by Ian Kershaw
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 441, 442
on outbreak of war 508, 509
Siberia 669, 677, 683, 714
Sicherheitsdienst see SD
Sicily 757, 763, 768, 772
Silesia 266, 518, 697, 709, 823, 888, 890, 891, 899, 911, 914
Simon, Sir John 333, 334, 336–7, 338
Simpson, Wallis 369
Singapore 580, 606, 704
Skoda works, Czechoslovakia 474
Skorzeny, Otto 774, 845, 877–8
Slavs 47, 417, 569, 591, 597, 603, 628–9, 651, 669
Slovak army 591
Slovakia 474, 475–6, 481, 594, 604, 867
Smolensk 623, 627, 637, 759, 821
Sobibor extermination camp 262, 688, 697, 715, 775
Social Democrats see SPD
‘social question’ 37, 181–2, 183
social-Darwinism 180–81, 182, 186, 213, 215, 269, 321, 323, 365, 530, 572, 633, 785, 906
socialism: and antisemitism 91
and ‘national community’ 182
of Otto Strasser 201 see also anti-socialism
SOE (Special Operations Executive) 713–14
Soissons 807
Soldau 688
Solmitz, Louise 260, 277
Somme, Battle of the 51, 57
‘Sonderkommando Lange’ 535
Sonderkommandos (‘special forces’) 618
Sonnenstein 534
Sopade 493
South America 370, 463
South Tyrol 151, 183–4, 426, 540, 799
‘Soviet Paradise, The’ (anti-Bolshevik exhibition) 714
Soviet Union: advance on Berlin 892, 904, 920–21, 923–4, 926–7, 928, 931, 934–42, 946, 952, 953–4
battle for Stalingrad 648, 727, 728–9, 731, 733–6, 737–44
Communism 67, 150, 178, 599, 670
as continental ally of Britain 642, 645
counter-offensives: (December 1941) 656, 661–2, 664, 690;
(December 1943) 786, 787;
(spring 1944) 797–8;
(summer 1944) 810–11, 813–14, 851, 867–8, 879;
(winter 1945) 886, 888–92, 894–6, 905, 908, 914, 918
and Czechoslovakia 423
deportation of Volga Germans 683–4
diplomatic relations with western powers (1920s) 182
expansionist policy 565–6
German army spring/summer offensive (1942) 700, 710–13, 717, 718, 719–26
German army’s winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 645–6, 647, 651–6, 661–7, 693, 704
and German capitulation 959, 963
German diplomatic relations with 331–2, 488–9, 583–6
German invasion (Operation Barbarossa; June 1941) 622–4, 626–51
German plans for attack on 158, 567–9, 578–9, 586–91, 597–603, 609–10, 615–16, 618–21
inevitability of war with 362–3
invasion of Germany 890, 893, 919–21
and Japan 580, 871
Jewish population 669, 693
last German offensive (Operation Citadel; July 1943) 755–6, 762–3, 766–7, 769–70, 771–2, 774–5, 787–9
mass graves of Polish officers 759
massacres of Jews 670–71, 674–6, 715
Nazi atrocities in 623, 668–71, 674–6
non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) 496, 498–9, 500, 501, 502, 551, 580, 585, 621
oil-fields 590–91, 641, 710–11, 712
Operation Blue 711, 717, 718, 719–26
pact with France 332, 337, 351, 352, 354, 364
and Poland 487–9
resettlement of Jews 669, 682–3, 686, 690
Stalinist purges 385
trade treaty with Germany (1939) 488–9, 495–6
Treaty of Friendship with Germany (1939) 517
war with Finland 551, 552, 569, 584, 868 see also Bolshevism; Red Army; Russia; Russian Revolution
Spaatz, Carl 963
Spain: and the Axis 579, 580–83, 592
reprisals for bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384–5
Spandau prison 616
Spanish Civil War 361–4, 368–9, 385, 389, 404
Spartacism 73
SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands): bans 273, 289
and Bavarian revolutionary period 69–70
and emergency decree 276
and Enabling Act (1933) 281–2
end of 289
