by Ian Kershaw
German occupation 644
German plans to take 590, 629, 630, 636, 639, 642, 643
Nazi atrocities 634–5, 674–5, 715, 826, 827
and Poland 481, 516–17
and Romania 619
Ulex, Wilhelm 524, 525
Ulm 804
‘Ultra’ decoder 761
‘unconditional surrender’ terms 754, 822, 959, 962–3
unemployment 191, 196, 222, 261, 349, 372, 650 ‘Law for Reduction of Unemployment’ (1933) 270
United Patriotic Associations (Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände) 194
United States of America: air-raids on Germany 801, 861, 894, 900–901
and Allied assault on Germany 892–3, 908, 914, 919, 935, 961
and Allied invasion 805–6, 808, 879
American Jewry 576–7, 764, 862
and Ardennes offensive 883, 884–5
armaments programme 712
arrival of American troops in European war 730
atomic weapon research 874
boycott of German goods 285, 286
economic power of 184, 551
enters war after Pearl Harbor (1941) 606–7, 656–8, 660
German declaration of war against (11 December 1941) 658–60, 690, 693–4
grant of destroyers to Britain 570–71, 580
Himmler’s overtures to 860
isolationism 551, 552, 571
Jewish emigration to 463
landing in Italy 769
looming threat of 563, 571, 579, 580, 655, 702, 712
naval power 563, 656, 712, 761
Wall Street Crash (1929) 193, 195, 196
universities: and alleged negative characteristics of Jews 451–2
purges of 291–2
Upper Silesia 266, 697, 709, 899, 911, 914
Urbšys, Joseph 481
Urfahr, Linz 14, 16–17
USPD (Independent Social Democrats) 66–7, 69
Ustasha Movement 607
V1 flying bombs 791–2, 803, 806–7, 808, 809
V2 rockets 791, 810, 873, 878
Valencia 384
Valkyrie, Operation 826–7, 829, 833–41, 846
van der Lubbe, Marinus 274
Vatican 290, 295, 769, 776
VB see Völkischer Beobachter
Veesenmeyer, Edmund 795, 876, 877
vegetarianism 160, 212, 214, 380, 625, 720
Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 612
venereal disease 23
Venezuela 453
Verdi, Giuseppe 20, 21
Verdun 107
Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände (United Patriotic Associations) 194
Versailles Treaty (1919): breaches of 334, 338
concessions on 298
Erzberger and 86–7
H’s attacks on 89, 90, 93, 353
H’s desire to overthrow 151
and Memelland 475
and Polish Corridor 470
provides basis for H’s demands 511
revision of 331, 350, 420
and Saarland 332
Viaz’ma 649
Vichy government 561, 578, 579, 580–83
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 762, 768, 769
Vienna: antisemitism in 24, 32, 37, 42–3
Central Cemetery 221
coup attempt (1944) 841
Court Opera House 19, 20
deportation of Jews 574, 575, 595, 686, 687, 689, 691
H first visits (1906/7) 13–15
Heldenplatz 413
H’s hatred for 7, 47–8
H’s indolent lifestyle in 16–20
H’s triumphant arrival after Anschluß 413–14
Jewish community 32, 40–41, 42–3, 415–16, 464
Meidling hostel 30–31
Men’s Home, Meldemannstraße 22, 29, 31–4, 40–41, 43–5, 50
middle-class morality 23
multi-lingualism 27
Nazi terror wave 415–16, 450, 452
Popular Opera House 21
population 401
prostitution 23–4
Red Army takes 918, 919
‘Reich Theatre Week’ 490
St Maria am Gestade church 19
St Stephen’s cathedral 19
Schloß Belvedere 603
sixth district 25
Vienna Academy of Fine Arts 13, 14, 19–20, 26
Vienna Conservatoire 19, 20
Vienna State Opera 710–711
Vilna 626, 671, 814
Vimy 58
Vinnitsa 720, 752
Vistula river 499, 517, 521, 575, 868, 888–9, 891
Vitebsk 810, 811
Vogel, Werner 830
Vögler, Albert 243
Volga Germans 683–4
Volga river 630, 683, 719, 722, 723
Volkdeutsche 153
völkisch movement: adulation of H 78, 136, 156, 292
and Einsatzgruppen 618
factionalism 132–3, 139–42, 143–4, 145, 156, 162, 164–6, 185
in Franconia 110, 132–3
and genocide 149
and ‘heroic-leader’ idea 157, 185
H’s scorn for völkisch sects 29
H’s supremacy in 194
loses figurehead of Ludendorff 165–6
in Munich 81–2, 84, 95, 121, 132–3, 136
and National Socialism 81
and Otto Dickel 101
in Thuringia 163
Völkischer Beobachter (VB; newspaper): and assassination attempt (1939) 546
bought by NSDAP 95
and car-ownership 271
and Führer cult 111
funding of 100, 117, 118
and German Workers’ Party mass meeting 87
H’s contributions 97, 99, 162, 180, 217, 225
and H’s leadership of NSDAP 103–4
