The Penguin History of Early India

by Romila Thapar

  Gershevitch, I. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. II (Cambridge, 1985)

  Jettmar, K. et al., Rock Inscriptions in the Indus Valley. Antiquities of Northern Pakistan (Mainz, 1989)

  Liu Xinru, Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1-600 (Delhi, 1988)

  Mukherjee, B. N., The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire (Calcutta, 1988)

  Sharma, G. R. (ed.), Kushana Studies (Allahabad, 1968)

  Sinor, D. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Cambridge, 1990)

  Khazanov, A. M., Nomads and the Outside World (Cambridge, 1984)

  Seaman, G. (ed.), Ecology and Empire. Nomads in the Cultural Evolution of the Old World, vol. I (Los Angeles, 1989)

  Colledge, M. A. R., The Parthian Period (Leiden, 1986)

  Mukherjee, B. N., An Agrippan Source. A Study in Indo-Parthian History (Calcutta, 1969)

  Bagchi, P. C., India and Central Asia (Calcutta, 1915)

  SATAVAHANAS

  Shastri, A. M., Early History of the Deccan: Problems and Perspectives (New Delhi, 1987)

  Margabandhu, C., Archaeology of the Satavahana and Kshatrapa Times (New Delhi, 1985)

  Yazdani, G. (ed.), Early History of the Deccan (Delhi, 1960)

  Sircar, D. C., The Successors of the Satavahanas in the Lower Deccan (Calcutta, 1969)

  Gupte, R. S., Excavation at Bhokardan (Nagpur, 1974)

  Sarkar, H. and Nainar, S. P. Amaravati (New Delhi, 1972)

  Knox, R., Amaravati: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa (London, 1992)

  Sankalia, H. D. and Dikshit, M. G., Excavation at Brahmapuri (Kolhapur) 1945-46 (Poona, 1951)

  SOUTH INDIA

  Abdul Majeed, A. et al., Alagankulam: a Preliminary Report (Madras, 1992)

  Gurukkal, R. and Raghava Varier, M. R. (eds), Cultural History of Kerala, vol. I (Tiruvananthapuram, 2000)

  Subrahmanian, N., Sangam Polity: The Administration and Social Life of the Sangam Tamils, repr. (Bombay, 1980)

  Mahalingam, T. V., Report on the Excavations in the Lower Kaveri Valley (Madras, 1970)

  Champakalakshmi, R., Trade, Ideology and Urbanisation: South India 300 BC to AD 300 (Delhi, 1996)

  Claessen, H. J. M. and Skalnik, P. (eds), The Study of the State (The Hague, 1981)

  Kailasapathy, K., Tamil Heroic Poetry (Oxford, 1972)

  Nagaswamy, R. (ed.), Seminar on Inscriptions (Madras, 1968)

  Turner, P. J., Roman Coins from India (London, 1989)

  NETWORKS OF ROUTES AND TRADING CENTRES

  Deo, S. B. and Paddayya, K. (eds), Recent Advances in Indian Archaeology (Poona, 1988)

  Parashar-Sen, A. (ed.), Social and Economic History of the Early Deccan: Some Interpretations (New Delhi, 1993)

  De Romanis, F. and Tchernia, A. (ed.), Crossings (Delhi, 1997)

  Deloche, J., Transport and Communications in India, vols 1 and 2 (Delhi, 1993)

  Bagchi, P. C., India and China, 2nd edn (Calcutta, 1981)

  Some Sources in Translation

  Casson, L., The Periplus Maris Erythraei, text with introduction, translation and commentary (Princeton, 1989)

  Rhys Davids, T. W., The Questions of King Milinda (Oxford, 1890-4)

  Konow, S., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. II, repr. (Ootacamund, 1963)

  Epigraphia Indica. vol VII: Calcutta 1902-3; vol. VIII: Calcutta 1905-6

  Allan, J., Catalogue of Coins in the British Museum, Ancient India, repr. (London, 1967)

  Smith, V., Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, repr. (Delhi, 1972-6)

