation of Papen government 242
and the SA 303, 308, 313
succession issue 301–2, 307, 316–17
as war hero 87, 165, 226
Hitler family tree 4
Hitler, Adolf: birth 3 childhood and schooling 3, 5–10, 39–40
relationship with mother 5, 10, 13–14, 15, 412
relationship with father 8, 9–10, 412
aims to become an artist 9, 10–11, 12, 13–15, 17, 26, 105
friendship with Kubizek 11–12, 18–22, 25–6
infatuation with Stefanie 12–13, 22, 219
first visits Vienna (1906/7) 13–15
rejected by Vienna Academy 14, 19–20, 26
aims to become an architect 15–16, 48, 77, 105
indolent lifestyle in Vienna 16–22
down and out in Vienna 24–5, 29–31
break with Kubizek 26–7
‘political awakening’ in Vienna 27–9, 32, 35–7, 75
sells paintings 31–2, 33–4, 44, 49
avoidance of military service 45–6, 48, 50–51
leaves Vienna for Munich (1913) 45–50
elation at outbreak of First World War 51–2
joins up 52–3
promoted to corporal 53–4
dispatch runner 54–5, 57
awarded Iron Cross 55, 59
wounded at the Somme (1916) 51, 57–8
mustard gas attack 42, 59–60
hospitalization 42, 60, 62–6
returns to Munich after War 68–71
political ‘education’ in Reichswehr 72–5
joins German Workers’ Party 75–8, 83
demobilization 64–5, 70, 76–7
political apprenticeship in Munich 78–81
role in early development of German Workers’ Party 83–9
and growth of NSDAP 93–7, 98–9, 116–17, 118
takes over party leadership (1921) 79, 83–4, 100–104, 108–110
imprisoned for breach of the peace 108, 136
early development of Führer cult 110–113, 119–20
May Day affair (1923) 121–3
putsch attempt (1923) 42, 64, 79, 98, 118–19, 127–32, 133, 138, 455
trial (1924) 48, 133–6, 150–51, 156
imprisonment in Landsberg 112, 132, 136–8, 145–6, 153, 156–60
and proposed merger of NSDAP with DVFP 141–4
early release from prison 144–5, 160–61, 257
writing of Mein Kampf 139, 143, 146–7, 148–55, 166, 177, 180
sees himself as Germany’s coming ‘great leader’ 156–9, 174
refoundation of NSDAP 162–6, 169–70
establishes supreme mastery over the party 169–73, 194–5, 200–201, 211–15
writing of ‘Second Book’ 180, 183–4
Nazi Party’s ‘wilderness years’ 184–92
and first Nazi experiment in government 197–8
success in 1930 Reichstag elections 202–4, 206, 208–9
and Leipzig Reichswehr trial 206–8, 217
and SA rebellions (1930/31) 216–17
death of Geli Raubal 218–22, 380, 490
acquires
German citizenship 226
runs for Reich presidency (1932) 226–7 deal with Schleicher 229–30, 232–3, 238
Hindenburg refuses to appoint as Chancellor 234–6
negotiations with Hindenburg 242–4, 250, 251–5
and Gregor Strasser’s resignation 246–9
appointed Chancellor (30 January 1933) 148, 255–62
government of ‘national concentration’ 260, 263–4
calls for rearmament 265–7
outlines economic policy 268–72
seizure of power throughout Germany 278–90
entourage in the Reich Chancellery 293–4, 324–6, 373–7
withdraws Germany from League of Nations 297–300, 331, 351
crushing of SA leadership 285, 301–16
and death of Hindenburg 301–2, 306–7, 317–19, 322
increasing withdrawal from domestic politics 322–3, 327
development of foreign policy 330–39, 361–4, 368–71, 384–91, 416–23, 470–73
and anti-Jewish legislation 288, 321, 339–49, 382–3, 451–5, 462
remilitarization of Rhineland 349–58, 363, 368–9, 402
Four-Year Plan 364–8, 397, 402, 403
daily routine in Reich Chancellery 374–7
grandiose building plans 379, 381, 650–51, 703, 747, 781
takes over leadership of Wehrmacht 397–400, 422–3
the Anschluß 385, 386, 401–16, 420
policy on Czechoslovakia 416–44, 470, 471–6
Munich Agreement (1938) 434–47, 471, 473–4, 479
and November pogrom (1938) 455–69
invasion of Czechoslovakia (March 1939) 476–80
annexation of Memelland 480–81
Polish crisis (summer 1939) 448, 470–71, 480, 490–507
miscalculation over Poland 481–4
policy shift towards Poland 485–90
invasion of Poland (September 1939) 502–3, 507–9, 516–18
and outbreak of war 510–17
authorizes Nazi atrocities in Poland 518, 521–7, 536, 548–9, 578–9
Hitler, Adolf –
and ‘euthanasia action’ programme 528–35, 548 opening of Western Front 537–41, 547–8, 550–51, 554–6
‘peace offers’ (October 1939) 517, 539–40, 617;
(July 1940) 564–6, 617
assassination attempt (November 1939) 537, 544–7
launch of Scandinavian campaign 552–4
and Dunkirk evacuation 557–9
tours occupied France 560–62
proposed invasion of Britain 562–5, 567–71, 592
opening of Eastern Front 565–6, 567–9, 578–9, 583–91, 597–603, 609–10, 615–16, 618–21
Balkan strategy 603–5, 607–10, 648
and Heß affair 610–17
invasion of Soviet Union (June 1941) 622–4, 626–35