Riotous Assemblies
Page 29
57. Limerick Leader, 4, 6 December 1918; Limerick Chronicle, 3, 5, 7 December 1918.
58. Limerick Leader, 30 December 1918.
59. NAUK, CO 903/19,‘Confidential print’, 1918, p. 22.
60. BMH, WS 1225: Jimmy Roche, pp. 2–3.
Chapter 10
1. É. de Valera, ‘St Patrick's Day speech 1943’, quoted in C. Wills, That Neutral Island: a cultural history of Ireland during the Second World War (London, 2007), p. 333.
2. Ibid., p. 241.
3. The Irish Times, 18 January 1941.
4. Wills, That Neutral Island, pp. 241, 257.
5. Bishop J. J. McNamee, ‘Lenten pastoral’, Leitrim Observer, 12 April 1942.
6. Statistical Abstract, Stationery Office, Dublin, 1940–46.
7. B. Share, The Emergency: neutral Ireland, 1939–45 (Dublin, 1978), p. 38.
8. NAI, DT T6/97/9/461, Department of the Taoiseach memorandum, ‘Chinese Famine, 1943’.
9. D. Ferriter, ‘“A peculiar people in their own land”: Catholic social theory and the plight of rural Ireland, 1930–55’, unpublished PhD thesis, University College Dublin, 1996, p. 33.
10. Dáil Éireann, vol. 77, col. 921, Seán Lemass, ‘Price of milk in Kilkenny’, 8 November 1939.
11. Wills, That Neutral Island, p. 237.
12. Seanad Éireann, vol. 24, col. 2063, James Ryan, ‘Exported Livestock Insurance Bill’, 3 July 1940.
13. The Irish Times, 10 October 1939.
14. NAI, FIN S90/35/39, Emergency Powers (No. 12) Order 1939. FIN is the Finance Dept.
15. Ibid.
16. Dáil Éireann, vol. 89, col. 1013, James Ryan, ‘Emergency Powers (No. 234) Order, 1942 – motion to annul’, 4 March 1943.
17. Irish Independent, 25 March 1940.
18. Conacre, letting land for one season at a time, gives the tenant no permanent rights but a strong incentive to maximise yield.
19. Irish Independent, 25 March 1940.
20. J. F. Meenan, ‘The Irish economy during the war’, in K. B. Nowlan and D. T. Williams (eds), Ireland in the War Years and After, 1939–51 (Dublin, 1969), p. 32.
21. NAI, FIN S90/35/39, Interim Report of Departmental Committee on Increased Agricultural Production, 1938.
22. NAI, FIN S90/35/39, Department of Agriculture, untitled memorandum, 4 September 1939.
23. Ibid.
24. The Irish Times, 19 September 1939.
25. T. Bartlett, ‘An end to moral economy: the Irish militia disturbances of 1793’, Past and Present, vol. 99, no. 1 (May 1983), pp. 41–64, at p. 43.
26. Seanad Éireann, vol. 23, col. 1299, Patrick Baxter, ‘Compulsory tillage motion’, 25 October 1939.
27. The Irish Times, 13 October 1939.
28. Irish Independent, 29 November 1946.
29. The Irish Times, 5 October 1940, 9 January, 12 November 1941.
30. Ibid., 2 July 1942.
31. Dáil Éireann, vol. 92, col. 1106, James Ryan, ‘The Tillage Order’, 16 February 1944.
32. The Irish Times, 4 October 1939.
33. See, for instance, ibid., 1 April 1941.
34. See, for instance, ibid., 16 February 1942.
35. Ibid., 8 December 1943.
36. De Valera's warning was published in The Irish Times, 2 March 1942. Unlike those who fell foul of censorship, farmers who failed to till enough land were never explicitly identified as ‘traitors’ to the Irish state, a reflection of their elevated place in essentialist nationalism.
37. J. McGahern, Memoir (London, 2005), p. 29.
38. Leitrim Observer, 12 December 1942.
39. Ibid., 28 February 1942.
40. C. Townshend, Ireland: the twentieth century (London, 1999), pp. 7–8.
41. T. J. McElligott, ‘How the farmers can organise’, Irish Monthly 67 (1939), p. 52.
42. NAI, ICOS, 1088/222/4, M. Haire to Henry Kennedy, 29 May 1941.
43. Wills, That Neutral Island, p. 241.
44. The Irish Times, 21 November 1939.
45. Ibid., 7 July 1942.
46. Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh, b. 1930, Dingle, County Kerry, interviewed 12 August 2009.