fall of Müller administration (1930) 199
‘grand coalition’ 191
H links with Jews 38, 64
H’s hatred for 32, 36–7, 38, 57, 208
and liberal democracy 178
Prussian government deposed (1932) 231
Reichstag elections: (1930) 204–5;
(1932) 241–2;
(1933) 277
and Reichstag fire (1933) 275
in Saar 333
Sopade 493
state elections (1932) 228
support of democracy 258
‘toleration’ policy 206
and trade unionism 178, 288
‘Special Commission, 20 July’ 846
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 713–14
Speer, Albert: and Ardennes offensive 873
Armaments Minister 703–4, 714, 743, 791–2, 801, 854, 950
and ‘Committee of Three’ 750–51, 752, 753
conflict with Sauckel 854
as ‘court favourite’ 324–5, 376, 378–9, 430, 492, 511
and D-Day 804
driving ambition 703, 910
in Führer Bunker 923, 924, 928, 931–2, 935
and Heß affair 612
and H’s antisemitism 40, 465
on H’s ‘genius’ 781, 783–4
and H’s intimation of weakness of German people 851
and H’s refusal to end war 899–900
imprisonment 964–5
and ‘Jewish Question’ 593, 714
and July 1944 assassination attempt 836, 837, 838, 848
knee operation 799
leaves Führer Bunker 925, 931, 934
loyalty to H 900
memoranda on end of arms production and collapse of economy 899, 911–12
New Reich Chancellery 901
prepares for post-Hitler Germany 910–11
and radicalization of home front 854
rebuilding of Berlin 378, 379
relationship with H 379, 703, 932
replaced as Armaments Minister 950
retained in cabinet by Dönitz 962
return to ‘Berghof family’ 799–800
and Ribbentrop’s talks with Guderian 896
supports atomic bomb research 874
tours occupied Paris with H 561–2
views H as demonic figure xxxiii
Speidel, Hans 821
Sperrle, Hugo 404, 813
Spital, Waldviertel, Austria 2
Sponeck, Hans Graf von 666
Springorum, Fritz 243
SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squad): antisemitic violence 279, 340, 416
atrocities in Poland 518–20, 522–5, 527, 573–4, 574, 601, 764
atrocities in Ukraine 826
Austrian putsch attempt (1934) 316–17
banned 228
and Blomberg-Fritsch scandals 422
breaks with SA 306, 308–9, 316, 329
‘clearing’ of asylums 534–5
and deportation of Jews 690, 759
‘disloyalty’ 928, 943, 945
and emergency decree (1933) 276, 281
expansionist ambitions 448–9
and ‘Final Solution’ 527, 697, 699, 716, 775–7
foundation 172–3
and ‘Führer will’ 321
H takes over as supreme leader 216
Himmler appointed leader xxxviii, 189
and Himmler’s overtures to Britain and America 860
house-arrest of Göring 933
H’s bodyguards 821, 895, 937, 956, 957
and invasion
of Poland 508
and ‘Jewish Question’ 416, 452, 458, 464, 467–9, 573, 577, 578–9, 759
and July 1944 assassination attempt 845, 848
last days in Berlin 923
merges into police 327, 329–30, 848
and Nazi seizure of power in the Länder 278
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312, 314, 316
and November pogrom (1938) 457–8
and occupation of Italy 772
party rallies 194, 223
power ambitions 515, 518
Prussian terror-wave (1933) 273
racial selection programme 28
removal of Jews from Hungary 878
removed from military jurisdiction 524
reprisals after assassination of Heydrich 714
and Russian campaign 634, 635, 914
‘special tasks’ for removal of Jews 597–9
torchlight procession (30 January 1933) 261
and Wehrmacht 519, 523–4, 671–2, 673–4 see also Einsatzgruppen
SS-Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (H’s houseguards) 309, 310, 375, 377
Staaken 926
Staatspartei 289
