But as a result, merchants were swearing allegiance: Sarna, 38–39.
“Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson”: U. S. Grant, Memoirs, 1015.
Hours after Grant issued his decree: J. E. Smith, 227.
At headquarters, General Halleck revived accusations: Farina, 92–93.
“I want to whip these rebels once more”: Farina, 94.
Hearing that Brigadier General Alexander Hays: J. E. Smith, 323.
And General Grant had set a record of his own: J. E. Smith, 333.
“I propose to fight it out on this line”: J. E. Smith, 349.
That evening, Grant told his staff: J. E. Smith, 364.
“Gentlemen,” Grant told a rally: J. E. Smith, 456.
“Let us have peace”: Waugh, 120.
They seized upon Horatio Seymour’s response: J. E. Smith, 458.
“Our demands,” Moses had written: J. E. Smith, 460 note.
Grant replied to Morris that he held “no prejudice”: J. E. Smith, 460.
Grant received results of the balloting: J. E. Smith, 461.
“I’m afraid I’m elected”: Waugh, 122, cites Ross, The General’s Wife, 202.
Grant felt he could now permit: Sarna, 78.
During the four months leading up to his inauguration: J. E. Smith, 465.
She said she was afraid to ask him again: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 370.
“Well, he didn’t write it”: J. E. Smith, 502.
Nor did Sumner improve his chances: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 369.
Following the election, Seward had described: J. M. Taylor, 288.
Miss Risley declined Seward’s invitation: J. M. Taylor, 290.
The jibe stung, and Seward protested: J. M. Taylor, 292.
During the voyage, Seward decided that he must: J. M. Taylor, 293.
Grant had already agreed to sell: J. E. Smith, 462–63.
Stopping at the White House: J. E. Smith, 466.
“Madame, if any colored people call”: J. Grant, 175.
One example of Grant’s favor came: Waugh, 124.
Nor had Grant considered the ban: J. E. Smith, 470.
“The progress of evolution,” he wrote: J. E. Smith, 475.
In the New York Sun, Charles Dana: New York Sun, 1869.
The paper warned that civil service: New York World, March 1869.
Judge Hoar, finding no precedent to cite: J. E. Smith, 472 note.
Pinchback worried that the Democrats: Haskins, 57.
“Social equality, like water, must be left”: Haskins, 59.
He lost that argument: Haskins, 60.
with seven black and twenty-nine white: Haskins, 62.
if those Democratic “outrages” continued: Haskins, 64.
The New Orleans Crescent called his outburst: New Orleans Crescent, September 4, 1868.
If “any Negro or gang of Negroes”: Haskins, 66.
more than ten thousand Republicans had voted: Haskins, 69.
Severing his last ties with Warmoth: Haskins, 75.
CHAPTER 14. GOLD AND SANTO DOMINGO (1869–1870)
“Anything for Human Rights is constitutional”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 353.
At the Treasury, Boutwell was quickly proving: J. E. Smith, 481.
Well pleased, Grant announced that re-establishing: Grant to Badeau, July 14, 1869, 19 Grant Papers, 212–13.
His New England family traced their roots: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 47.
They rebounded with a nervy scheme: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 16.
As Fisk told a friend, “Gould is a damned fool”: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 49.
As Gould recalled, Corbin: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 58.
He had joked about his tin ear and confessed: Waugh, 22.
Abel Corbin did his part by offering Julia Grant: “Gold Panic Investigation,” House of Representatives, Report No. 31, 44th Congress, 2nd session, 1870, 270–71.
Gould assured Butterfield’s loyalty: J. E. Smith, 483.
Corbin was traveling with Grant, and kept pressing: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 83.
At once, Gould put $1.5 million in gold: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 88.
to say she was “quite positive there will be no”: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 100.
His vacations were becoming a joke: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 119.
Only Julia Grant heard him complain: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 122.
“The fact is,” Grant wrote, “a desperate struggle”: J. E. Smith, 483.
Julia Grant had written that “the general says if you have”: J. Grant, 182.
Gould made no promises, but as he was leaving: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 157.