  Rapson, E. J., Catalogue of Coins in the British Museum, Andhras and Western Kshatrapas, repr. (London, 1967)

  Whitehead, R. B., Catalogue of Coins in the Punjab Museum, Lahore (London, 1914)

  Gardner, P., Catalogue of Coins in the British Museum, Greek and Scythic Kings (London, 1886)

  Rama Rao, M., Satavahana Coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government Museum (Hyderabad, 1961)

  Shastri, A. M. (ed.), Coinage of the Satavahanas and Coins from Excavations (Nagpur, 1972)

  Mahadevan, I., ‘Corpus of the Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions’, in R. Nagaswamy (ed.), Seminar on Inscriptions (Madras, 1968)

  Ghosh A. (ed.), An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, vols 1 and 2 (Delhi, 1989)

  8 The Rise of the Mercantile Community

  Most of the monographs listed for the previous chapter are also relevant to this chapter.

  ECONOMIES OF EXCHANGE

  Bernard, P. and Grenet, F. (eds), Histoire et cultes de l’asie centrale pre-islamiques – sources écrites et documents archéologiques (Paris, 1991)

  Mukherjee, B. N., The Economic Factors in Kushana History (Calcutta, 1970)

  Raschke, M. G., ‘New Studies of Roman Commerce with the East’, Aufsteig und Neidergang der Romischer Welt (Berlin, 1978)

  Liu, Xinru, Silk and Religion (Delhi, 1996)

  Dasgupta, K. K., A Tribal History of India: A Numismatic Approach (Calcutta, 1974)

  Potts, D. T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity (Oxford, 1990)

  Motichandra, Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India (Delhi, 1977)

  Miller, J. I., The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1969)

  Begley, V. and De Puma, R. D., Rome and India (Delhi, 1992)

  Begley, V., Arikamedu, vols I and II (Pondichery, 1995; forthcoming)

  Chattopadhyaya, B. D., Coins and Currency Systems in South India (Delhi, 1977)

  Bose, A., Social and Rural Economy of Northern India, vols I and II (Calcutta, 1942-45)

  Pollet, G. (ed.), India and the Ancient World: History, Trade and Culture before AD 650 (Leuven, 1987)

  Higham, C., The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia (Cambridge, 1989)

  CULTURAL INTERACTIONS

  Dani, A. H., Chilas (Islamabad, 1983)

  Dani, A. H., Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Pakistan (Paris, 1988)

  Errington, E. and J. Cribb (eds), The Crossroads of Asia (Cambridge, 1992)

  Frye, R., The Heritage of Central Asia (Princeton, 1996)

  Karttunen, K., India and the Hellenistic World (Helsinki, 1997)

  Kuhrt, A. and Sherwin-White S. (eds), Hellenism in the East (London, 1987)

  Marshall, J., Taxila (Cambridge, 1951)

  Ray, H. P., Monastery and Guild, Commerce under the Satavahanas (New Delhi, 1986)

  Welters, O. W., History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives (Ithaca, 1999)

  Mukherjee, R. K., The History of Indian Shipping (London, 1912)

  EDUCATION, LITERATURE AND SYSTEMS OF KNOWLEDGE

  Sivathamby, K. (ed.), Drama in Ancient Tamil Society (Madras, 1981)

  Zvelebil, K., Tamil Literature (Weisbaden, 1974)

  Takahashi, T., Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics (Leiden, 1995)

  Chattopadhyaya, D. P., Science and Society in Ancient India (Calcutta, 1977)

  Zysk, K. G., Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India. Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery (New York, 1991)

  Pingree, D., Jyotihsastra (Wiesbaden, 1981)

  Warder, A. K., Indian Kavya Literature (Delhi, 1972)

  Bose, D. M. et al. (ed.), A Concise History of Science in India (New Delhi, 1971)

  Zimmerman, F., The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats (Berkeley, Calif., 1987)

  SOCIAL FORMS

  Srinivasan, D. M. (ed.), Mathura, A Cultural History (Delhi, 1989)

  Kosambi, D. D., Myth and Reality (Bombay, 1962)