Stahlhelm (veterans’ organization) 193, 194, 222–3, 226, 254, 260, 273, 281, 289
Stalin, Joseph: attacks Western appeasement policies 488
compared with H xxxiv–xxxv
contemplates peace terms (July 1941) 640
deportation of Volga Germans 683
expansionist policies 565–6
and German army spring offensive (1942) 713
and German invasion 623, 646
and German surrender 963
H sees as ‘instrument of Jewry’ 693
H’s admiration for 629, 844, 898
H’s ‘special peace’ proposals 908–9
and Japanese attempts to broker peace settlement 871, 872
partisan war 676
and Poland 517, 868
purges 385, 551, 844
and Red Army invasion of Germany 919
show-trials 845
and Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) 489, 496, 498–9, 580
at Yalta Conference (1945) 893, 904
Stalingrad: battle for 648, 727, 728–9, 731, 733–6, 737–44
plans to take 644, 651, 720, 721–2, 723
Stalino 724
Starnberg, Lake 171
Stauffenberg, Berthold 846
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf von: background 825–6
execution 839, 841, 844, 845
leader of July assassination plotters 817, 818, 827–32
Operation Valkyrie 826–7, 833–5
sees Tresckow as his ‘guiding master’ 820
steel 387, 775, 863
Stefanie (early infatuation) 13, 22, 219
Stein, Franz 36
Steinau 891
Steiner, Felix 920, 927, 928, 940, 943, 945
Stennes, Walter 217, 248
sterilization: of incurably ill 530
of inferior races 28
sterilization law 294–5
Stettin 555, 575
Stevens, Richard H. 545
Stieff, Hellmuth 821, 846, 847
Stockholm 792, 943
Stolzing-Cerny, Josef 147
Stoßtrupp Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler Assault Squad) 172–3, 457, 458, 466
Strasbourg 884
Strasser, Gregor: awarded NSDAP badge of honour 249
background and views 166–7, 245–6
and DVFP 141
and Goebbels 245
H proposes for Labour Ministry 232
on H’s leadership style 210, 211–12
and H’s refounding of NSDAP 163, 170
murdered 249, 312, 314
and NSDAP in north Germany 166–7, 170
and NSDAP programme 169, 171
organizational leadership of NSDAP 188, 190
and party funding 225
Propaganda Leader of NSDAP 170, 187–8
Reichstag deputy 190, 208
resignation of all his party offices 245–9
Schleicher’s overtures to 244, 245, 246, 251
Strasser, Otto 193, 200–201, 207, 216, 219, 545
Strauß, Adolf 666
Strauß, Johann 20, 800
Strauß, Richard 490
Streicher, Julius: and Albert Forster 492
antisemitism 109, 340
and ban on intermarriage 342–3
boycott of Jewish businesses 285, 287, 339–40
and Goebbels 170–71
and GVG 141, 144
H’s gratitude to 110
and H’s refounding of NSDAP 164
and north German NSDAP 167
and NSDAP during H’s imprisonment 140
and putsch attempt (1923) 131
transfers to NSDAP 109
trial and execution 109, 964
‘Strength through Joy’ 594
Stresa Front 337, 338, 339, 349, 350
Stresemann, Gustav 194–5, 297, 300
Strones, Waldviertel 1
Stroop, Jürgen 764, 965
Stuckart, Wilhelm 345, 412, 522
Student, Kurt 608
Stülpnagel, Karl Heinrich von 836, 863, 875
Stülpnagel, Otto von 542
Stumpfegger, Ludwig 870, 951–2, 960, 961
Stumpff, Hans-Jürgen 963
Sturmabteilung see SA
Stürmer, Der (newspaper) 109, 340, 343, 344
Stuttgart 171, 885
Styria 406
Sudetenland: crisis (1938) 385, 386–7, 419, 424–47, 474, 493, 816
Sudeten Germans 154, 417, 419, 420, 424, 426, 431, 432–3, 436, 437, 446
Suez Canal 567, 580, 727
Sukhinichi 723
Suñer, Ramón Serrano 580–81
Swabia 132
swastika: adopted by army 304
armband 174
at Nuremberg rallies 345
flown on Viennese churches 413