“I think you had better make it five million”: J. E. Smith, 489.
Fisk and Gould had been identified: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 198.
Grant said he had received Corbin’s letter: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 225.
“The matter has been concluded”: J. E. Smith, 490.
In fact, Fisk said, Corbin had only married: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 248.
When the Sun reporter sought out Fisk: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 252.
The nation’s press rallied around Ulysses Grant: Ackerman, Gold Ring, 257.
When the Dominican Republic offered to allow the United States: J. E. Smith, 500.
“Mr. President,” he began, “I am a Republican”: J. E. Smith, 503; Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 436.
At that moment, the president was neglecting: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 370.
Enlisting Radical support, Sumner insisted: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 425.
And the dictatorship controlling the Dominican: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 440.
The United States, according to Sumner: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 442–43.
urged that Britain sign over: J. E. Smith, 508.
Out for revenge, Grant could both punish Sumner: Babcock to Adam Badeau, June 18, 1870; U. S. Grant, Papers, 20, 164.
“You can’t understand my situation,” Sumner said: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 455–56.
For Sumner, the treatment of Motley: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 461.
At the University of Michigan, Sumner spoke: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 461.
Returning to Washington, Sumner could do no better: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 461 note.
At the White House, visitors found President Grant: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 498.
He told them “that whenever Sumner should retract”: Nevins, 408.
He was describing the president as “without”: Nevins, 408.
CHAPTER 15. KU KLUX KLAN (1870–1872)
He reported that the freedmen now had: McFeely, 301.
Howard ruled that his agents could instruct: Carpenter, 139.
Southern and Western legislators were conniving: McFeely, 163.
Then Congress cut $100,000: Carpenter, 224.
“I do not wish him ill,” Howard said: Carpenter, 239.
Despite the continual shortage of money: Foner, Reconstruction, 1998, 144–45.
Such a university was approved: Carpenter, 170.
Once in the job, Howard described: Carpenter, 181.
“Butler, prepare to meet your God!”: Trelease, 65.
Ben Wade and other Republican leaders: Trelease, 294.
Because Akerman lived thirty miles from the nearest: Nevins, 367.
Born in New Hampshire and graduating: J. E. Smith, 542.
Neither man underestimated the growing strength: J. E. Smith, 545.
He announced that “from the beginning of the world”: Martinez, 67.
“Let each member of the House read the letter”: Martinez, 69.
He wanted justice for Sumner, Trumbull said, although: Krug, 297.
He deplored the beatings and lynchings: Krug, 297–98.
“Individual rights,” he concluded, “are safest”: Krug, 299.
As the debate came to a climax: Krug, 302.
As for corruption, when a railroad owner like Hannibal I. Kimball: Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 1998, 509–10.
; He had extorted from the Grant administration: Krug, 302.
“A condition of affairs now exists”: J. E. Smith, 546.
In Unionville, forty Klan members: Martinez, 73–74.
General William Sherman had already responded: Martinez, 75.
Elias Hill, a black Baptist minister: Trelease, 372.
By the beginning of 1882, 195 persons: Trelease 404–5.
in the new South, Blair had seen his grown son: Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 1998, cites KKK Report, Alabama, part 2, p. 676.
At another hearing this one in Atlanta: Testimony, Select Committee, Georgia, vol. 1, 4-11-412.
President Grant had also authorized: Trelease, 392.
A novel published anonymously called The Masked Lady: Wade, 52.
Reporting from Spartanburg, South Carolina: Trelease, 395.
He preferred to deny his involvement: Wills, 359.
The Central Pacific, built with laborers from China: Ambrose, 19.
“Negroes are the best laborers”: Wills, 359.
When the judge appealed to Forrest for protection: Wills, 362.
He had enhanced his reputation the previous month: Hurst, Forrest, 337.
As the final congressional report on Klan activities would note: U.S. Congress, Report of the Joint Select Committee, 463.
“When the war was over,” Forrest said: Wills, 253.
But committee members had resurrected an imprudent interview: Wade, 51; Wills, 365.
When all else failed, Forrest appealed: Wills, 364.
