Uthman Amin. Muhammad Abduh. Cairo: Dar ihya al-kutub al-arabiyya, 1944. Trans. Charles Wendell. Washington, DC:American Council of Learned Societies, 1953.
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INDEX
For Arabs and Ottomans, see under first name
Abbas Hilmi, Khedive 72, 74–5, 77–8, 81, 115, 116
clashes with Muhammad Abduh 97, 107–13
Abd al-Halim, Prince 20, 27, 42
Abd al-Hamid, Sultan 49–50, 53, 62, 88
Abd al-Qadir, Amir 35, 58
Abd al-Rahman Kuraha 117–18
Abd al-Salam al-Muwaylihi 25
Abduh ibn Hasan Khayrallah 1–2, 4
Abdullah al-Nadim 10, 22, 32
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im 121
Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn Sina 11, 38
Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-Arabi al-Maliki 99, 100, 111
Abu naddara 21–2, 105
Abu Tammam Habib ibn Aws al-Ta’i 60
Abu Turab 36, 39
Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun 11, 17, 60
Abu‘l-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd 89
Adib Ishaq 10, 22–4, 44, 63
Afghani, see Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
Afghanistan 8, 18
agnosticism 113–14
see also atheism; freedom of thought; religiosity
ahliyya degree 75–6
Ahmad al-Badawi 2, 111
Ahmad ibn Miskawayh 16
Ahmad Khan 30, 39–40, 58, 60, 66
Ahmad Lutfi 92, 116, 117
Ahmad Pasha al-Minshawi 91–2
Ahmad Shafiq Pasha 113
Ahmad Urabi, Colonel 31–5, 107
Ahram, Al- 22, 105, 111, 125
Alexandria 5, 29, 34, 36, 44, 113, 124
Algeria 101–2
Ali ibn Abi Talib, Imam 60
Ali Mubarak 7
Ali Yusuf 87, 101
Aligarh 40
alimiyya degree 7, 13, 76
appointments of Muhammad Abduh 72–4, 77–8, 83
Arabic language
Afghani’s 10
colloquial 22, 105
improvement of 30
little known in India 45
Muhammad Abduh’s 15, 33, 60
religious duty to preserve 54
Semitic 52
use of by educated 90
use of by elite 20, 24, 29, 120
Arabic literature 60, 76, 92, 124
Aristotle 11, 16
Aryan, see race
assassination 23, 26, 58
atheism 38, 63–4
see also agnosticism; infidelity; religiosity
autocracy 26, 31–2, 50, 88
see also liberty; tyranny
Avicenna 11, 38
Azhar
administration of 7, 74–5; see also Azhar Administrative Council
conditions at 6–7
hostile to Afghani 27
hostile to Muhammad Abduh 12–13, 103–4, 106–7, 109
lectures of Muhammad Abduh at 84–7
Muhammad Abduh studies at 7–8, 12–13
Muhammad Abduh teaches at 13, 15–16, 83–7
publications of 91
rector of 7, 13, 75, 78, 106–7, 109
reform of 7, 74–6, 77
Azhar Administrative Council 75–6, 79, 84, 101, 111–12
Azhar Council 7
backwardness, see decline
Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadhani 60
Baha’ism 23, 62
Bakunin, Mikhail 19
Baring, Sir Evelyn, see Cromer, Lord
Beirut 36, 39, 42, 45, 59–63, 64, 71–2, 88
bida 30, 123
birth of Muhammad Abduh 1
Blunt, Wilfrid 33, 45–8, 50, 51, 55, 57–8, 62, 93
Borg, Raphael 19
Brighton 92–3
Britain, see Ahmad Urabi; Brighton; Cromer; London; Wafd Party
Broadley, Alexander 21, 33, 34
Butrus Ghali Pasha 21, 114
Cairo University, see Egyptian University
Charles Stone Pasha, General 24
childhood
of Muhammad Abduh 1–5
views of Spencer on 93
children of Muhammad Abduh 42, 59–60
cholera 109–10
Christianity 19–20, 38, 40, 48–9, 106, 111
see also inter-religious relations; missionaries; Protestantism