  Bhattacharya, S. C., Some Aspects of Indian Society from c. second century BC to c. fourth century AD (Calcutta, 1978)

  Paul, D. Y., Women in Buddhism, 2nd edn (Berkeley, 1985)

  Sharma, R. S., Sudras in Ancient India, 2nd edn (Delhi, 1980)

  Chanana, D., Slavery in Ancient India as Depicted in Pali and Sanskrit Texts (Delhi, 1960)

  ARCHITECTURE AND VISUAL EXPRESSION

  Huntington, S., The Art of Ancient India – Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina (New York, 1985)

  Nehru, L., Origins of the Gandharan Style (Delhi, 1989)

  Rose
nfield, O. M., The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans (Berkeley, 1967)

  Sarkar, H. B., Studies in Early Buddhist Architecture of India (Delhi, 1966)

  Dehejia, V., Early Buddhist Rock Temples (London, 1972)

  Dehejia, V., Discourse in Early Buddhist Art: Visual Narratives of India (New Delhi, 1997)

  Dhavlikar, M. K., Sanchi. A Cultural Study (Poona, 1965)

  Krishnamurthy, K., Nagarjunakonda: A Cultural Study (Delhi, 1977)

  Sundara, A., The Early Chamber Tombs of South India (Delhi, 1975)

  Miller, B. (ed.), The Powers of Art (Delhi, 1992)

  Sharma, R. C., Buddhist Art of Mathura (Delhi, 1984)

  THE INTERMINGLING OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

  Schopen, G., Bones, Stones and Buddhist Monks (Honolulu, 1997)

  Salomon, R., Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara (London, 1999)

  Heitzman, J., The Origin and Spread of Buddhist Monastic Institutions in South Asia, 500 BC to AD 300 (Philadelphia, 1980)

  Raychaudhuri, H. C., Early History of the Vaishnava Sect, repr. (Delhi, 1975)

  Medlycot, A. E., India and the Apostle Thomas (London, 1905)

  Some Sources in Translation

  Casson, L., The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Princeton, 1989)

  McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy (Calcutta, 1927)

  Buehler, G., The Laws of Manu, repr. (Delhi, 1971)

  Cowell, E. B., et al., Buddhist Mahayana Sutras (Oxford, 1894)

  Suzuki, D. T., The Lankavatara Sutra (London, 1932)

  Ramanujan, A. K., Poems of Love and War (New York, 1985)

  9 Threshold Times

  THE GUPTAS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS

  Majumdar, R. C. and Altekar, A. S. (eds), The Vakataka-Gupta Age (Benaras, 1954)

  Goyal, S. R., History of the Imperial Guptas (Allahabad, 1967)

  Altekar, A. S., The Coinage of the Gupta Empire and its Imitations (Varanasi, 1957)

  Gupta, P. L, The Imperial Guptas, 2 vols (Varanasi, 1974-9)

  Shastri, A. M. (ed.), The Age of the Vakatakas (Delhi, 1992)

  Devahuti, D., Harsha, a Political Study, 3rd edn (Delhi, 1998)

  INDICATORS OF A CHANGING POLITICAL ECONOMY

  Jha, D. N., Revenue System in Post-Maurya and Gupta Times (Calcutta, 1977)

  Sircar, D. C., Political and Administrative System of Ancient and Medieval India (Delhi, 1974)

  Maity, S. K., Economic Life of Northern India in the Gupta Period AD 300-500 (Calcutta, 1958)

  Sharma, R. S., Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India (Delhi, 1968)

  Sharma, R. S., Indian Feudalism c. AD 300-1200 (Delhi, 1980)

  Shrimali, K. M., Agrarian Structure in Central India and the Northern Deccan (Delhi, 1987)

  URBAN LIFE

  Thakur, V. K., Urbanism in Ancient India (New Delhi, 1981)

  Sharma, R. S., Urban Decay in India (New Delhi, 1983)

  Sharma, R. S., Perspectives in Social and Economic History in Early India (New Delhi, 1983)

  Mukherjee, B. N., Coins and Currency System in Gupta Bengal (New Delhi, 1992)