Jews banned from raising flag 341
and NSDAP banner 88, 109, 278, 281
used by New Templar Order 28
Sweden 487, 551, 586, 630, 775, 896–7, 943–4
Swinemünde 481
Switzerland 118, 944
Sword Beach 805
Syria 485, 580
Szalasi, Ferencz 876, 877, 878
Sztojay, Döme 795
‘T4’ (‘euthanasia action’ code-name) 534–5
‘table talk’ monologues xxx
Taganrog 719
Tannenberg Memorial, East Prussia 318, 502
Tarnopol 796
tea 650
Tedder, Arthur W. 963
Tegernsee 221, 309, 311
Tempelhof aerodrome 834, 935
Terboven, Josef 309
Thälmann, Ernst 226–7
Theresienstadt 775
Thierack, Otto Georg 705–6, 707, 848, 925, 950
Third Reich: administrative anarchy 571–2, 746–7, 750
Anschluß a defining moment 414–15
‘breach of civilization’ 274
characteristics of H’s regime 421–2, 571–3, 738, 746–7, 750, 753, 900, 966–9
constitution 207, 276
corruption 326–7
‘cumulative radicalization’ 285, 320–22, 572–9, 705–9, 744, 749–50, 854–7
development of foreign policy 297, 321, 330–39, 361–4, 368–71, 384–91, 416–23, 471–3
distortions of truth 738
dominant role of party in last months of regime 853–4
eastern expansion 712–13
end of 916–18, 924–5, 935, 949–50, 961–3, 969
Four-Year Plan 364–8, 397, 402, 403, 460, 461, 474, 634
‘New Order’ 632–5, 650–51, 654, 712–13, 775
rearmament 265–7, 270, 297–9, 331, 333–7, 350, 359–60, 362, 364, 472
shortages 502, 573, 680, 705, 854, 886
Total War Effort 746–7, 854–60
Thomas, Georg 589, 590, 597
&
nbsp; Thule Society 81–2
Thunderclap, Operation 735
Thuringia 163, 188, 197, 226, 307, 630, 730
Thyssen (corporation) 451
Thyssen, Fritz 117, 193, 223–4, 224–5, 243
Tiger tanks 743, 756, 767
Times, The 968
Timoshenko, Semyon 649, 721
Tiso, Jozef 476, 758
Tito, Josip Broz 867
Tobruk 717
Todt, Fritz 272, 425, 586, 650, 655, 702–3, 719
Topf, J. A. and Sons 687
Torch, Operation 732
Torgau 935
Torgler, Ernst 239
Tornow, Fritz 952
‘total war’ 705–6, 745–7, 749–51, 808–10, 854–60
Toulon 866
trade unionism 38, 178, 246, 269, 276, 288–9
trains: H’s special 327, 434, 478, 515–16, 544, 556, 568, 581–2, 607, 730, 894, 895
proposed double-decker expresses 709
‘Traitors before the People’s Court’ (film) 847
Traunstein, POW camp 68–9
treaties: Berlin (1926) 331
Brest-Litovsk (1918) 152
German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1939) 517
Locarno (1925) 182, 337, 350–51, 352, 354
Rapallo (1922) 182, 331
St Germain (1919) 401
Versailles (1919) 86–7, 89, 90, 93, 151, 298, 331, 332, 334, 338, 350, 353, 420, 470, 475, 511
Treblinka extermination camp 262, 469, 688, 697, 715, 775
Treitschke, Heinrich von 145
Tresckow, Henning von: background 819
and ‘Commissar Order’ 601–2, 819
July 1944 assassination plot 818, 820
Kluge’s sympathy for 865
March 1943 assassination plot 821
Operation Valkyrie 826–7
opposition to H 819, 824, 825, 826
suicide 846
Treviranus, Gottfried 208
Tripartite Pact (1940) 580, 584, 603, 604–5
Tripolitania 591
‘Triumph of the Will’ (film) 319
Trondheim 553
Trotsky, Leon 49
Trott zu Solz, Adam von 824
Tscherniakowski, Ivan 879
Tubeuf, Anton Freiherr von 59
Tunis 581, 730, 736, 743, 757, 760–61
Tunisia 732
Turkey 487, 580, 585, 586, 862, 867
Typhoon, Operation 644, 649–50, 652
Tyrol 151, 183–4, 426, 540, 799, 964
U-boats: bases 863
building of 550, 889
losses in Atlantic 761, 861, 863
successes in Atlantic 645, 717, 743
UFA (film company) 193
Uffing 132–3
Ukraine: Battle of Kiev 632, 643–4, 648
German loss of 775, 797–8