“I have been lying like a gentleman”: Chalmers, 21.
CHAPTER 16. HORACE GREELEY (1872)
Although the Klan seemed to be a spent force: Trelease, 411.
But since the Klan’s terrorism no longer seemed to threaten: Trelease, 415.
Frederick Douglass, the nation’s most celebrated: J. E. Smith, 548.
with the president himself personally compromised: J. E. Smith, 583–84.
were drawn to this Liberal Republican Party: J. E. Smith, 548.
Lyman Trumbull was on board: Foner, Reconstruction, 500.
his absence would not necessarily be: Foner, Reconstruction, 502.
Greeley wrote that Grant had made no more preparation: Maihafer, 121.
At the convention, Whitelaw Reid went to work: Maihafer, 237.
He described Greeley fondly as a “gangling”: Williams, 60.
As for himself, Greeley wrote that he now understood: Williams, 117.
Rather than spout more “angry vituperation against slaveholders”: Williams, 104.
He exposed their wrongdoing: Williams, 115.
Well satisfied with the result: Williams, 181.
He remained personally cautious, however: Williams, 191.
Readers gladly overlooked Greeley’s crotchets: Williams, 62.
Lincoln responded with a telegram to the Tribune: Williams, 234.
But Thurlow Weed, who resisted: Williams, 235.
“The burdens of society,” Greeley wrote: Williams, 240.
When the rioting ended, more than: Williams, 241.
Speaking to a friend in 1870, Greeley blamed: Williams, 261.
“Angelic child,” the president called him: Williams, 273.
In 1867, the Tribune paid Samuel Clemens forty dollars: Williams, 265.
Greeley’s halting conversion to the cause of women’s rights: Williams, 305.
A graduate of DePauw University in Indiana: Waugh, 143.
“The King of Frauds,” it proclaimed: Ambrose, 373.
“If the subsidies provided are not enough”: Ambrose, 132.
He said he simply wanted to place the Crédit Mobilier: Ambrose, 374.
Horace Greeley, who might have exploited the issue: Williams, 304.
In a rare burst of self-pity, he lamented: J. E. Smith, 551.
“I have been assailed so bitterly that I hardly knew”: Williams, 306.
Looking over the mourners Henry Ward Beecher pronounced: J. E. Smith, 551 note.
CHAPTER 17. HIRAM REVELS (1872–1873)
He and his four colleagues bought: Haskins, 86.
Instead, he sent a letter: Haskins, 126.
“I do not claim to possess”: Haskins, 129.
Animosity ran so high between the camps: Haskins, 92.
Casey “hadn’t a handful of brains”: Haskins, 96.
Now it was Warmoth who had to forget: Haskins, 100.
Learning of the deal, Pinchback protested: Haskins, 109.
Pinchback anticipated the hostility: Haskins, 117.
“Take any race, keep them in the most miserable”: Haskins, 118.
“For that I do suspect the lusty Moor”: Dray, 69.
“as certainly as the sun shines in the heavens”: Dray, 61.
He called the decision “a putrid corpse”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 427.
“The colored United States Senator from Mississippi”: Dray, 73.
“And now, sir, I ask how did that race act?”: Dray, 75.
“the people now are getting along as quietly”: Dray, 75.
Less than a month after Lincoln had been elected: Dew, 22.
A colleague from his state had argued: Dew, 29.
Since few of them, black or white: Foner, Reconstruction, 350.
Pinchback stood aloof from the Liberal Republicans: Haskins, 133.
When a firebrand from Kansas invoked the spirit: Haskins, 134.
Pinchback chose the convention for announcing: Haskins, 135.
Pinchback concluded lightly that Grant “may be a little crotchety”: Haskins, 135.
CHAPTER 18. GRANT’S SECOND TERM (1873–1876)
As weapons, the men shouldered antiquated rifles: Dray, 142.
The stories grew wilder: Dray, 143.
After shouting threats in front of the courthouse: Dray, 145.
A witness reported that “one could have walked on”: Dray, 146.
A witness said that the gunfire “was like popcorn in a skillet”: Dray, 146.