Christians, Orthodox and oriental 2, 23–4, 35, 36, 49, 55, 60, 63, 84, 102
Churchill, Lord Randolph 47
civilization, see European civilization; progress
clothing, see fez; hat; shoes
Commission of Inquiry 18, 71
Commission of the Public Debt 18
Commission on Azhar reform 74–5
Commission on education of Sharia Court judges 112, 115
Commission on interest 87, 110
Commission on Ottoman educational reform 61
community, see identity; nationalism; Ottoman community
constitutional government 16, 25–6, 31–3, 48–50
see also liberty
Council, see Azhar Administrative Council; Azhar Council; Council for Endowments; Treasury Council
Council for Endowments 83, 95–6, 105, 110
Court of Appeal
national 74, 77
Sharia 78, 118
court system 72–3, 79–80
courts, see mixed courts; national courts; Sharia Courts
Cragg, Kenneth 125
Cromer, Lord 71–2, 78, 108
and Muhammad Abduh 72, 102, 109, 110, 112, 113–14
after Muhammad Abduh’s death 115–16
crusades 17, 58, 67
Damascus 35
Dar al-Ulum 15, 17, 72, 76
Darwin 39–40, 64, 87
see also evolution
Darwish, uncle 4–5, 8, 13
dawsa 30
death of Muhammad Abduh 113
decay, see decline
decline 38, 67, 87, 105, 123; see also philosophy, alleged Arab hostility to
development, see progress
disease 68, 109
see also hygiene
dress, see fez; hat; shoes
Dumas, Alexandre 74
education
primary 30, 75–6, 92–3, 106, 112; see also school in Tanta
secondary 30, 60–1, 112
higher 91–2; see also Azhar; Egyptian University; school for Sharia Court judges
Egyptian Press Association 105
Egyptian University 91–1, 115, 116, 123, 124
England, see Ahmad Urabi; Brighton; Cromer; London; Wafd Party
Enlightenment 16, 64
equity, see maslaha
European civilization 16–18, 58, 67, 77, 101, 122
European holidays 76–7
evolution 69
see also Darwin
exegesis, see methodology; tafsir
Fahmi, Leon 108
Falsafat al-ijtima 17
family of Muhammad Abduh 42, 59–60
Farah Antun 88–9
Farsi 39
fatalism 67, 70
see also predestination
fatwa 83, 84, 95–7, 97–9, 101
fez 15, 46, 98, 118
finance
consumer 95–6, 117–18
Islamic 118
finances
of Egyptian government 18, 25, 71
of émigrés 43
of ulema 6, 83
foreign languages 74
free will, see predestination
freedom of thought 23, 38–9,
74, 124, 126
see also liberty
Freemasonry 22, 35, 44
and Egyptian politics 20–6; see also Kawkab al-Sharq
and Muhammad Abduh in later years 114, 123
nature of 19–20, 21, 24
French language 36, 43, 61, 64, 74, 92
Fuad I University, see Egyptian University
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 19
Geneva 77
God 40, 52–3, 113; see also revelation
existence of 11, 65
as the origin of truth 23
as a prior or first cause 65, 68, 89
role of 67–8, 89
Gorst, Sir Eldon 116
government, see autocracy; constitutional government; liberty; revolution; tyranny
Grand Orient 20, 24, 25, 114
Great Britain, see Ahmad Urabi; Brighton; Cromer; London; Wafd Party
Greece
ancient 16, 37
modern 2, 108, 124
Guerville, Amédée de 91
Guizot, François 16–17, 58, 60, 67, 68, 86, 123
hadith 3, 55, 66, 68, 86, 99–100, 119–20, 123
hajj pilgrimage 106, 109–10
Hanotaux, Gabriel 87
Haqiqat-i mazhab-i naichun 39, 51–2, 65–6
Hasan al-Banna 119
Hassuna al-Nawawi 77–8
hat 98
see also fez; identity
Himarat Munyati 105–7, 110
history, see Ibn Khaldun; Guizot; Risalat al-tawhid
Howard, George, Earl of Carlisle 47