  Hourani, G. F., Arab Seafaring, expanded edn, J. Carswell (Princeton, 1995)

  Hall, K. R., Maritime Trade and State Development in Early South East Asia, (Honolulu, 1984)

  SOCIAL MORES

  Smith, B. L. (ed.), Essays on Gupta Culture (Delhi, 1983)

  Suryavamsi, B., The Abhiras: Their History and Culture (Baroda, 1962)

  Gupta, C., The Kayasthas: A Study in the Formation and Early History of a Caste (Calcutta, 1996)

  Altekar, A. S., The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation (Varanasi, 1956)

  SYSTEMS OF KNOWLEDGE

  Cunningham, A., The Book of Indian Eras (London, 1889)

  Ghosh, A., Nalanda, ASI, 6th edn (Delhi, 1971)

  Sankalia, H. D., The University of Nalanda (Delhi, 1972)

  Mookerji, R. K., Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, 3rd edn (Delhi, 1969)

  Houben, J. E. M. (ed.), Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language (Leiden, 1996)

  Lingat, R., The Classical Law of India (Berkeley, 1973)

  Marilal, B., Perception (Oxford, 1986)

  Zimmerman, F., The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats (Berkeley, 1987)

  Pargiter, F. E., Purana Texts of the Dynasties of the Kali Age (London, 1922)

  Pathak, V. S., Ancient Historians of India (Bombay, 1966)

  Radhakrishnan, S., Indian Philosophy (London, 1948)

  Das Gupta, S. N., History of Indian Philosophy, vols I-V (Cambridge, 1923-49)

  Bose, D. M. et al. (eds), A Concise History of Science in India (New Delhi, 1971)

  CREATIVE LITERATURE

  Warder, A. K., Indian Kavya Literature, 2nd edn (New Delhi, 1989)

  Stoler Miller, B. (ed.), Theatre of Memory (New York, 1984)

  Thapar, R., Shakuntala: Texts, Readings, Histories (Delhi, 1999)

  Kosambi, D. D., Myth and Reality: Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture (Bombay, 1962)

  Keith, A. B., History of Sanskrit Literature (Oxford, 1928)

  ARCHITECTURE, ART AND PATRONAGE

  Harle, J. C., Gupta Sculpture: Indian Sculpture from the Fourth to the Sixth Centuries AD (Oxford, 1974)

  Williams, J., The Art of Gupta India (Princeton, 1982)

  Asher, F. M., The Art of Eastern India 300-800 (Minneapolis, 1980)

  Stoler Miller, B. (ed.), The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture (Delhi, 1992)

  Poster, G. A., From Indian Earth: Four Thousand Years of Terracotta Art (New York, 1986)

  RELIGIOUS FORMULATIONS

  Basham, A. L., The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism (Delhi, 1990)

  Rocher, L., The Puranas (Wiesbaden, 1986)

  Hazra, R. C., Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs (Delhi, 1975)

  Nath, V., Puranas and Acculturation (Delhi, 2000)

  Jaiswal, S., The Origin and Development of Vaishnavism, 2nd edn (Delhi, 1981)

  Bhandarkar, R. G., Vaishnavism, Shaivism and the Minor Religious Sects (Strasburg, 1913)

  Chandra, K. R., A Critical Study of the Paumacariyam (Vaishali, 1970)

  Coburn, T. B., Devi Mahatmya: The Crystallisation of the Goddess Tradition (Delhi, 1984)

  Some Sources in Translation

  Fleet, J., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. III, repr. (New Delhi, 1981)

  Mirashi, V. V. (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. V, Inscriptions of the Vakatakas (Ootacamund, 1963)

  Allan, J., Catalogue of the Coins of the Gupta Dynasty in the British Museum, repr. (London, 1967)

  Altekar, A. S., Catalogue of the Gupta Gold Coins in the Bayana Hoard (Bombay, 1954)

  Giles, H. A., The Travels of Fa-hien (London, 1959)

  Stoler Miller, B. (ed.), Theatre of Memory (New York, 1984)