lifting of ban on (1925) 162
and Mein Kampf 147
and Otto Dickel 101
and refounding of NSDAP 162
and Reichstag fire (1933) 276
renaming of 82
and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 248
and Wall Street Crash 196
Völkischer Block 132–3, 141–2, 144, 164, 190
Volksauto 271
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 519
Volksgemeinschaft (‘national community’) 182, 198, 203–4, 272, 323, 327
Volkssturm (people’s militia) 858–9, 860, 925, 934, 937
Volkswagen 490 ‘People’s Car’ 628
Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 858
Voronezh 719
Voß, Erich 939, 941
Vyschinsky, Andrei 845
Waffen-SS 397, 618, 759, 769–70, 891, 913
Wagener, Otto 210–11, 213
Wagner family 490
Wagner, Adolf 278, 310, 457
Wagner, Eduard 520, 638, 651, 843, 846
Wagner, Gerhard 344–5, 347, 530–31
Wagner, Richard: and Bayreuth 116
effect of music on H 160
and ‘great men’ theory 157
H’s admiration for 11, 12, 20–21, 33, 115, 157, 701, 710, 800
Wagnerian redeemer-figure 851
The Flying Dutchman 13, 490
Götterdämmerung 490, 566
Lohengrin 12, 20
Rienzi 491
Tristan and Isolde 13, 490
The Valkyrie 490
Wagner, Robert 578
Wagner, Siegfried 116, 376
Wagner, Walter 948
Wagner, Winifred 116, 194, 218, 376, 491
Wahrmund, Adolf 91
Wall Street Crash (1929) 193, 195, 196
Walter, Bruno 709–10
Wannsee 690, 829, 920
Wannsee Conference (January 1942) 690, 695, 696–7
Warburg (bank) 451
Warlimont, Walter 567–8, 599, 602, 624
Warm Springs, Georgia 918
Warmbold, Hermann 232
Warsaw: German forces evacuate 890
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ghetto 579, 759, 764, 965
Ribbentrop visits (January 1939) 475
rising (1944) 868
shelling of 516, 557
Soviet advance on 811, 888
Warthegau 517, 526–7, 575, 677, 681–2, 688–9, 776, 890, 891, 894
Weber, Christian 97–8
Weber, Friedrich 134, 135
Weber, Max xxviii-xxix
Wedekind, Frank 23
‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 426–7
Wehrmacht: and the Anschluß 410–11
Ardennes offensive 884
atrocities in Poland 523
backing of genocidal programme 668, 672
ban on intermarriage 343
and Battle of Britain 570
and battle for Stalingrad 737
‘Case Green’ 418
‘Case X’ 384
and deportation of Jews 595, 668, 670, 690
directive for liquidation of Czechoslovakia (21 October 1938) 473
drive for Moscow and Leningrad 639, 648, 649, 702
establishment of 305, 335–6
H takes over leadership 397–8, 422–3, 498
H’s proclamation (March 1945) 910
invasion of Soviet Union 600–601, 623, 626, 635, 749
last report 963
losses 711, 749, 861, 867
occupation of Italy 773
and opening of Eastern Front 567–8, 589, 598
and Operation Bagration 811
and Operation Citadel 774
proclamation on H’s death 959
rearmament 384, 386
and Soviet counter-offensives 879, 889–90
spring offensive (1942) 710–11
and SS 519, 523–4, 671–2, 673–4
and V1 attacks 807
weakness in organization 809
winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 662 see also German army; Reichswehr
Wehrmacht High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW): aligned with genocidal programme 672, 699 and Allied invasion 804, 813
Ardennes offensive 881
battle for Stalingrad 727
change of command (June 1944) 813–14
flawed communications with armed forces 553–4, 755, 804
and German surrender 962, 963
and occupation of Italy 772
and Operation Barbarossa 600–601, 626–7, 645, 646–8
and Operation Citadel 755, 756, 766
Operations Staff 604, 607, 624, 636, 638, 766, 772
spring offensive (1942) 711
transfer to new headquarters (April 1945) 924, 930, 937, 953
weakness 788, 809
winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–42) 652
Weichs, Freiherr Maximilian von 525, 727, 728, 734
Weidling, Helmuth 934, 939, 941, 952, 953, 954, 959
Weilheim 877
Weimar: conferences 143
party rally (July 1926) 172–3, 174, 180
Weimar Republic: Constitution 199, 235, 252–3, 255, 276, 278
crisis-ridden 110
democracy 98, 178, 192, 199, 226
disintegration of 206, 222, 224, 226, 230–31, 258, 262
Ebert’s presidency 165
economic crisis 190–92, 372
electoral system 277
fall of Müller administration 199
‘golden years’ 190
Hindenburg elected President 165