Husayn al-Jisr 64, 88
hygiene 7, 76
see also disease
Ibn Khaldun 11, 17, 60
Ibn Rushd 89
Ibn Sina 11, 38
Ibn Taymiyya 122–3
Ibrahim al-Bajuri 7
Ibrahim al-Laqqani 22, 36, 43
Ibrahim al-Muwaylihi 43, 45, 59
identity
of Muhammad Abduh 15, 46–7, 60
national 101–2, 127
images 101
India 30, 39–40, 45, 46, 49, 50, 66, 71, 98
see also Ahmad Khan; Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
infidelity 38, 113–14
see also agnosticism; atheism; religiosity
insurance 96–7, 100, 117–18
intercession 67
interpretation of Muhammad Abduh
general 121–6
impact on Egypt 115–17
impact on Islam 117–21
inter-religious relations 55, 61–3, 69–70, 88–9, 98–9
interest, financial 67, 95–7, 105, 110
Iran, see Persia
Islam 64, 104, 127
see also prayer; religiosity; revelation; Sharia
Islamic finance 118
see also finance, consumer
Ismail, Khedive
reforms 7, 10, 15
opposition to 18, 20–2, 24–6, 103
in exile 45
Istanbul 9–10, 45, 58, 61, 87, 101, 108
Italy 19, 21, 37, 45, 61
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
early career 9–10
in Cairo 8–9, 10–12
foments revolution in Egypt 18–27
expelled from Egypt 27
in Paris 36–7, 44–5, 49–52
Muhammad Abduh leaves 57
later career 57–8
death 58
religiosity of 38–41
later views of 124–6
Jarida, Al- 116
Jews 10, 23, 49–50, 55, 62, 69, 85, 99, 102
jihad 23–4, 54–5
Journal des débats 36–8
journalism; see also opposition to Muhammad Abduh; press
British 25–6, 51
Egyptian 10, 21–4, 29
French 36–8
Islamic 90–1; see also Urwa al-wuthqa
Muhammad Abduh’s 29–31; see also Urwa al-wuthqa
Ottoman and Syrian 43, 88
popular 21–2, 105–7
Judaism, see Jews
jurisprudence, see methodology; usul al-fiqh
Kant, Immanuel 74
Kawkab al-Sharq 19–21, 24–5, 26
Kedourie, Elie 125–6
Kerr, Malcolm 125
Khedival Law School 73
Khedival School of Languages 15
khedive 10
see also Abbas Hilmi; Ismail; Tawfiq
Labouchere, Henry 47–8
languages, see Arabic; Farsi; French
Latif Salim, Major 25
law; see also court system
of God, see Sharia
reform 79–81
rule of 73–4; see also liberty
Law School, Khedival 73
Legislative Council 83
Leon Fahmi 108
liberty 17, 21, 23, 27, 32, 34–5, 51, 65–6
see also freedom of thought; law, rule of
Liwa, Al- 100
lodge, see Freemasonry; Kawkab al-Sharq
London 47–9, 50, 57–8
see also United Grand Lodge
McIlwraith, Malcolm 77–8, 80
Madaniyya 4–5, 35
madhhabs 80–1, 84, 98, 111
demise of 118–20, 123; see also talfiq; taqlid
Mahallat Nasr 2, 3–4, 27, 29
Mahdi 45–6
Mahmud Sami Pasha al-Barudi 33
Malaya 90
Manar, Al- 84–5, 88–90, 95, 111, 114, 121, 128
marriage; see also polygamy
of Muhammad Abduh 42, 59–60
Marx, Karl 17
maslaha 80, 119
Masonry, see Freemasonry; Kawkab al-Sharq
meat 98–9, 110–11, 118
Mecca 106, 109, 119; see also hajj pilgrimage
in history 54, 67, 86, 87
Medina 4, 119
Mehmet Ali Pasha 1, 6, 10, 18, 20, 108
methodology 55, 66, 99–100, 120–1, 127
Mill, John Stuart 17
Mirat al-sharq 22
Mirza Muhammad Baqir 48–9, 62
Misr (newspaper) 22
Misr al-fatat 22
missionaries, Christian 30, 61, 92
mixed courts 71, 95
modernism 60, 96, 101–2, 121, 127–8 see also Ahmad Khan
modernity 70
of Muhammad Abduh 33, 64, 68, 70, 92
modernization
of Egypt 9, 15, 26, 117; see also Azhar reform; education; law reform
of Ottoman Empire 50
Mohamed Haddad 126