  Wilson, H. H., The Vishnu Purana, repr. (Calcutta, 1961)

  Lariveiere, R., Narada Smriti, parts 1 and 2 (Philadelphia, 1989)

  Jolly, J. The Institutes of Vishnu (Oxford, 1880)

  Cowell, E. B. and Thomas, F. W. The Harsacarita of Bana, repr. (Delhi, 1968)

  Watters, T., On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India, repr. (Delhi, 1973)

  Beal, S., Si-yu-ki Buddhist Records of the Western World, repr. (Delhi, 1969)

  Beal, S., Life of Hiuen Tsang by the Shaman Hwui Li (London, 1911)

  Doniger, W. and Kakar, S., The Kamasutra (New Delhi, 2002)

  10 The Peninsula: Emerging Regional Kingdoms

  PALLAVAS, CHALUKYAS AND RASHTRAKUTAS

  Nilakanta Sastri, K. A., A History of South India: From Earliest Times to Vijayanagar (Madras, 1958)

  Mahalingam, T. V., Kanchipuram in South Indian History (Bombay, 1969)

  Mahalingam, T. V., South Indian Polity, 2nd edn (Madras, 1967)

  Moraes, G. M., The Kadamba Kula – A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka (Bombay, 1931)

 
Ramesh, K. V., History of South Kanara (Dharwar, 1970)

  Yazdani, G. (ed.), The Early History of the Deccan, repr. (Delhi, 1982)

  Altekar, A. S., The Rastrakutas and their Times, rev. edn (Poona, 1967)

  Sircar, D. C., Successors of the Satavahanas in the Lower Deccan (Calcutta, 1939)

  POLITICAL ECONOMIES OF THE PENINSULA

  Champakalakshmi, R., Trade, Ideology and Urbanism (New Delhi, 1996)

  Ludden, D., Peasant History in South India (New Jersey, 1985)

  Nagaswamy, R. (ed.), Seminar on Hero Stones (Madras, 1974)

  Natana, K., Hero Stones in Tamil Nadu (Madras, 1978)

  Setter, S. (ed.), Memorial Stones (Dharwar, 1982)

  Stein, B., Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (Delhi, 1980)

  Banga, I. (ed.), The City in Indian History: Urban Demography, Society and Politics (Delhi, 1991)

  Veluthat, K., The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India (Delhi, 1993)

  Kulke, H., Kings and Cults. State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia (New Delhi, 1993)

  Chattopadhyaya, B. D., Coins and Currency Systems in South India (Delhi, 1977)

  Parasher-Sen, A. (ed.), Social and Economic History of the Early Deccan: Some Interpretations (New Delhi, 1993)

  Minakshi, C., Administration and Social Life Under the Pallavas rev. edn (Madras, 1977)

  Nagaswamy, R., Kaveripattinam – A Guide (Madras, 1973)

  LITERARY CULTURE

  Zvelebil, K. V., The Smile of Murugan: On the Tamil Literature of South India (Leiden, 1973)

  Aiyar, V. V. S., Kamba Ramayana – A Study (Bombay, 1965)

  Peterson, I. V., Poems to Shiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints (Delhi, 1991)

  Ramesh, K. V., Jaina Literature in Tamil (Delhi, 1974)

  Sivathamby, K., Drama in Ancient Tamil Society (Madras, 1981)

  Meenakshi, K., Literary Criticism in Tamil and Sanskrit (Chennai, 2000)

  Ratnanujan, A. K., Hymns for the Drowning, Poems for Visnu by Nammalvar (Princeton, 1981)

  PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS CHANGES

  Obeysekere, G., The Cult of Goddess Patini (Delhi, 1987)

  Desai, B. P., Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs (Sholapur, 1957)

  Gunawardana, R. A. L. H., Robe and Plough (Tucson, 1979)

  Shanta Kumari, L., History of the Agraharas, Karnataka, 400-1300 (Madras, 1986)

  Lorenzen, D., The Kapalikas and Kalamukhas: Two Lost Shaivite Sects (New Delhi, 1972)