H’s public attacks 202, 206
protest movements 196, 209
relations with Soviet Union 331
self-destructiveness 199
unique circumstances allowing H’s rise to power 256–9
welfare state 191
Weiß, Rudolf 952
Weizsäcker, Ernst von: ambassador to Switzerland 331
appoints von Etzdorf 536
and declaration of war on United States 659
on H’s absence from Berlin 492
and H’s Czech policy 418, 426, 430, 439, 477
and Molotov 584
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 435, 439, 442, 444
and opening of Eastern Front 566
and opening of Western Front 541
opposition to H 542
and Polish crisis (1939) 500–501
and Polish non-aggression pact (1934) 331
and Soviet non-aggression pact (1939) 488, 489
and Spain 582
Welczek, Johannes von 433
Wels, Otto 282, 289
Weltpolitik 154
Wenck, Walther 891, 927, 930, 931, 934, 935, 939–40, 941–2, 946, 952, 953
Wendt, Hans Friedrich 206, 208
Werwolf (Führer Headquarters) 720, 723, 725, 752
Werwolf (quasi-guerrilla organization) 917
Wesel 892, 893
‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübing’) 552–4
West Prussia 519, 522
Westerplatte peninsula 508
Westphalia 918
‘Westwall’ 424–5, 427, 431, 702, 879, 882
White Book (British government) 333–4
‘White Rose’ opposition-group 740–41
Wiedemann, Fritz 54, 324–5, 326, 340, 356, 375, 393, 397
Wikingbund 120
Wilhelm II, Kaiser 731
Wilhelmshaven 704
Willikens, Werner 320, 321, 323
Wilson, Sir Horace 439–40, 441, 444, 509–10
Windau (Ventspils), Latvia 499
‘Winter Aid’ campaign 395, 648, 665, 728
Winter Olympics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1936) 348, 351
Wirth, Joseph 98
Wittenberg 935
Witzleben, Erwin von 544, 834, 846, 847–8
Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 681
Wöhrden 191–2
Wolf (dog) 145
Wolf (puppy) 903, 923
Wolf, Hugo 701
Wolf, Johanna 923, 925
Wolf, Karl Hermann 32
Wolf, Paula (née Hitler; H’s sister) 3, 5–6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 34
Wolff, Karl 465, 961
wolfram 863
Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze; Führer Headquarters) 624–6, 700–701, 720, 736, 742, 748, 792–3, 814–15, 829, 833, 850, 879–80, 881
women: conscription for work 749, 857
H’s attitude towards 12–13, 22–3, 55, 175, 212, 218–19, 325, 378
work-creation schemes 266, 270
Workers’ Committee for a Good Peace 82
working classes: H’s sense of superiority to 36
in Munich 82, 92
and national socialism 167
‘racial inferiority’ of English lower class 692
Social Democracy and 36
support for Nazi Party 205
‘Working Community of the North- and West-German Gaue of the NSDAP’ 168–9, 170, 171, 201
‘Working Community of the Patriotic Fighting Associations’ (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vaterländischen Kampfverbände) 120
‘working towards the Führer’ concept xxix–xxx, xl, 262, 320–23, 360, 368, 371, 383, 421–2, 451, 463, 515, 526, 534, 572, 676, 711, 757, 792, 965
working-class movement 36, 274
World Disarmament Conference (Geneva, 1932–34) 254, 297–300
World Economic Conference (London, 1933) 290
Wriezen 908
Wuppertal-Barmen 762
Württemberg 227–8, 278
Würzburg 894
Yalta Conference (1945) 893, 904
Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 823–4, 846, 847
Young, Owen D. 193
Young Plan 183, 193, 196, 198, 199
Ypres 53, 58
Yugoslavia 487, 585, 603–5, 607–8, 609–10, 961
Z-Plan 471, 550
Zagreb 607
Zakreys, Frau (Viennese landlady) 18, 19, 21, 26
Zander, Wilhelm 952
Zaporozhye 772, 774
Zeitz, Thuringia 100, 102
Zeitzler, Kurt: and battle for Stalingrad 728, 729, 733, 73
4, 737
dismissal 814
and dismissal of Manstein 797
doubts H’s word 786
nervous breakdown 813–14
and Operation Bagration 810
and Operation Citadel 756, 766
promoted to General of the Infantry 726
Zentrum: Brüning and 199
dissolution 290
and Enabling Act (1933) 263, 281–2
possible coalition with NSDAP 238, 263
Reichstag elections 204–5, 232, 241–2, 277
support of democracy 258
and vote of no confidence in government 240
weakness of 198
Zhukov, Georgi 888, 892, 920, 934, 935, 958, 963
Ziegenberg 882, 888, 894
Zionism 43, 330, 453
Zitomir 623
Zoppot 516
Zossen 536, 542, 543, 605, 895, 920
Zurich 118
Zyklon-B (poison gas) 687