Mohammed Arkoun 121
Mu’ayyad, Al- 87, 105
Mufti
duties of 77–8, 83–4
Muhammad Abduh as 81, 83–4; see also fatwa
Muhammad, Prophet 54, 65, 67, 69 see also bida; hadith; revelation
Muhammad Abd al-Halim, Prince 20, 27, 42
Muhammad al-Farabi 11
Muhammad al-Madani 4–5
Muhammad al-Sharbatli 105
Muhammad Arkoun 121
Muhammad Bakhit 117
Muhammad Baqir, Mirza 48–9, 62
Muhammad Bey Rasim 113
Muhammad Haddad 126
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 119–20, 126
Muhammad Sharif Pasha 20, 25–7, 31, 36, 44
Muhammad Talaat Harb 92, 116–17
Muhyi al-Din Bey Humada 36, 60
Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Arabi 35
Mulla Sadra 11
Muqattam, Al- 105, 111
Muslim Benevolent Society 92–3
Mustafa Abd al-Raziq 123–4
Mustafa Fahmi 91
Mustafa Kamil 110
Mustafa Riyad Pasha 10, 15, 18–19, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 36
Mutazila 12–13
mysticism 11–12, 21, 35
see also Sufism
Nasr Abu Zayd 121
national courts 73, 74, 77, 79–80
nationalism; see also identity
early 21, 23–4, 46, 47, 49–51; see also Ahmad Urabi
khedival 75
later 1
09, 116–17, 122, 124, 127–8
native courts, see national courts
nature, laws of 39–41
see also science
Nazli Fadil, Princess 91
Neo-Sufism 4–5, 35
newspaper, see by title
see also journalism
Nihilism 23, 27
Nubar Pasha 25
Omar Lutfi 92, 116
opposition to Muhammad Abduh
Azhar 103–4, 106–7, 109
khedive 97, 107–13
press 105–7, 110–11
Orientalism 36, 66
Osama bin Laden 54, 126
Ottoman community 24, 88
Ottoman Empire
Afghani and 9, 18, 45, 49–51, 57–8
Egypt and 1, 26, 71, 77–8
exiles from 43
government of 21, 43, 108
modernization of 9
Muhammad Abduh in 35–6, 59–91, 101
Muhammad Abduh on 51
Ottoman Islam 10, 80, 97–8, 103
Ottoman Turkish language 24, 29
Paris 42–55, 91, 99
see also Grand Orient
Parnell, Charles Stewart 47
pasha 9
see also individuals by name
patriotism, see nationalism
Persia 12, 18, 23, 37, 51, 62
see also Jamal al-Din al-Afghani; Shi’ism
Persian language 39
philosophy; see also reason
alleged Arab hostility to 37–9, 41, 89
of history, see Guizot; Ibn Khaldun
Islamic 11–12, 65; see also mysticism
Western 64, 74, 124
photography 47, 106–7
Plotinus 11
politics, see autocracy; constitutional government; liberty; revolution; theocracy; tyranny
polygamy 2, 30, 39, 86, 100
prayer 8–9, 54, 98
intercessory 67
wearing shoes 101, 114
predestination 13, 65, 67–8, 86, 87–8, 105–6
press, see journalism
progress 9, 31, 33, 37, 51, 69–70, 75–6, 84, 88–9, 95, 118
prophecy 9–10, 11, 63, 69
see also revelation
Protestantism 61–7
see also Reformation
Quran 40; see also methodology; revelation; tafsir; usul al-fiqh
createdness of 48–9
learned by Muhammad Abduh 2
logic of 65
use of by Afghani and in Al-Urwa al-wuthqa 44, 52–5
use of in Azhar lectures 85–7
race 37, 51–2, 87–8
Radd ala al-dahriyyin, Al-, see Haqiqat-i mazhab-i naichun
Rashid Rida 88–9, 114, 119, 121–4, 125
reason; see also Enlightenment; philosophy
Afghani on 39, 41
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab on 119
Muhammad Abduh on 54–4, 65–9, 87, 119
opposed to revelation 13
theocracy as enemy of 16–17, 66
rector, see Azhar, rector of
Reformation 16, 64, 67, 91
religiosity; see also agnosticism; atheism; freedom of thought; infidelity
Muhammad Abduh Page 16