“General Grant has vanquished the people”: J. E. Smith, 564–65.
“Give me no help in lamentation”: Dray, 148.
“I thought a chief justice should never be subjected”: J. E. Smith, 559.
The Nation praised Grant sardonically: J. E. Smith, 562.
“Let no guilty man escape”: J. E. Smith, 590.
Grant called the spoils system “an abuse”: J. E. Smith, 589.
“A true reform,” Grant said, “will let the office”: J. E. Smith, 589.
“Certainly, if you wish it”: J. E. Smith, 594.
reports from the South that no whites were being convicted: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 530.
Instead, he proposed a broad amendment: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights 531.
the Sermon on the Mount was a higher authority: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 532.
“A measure that seeks to benefit only the former rebels”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 535.
“The idea of the Democracy supporting Charles Sumner”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 541.
And a Harper’s Weekly cartoonist, Thomas Nast: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 553.
Julia Ward Howe singled out Greeley Republicans: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 570.
The man who handed him the legislature’s vindication: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 584.
described his pain as having “a toothache”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 585.
“I should not regret this,” Sumner said, “if my book”: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 586.
He vomited, gasped to breathe, and fell back dead: Donald, Sumner . . . Rights, 587.
When the Massachusetts legislature invited a prominent: Foner, Reconstruction, 524.
He forgot the missteps in Louisiana: Foner, Reconstruction, 533.
He tied Sumner’s bill to other legislation: Foner, Reconstruction, 553.
The New York Times observed that Phillips: Foner, Reconstruction, 559.
And yet when Congressman James Garfield of
Ohio encountered: J. E. Smith, 595.
“His imperturbability is amazing”: J. E. Smith, 595.
“I want to know what is happening”: J. E. Smith, 585.
CHAPTER 19. RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES (1876)
His father had uprooted the family from New England: Conwell, 31.
In later years, though, classmates remembered: Conwell, 59.
Yet his practice expanded to include the defense: Trefousse, Hayes, 15.
He wrote that he feared disunion less: Conwell, 70.
After the Union loss in Baltimore: Conwell, 71.
As he told Lucy, one phrase: Hoogenboom, 189.
the House of Representatives “more orderly”: Hoogenboom, 193.
By the time that his district’s Republican convention: Hoogenboom, 201.
“The Negro prejudice is rapidly wearing away”: Hoogenboom, 203.
Instead, he had acquired: Hoogenboom, 208.
“They are not aliens or strangers”: Hoogenboom, 212.
Ohio governors had no veto power: Hoogenboom, 215.
“The proper discharge of the function of maternity”: Hoogenboom, 228.
The president was incensed that the Senate: Hoogenboom, 230.
Leaving office early in 1872, Hayes pronounced himself: Hoogenboom, 239.
At fifty-one, he might be heavier and shorter of breath: Hoogenboom, 249.
He blamed his bad digestion: Morris, 83.
Tilden’s hard work was propelling him forward: Morris, 92.
Even friends admitted that Tilden was too quick; Tilden, Letters, I, xxvii.
Although he kept company with a number: Morris, 93.
He resisted joining to the new Republican Party: Tilden, Letters, I, xxv.
In despair, he wrote, “It is too late!”: Morris, 96.
When Salmon Chase lost the presidential nomination: Morris, 98.
Boss Tweed, a former bookkeeper: Morris, 100.
His masterstroke was the New York County Courthouse: Morris, 100.
But when Nast drew blood: Morris, 101.
“wants to stop the pickup, starve out the boys”: Morris, 102.
In a Cooper’s Union speech, Tilden attacked the “cabal”: Akerman, Tweed, 230.
governor John Hoffman was deeply indebted: Akerman, Tweed, 240.
One confrontation between the two men: Morris, 103.
Tweed escaped with his henchmen: Akerman, Tweed, 234–35.
a friendly editor wrote that he was praying: Morris, 105.
By a vote of 233 to 18, members approved: Haworth, 11.
A third term “would be unwise, unpatriotic”: Haworth, 11.
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