of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 38–41
of Muhammad Abduh 36, 38–41, 61–3, 113–14
renaissance, Egyptian 22, 117, 124
Renan, Ernest 36–9
representative government, see constitutional government; liberty
resignation of Muhammad Abduh 111–12
revelation; see also prophecy; Quran
Afghani on 9–10
Azhari views on 13, 99–100
Muhammad Abduh on 11, 13, 48–9, 65, 67, 69, 99
revolution 17, 19, 21, 23, 116, 127
Rifaa Bey 29
Risalat al-tawhid 63–70
Risalat al-waridat 11–12
Russia 58, 90
see also Nihilism
Saad al-Din al-Taftazani 13
Saad al-Din Humada 60
Saad Zaghlul
as a young man 10–11, 20, 30, 46
in middle age 91–2, 114, 122
later career of 50, 115–16, 123
Sadra, Mulla 11
Safiya Fahmi 91
Salafism 35, 66–7, 126
salat, see prayer
Salim al-Naqqash 22, 24
Salim Anhuri 22
Scandinavia 19
scholars
Islamic, see ulema
Western, see philosophy; science
scholarship, see education
school for Sharia Court judges 79–80, 115, 123
school in Tanta 2–5
School of Languages, Khedival 15
Schopenhauer, Arthur 74
science 37, 86–7, 91; see also Darwin; evolution; nature; progress; reason
teaching of 60, 64, 92
Semitic, see Arabic language; race
Sharia 38, 52–3, 64, 80, 88–9, 95, 96–7, 99, 118; see also revelation
codification 79–80
Courts 72–3, 75, 77–8, 79–80, 112, 115; see also Court of Appeal, Sharia
judges 79, 112; see also school for Sharia Court judges
Shi’ism 8–9, 41
possible influence on Muhammad Abduh 11–13, 49, 60, 68
shoes, worn while praying 101, 114
slavery 46–7
social utility of religion 39–40, 65
Society for the Revival of Arabic Books 92
South Africa 97–9
Spencer, Herbert 92–3
spy, British 108
Stone Pasha, General Charles 24
Sudan 45–6, 112, 121
Sufism 2, 4, 35, 45; see also mysticism; Neo-Sufism
criticism of by Muhammad Abduh 30, 86, 87–8, 100, 111
criticism of by Rashid Rida 123
possible influence on Muhammad Abduh 12–13
practiced by Muhammad Abduh 5, 7–8; see also Madaniyya
Sulayman Abaza Pasha 20
Sultaniyya 60–1, 64
supporters of Muhammad Abduh 105–6, 109, 111, 112, 120–1
tafsir 3, 55, 68, 85–6, 88, 96, 100
see also Azhar lectures; Tafsir al-Manar
Tafsir al-Manar 85, 121, 123
Taha Husayn 104, 124
Taksin Pasha 9–10
Talaat Harb, see Muhammad Talaat Harb
talfiq 80–1, 90, 119
Taliqat ala sharh al-Dawani, Al- 12
Tanta 2–5, 29
Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya 122–3
taqlid 4, 13, 35, 66, 81, 85, 100, 118–20, 123
Tawfiq, Khedive 20, 25–7, 31, 34, 72, 74
Taylor, Isaac 61–3
terrorism 23, 26, 58
Thasos 108
theocracy 16–17
theological disputes 66, 100
Theosophy 46, 62
Tijara, Al- 22, 23, 27, 102
Tocqueville, Alexis de 17
Transvaal fatwa 97–9
Treasury Council 83
Tunis 57
Turk, see Ottoman
tyranny 34, 50, 51, 66
see also autocracy; liberty
ulema 5, 66, 90–1, 99, 119–20; see also Azhar; Ottoman Islam; Sharia Courts; Tanta
attacked by Muhammad Abduh 54, 64, 103; see also freedom of thought; taqlid
Umar al-Nasafi 13
Umma Party 116
United Grand Lodge of England 20, 24
Urabi Revolt, see Ahmad Urabi
Urwa al-wuthqa, Al- (group) 44, 57
Urwa al-wuthqa, Al- (newspaper) 44–5, 49–55, 88
usul al-fiqh 3, 54–5, 66, 68
see also methodology
usury, see interest
Uthman Amin 75, 124
utilitarianism 23, 35, 93, 96–7
see also utility of religion
utility of religion 39–40, 65
Victoria, Queen 62–3
violence 67, 93 see also jihad
Wafd Party 116
Wahhabism 119–20, 126
Waqa’i al-misriyya, Al- 29–31, 32, 86
Watan, Al- 105, 111
wives of Muhammad Abduh 42, 59–60
Yaqub Sannua 21, 43
Zahir, Al- 105, 110, 111
Muhammad Abduh Page 17