47. Leitrim Observer, 28 February 1942.
48. Ibid.
49. The Irish Times, 1 November 1940.
50. Ibid., 18 January 1941.
51. Ibid., 2 July 1942.
52. Ibid., 25 February 1942.
53. Dáil Éireann, vol. 81, col. 1816, James Ryan, ‘Compulsory tillage’, 5 February 1941.
54. The Irish Times, 1 April 1941.
55. Dáil Éireann, vol. 93, col. 417, General MacEoin, ‘Committee on Finance’, 28 March 1944.
56. Irish Independent, 1 February 1947.
57. Dáil Éireann, vol. 104, col. 64, James Ryan, ‘Compulsory tillage prosecutions’, 22 January 1947.
58. Dáil Éireann, vol. 104, col. 64, 22 January 1947.
59. Ibid.
60. Meath Chronicle, 28 September 1940.
61. Ibid.
62. The Irish Times, 5 March 1943.
63. NAI, IND/EHR/3/C2, Dept of Supplies, ‘Historical survey’, part V, p. 201; part V, p. 222; part XI, p. 556.
64. James Dillon to Editor, The Irish Times, 1 April 1940. Dillon was at this point leader of Fine Gael and was to become Minister for Agriculture in 1948.
65. Wills, That Neutral Island, p. 241.
66. Seanad Éireann, vol. 23, col. 1303, ‘Compulsory tillage motion’, 25 October 1939.
67. The Irish Times, 23 March 1940.
68. Jack Magill, b. 1927, Saul, County Down, interviewed 16 April 2000, p. 6, Mary Immaculate College Oral Archive, Limerick.
69. NAI, EHR/3/15, Department of Supplies, ‘Record of activities’, p. 7.
70. NAI, IND/EHR/3/C4, Department of Supplies, ‘Historical survey’, part XI, p. 556.
71. J. W. Blake, Northern Ireland in the Second World War (Belfast: HMSO, 1956), p. 410.
72. Ibid., p. 410.
73. Ibid., p. 405.
74. NAI, IND/EHR/3/C2, Department of Supplies, ‘Historical survey’, part V, p. 223.
75. P67/262 (1), Seán MacEntee papers, ‘1936 census’, University College Dublin Archives, Dublin.
76. Seanad Éireann, vol. 24, col. 2527, Dominick MacCabe, ‘Compulsory tillage and guaranteed prices’, 4 December 1940. This figure is slightly lower in the Report of the Commission on Vocational Organisation (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1943), p. 125.
77. Dáil Éireann, vol. 93, col. 487, Oliver J. Flanagan, ‘Committee on Finance’, 28 March 1944.
78. The Irish Times, 18 November 1939.
79. Pathé Gazette, ‘Dig for Victory!’ broadcast 22 January 1940, PRONI, Digital Film Archive, Belfast.
80. PRONI, D3004/D/29, diary of Cynthia, Lady Brookeborough.
81. UCDA, P67/264 (4), MacEntee papers, Seán Lemass, ‘Memorandum on full employment’.
82. Ibid.
83. NAI, DT S13101 A, Seán Lemass, ‘Memorandum on full employment policy’, 17 January 1945.
84. Dáil Éireann, vol. 93, col. 396, James Larkin, ‘Committee on Finance’, 28 March 1944.
85. UCDA, P67/264 (5), MacEntee papers, James Ryan, ‘Observations of the Minister of Agriculture on the memorandum by the Minister for Industry and Commerce’.
86. Ibid.
87. NAI, DT S13101 A, James Ryan, ‘Memorandum on full employment’, 14 March 1945.
88. UCDA, P67/264 (5), MacEntee papers, James Ryan, ‘Observations of the Minister of Agriculture on the memorandum by the Minister for Industry and Commerce’.
89. NAI, DT S13101 A, James Ryan, ‘Memorandum on full employment’, 14 March 1945.
90. J. O'Neill, ‘Our essential planning problem’, Studies 33 (1944), pp. 228–36.
91. Report of the Commission on Vocational Organisation (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1943), p. 45.
92. DAA, AB8/B/XVIII/51. McQuaid papers, Seán Lemass to John Charles McQuaid, 8 January 1941.
93. See Garvin's continual use of the term ‘developmentalism�
�� in juxtaposing Lemass’ drive for modernisation against the perceived stasis of his more conservative colleagues in government, in T. Garvin, Preventing the Future: why was Ireland so poor for so long? (Dublin, 2004); T. Garvin, Judging Lemass (Dublin, 2009).
94. The Women's Land Army (WLA) was established by the British Government during the First World War and disbanded in 1919. It was re-formed in 1939 and disbanded again in 1950. Women did the work of male farm labourers who had left to join the armed forces or work in urban factories. By 1943 there were 80,000 women working on British farms. Most combatant nations had similar organisations during the Second World War, with the notable exception of Nazi Germany; see P. Summerfield, Women Workers during the Second World War (London, 1982); for a Land Girl's account, see J. Duggan Rees, Corduroy Days (London, 2000).
95. S. Carey, Social Security in Ireland, 1939–1952: the limits to solidarity (Dublin, 2007), pp. 113–33.
96. Seanad Éireann, vol. 23, col. 1121, Patrick Baxter, ‘Compulsory tillage motion’, 25 October 1939.
97. E. Duggan, The Ploughman on the Pound Note: farmer politics in County Galway during the twentieth century (Athenry, 2004), pp. 78–114.
98. See for instance, Irish Independent, 20 October 1939, 2 February 1940; Connacht Tribune, 30 March 1940.
99. Bishop Nulty of Meath, quoted in A. E. McCullough, ‘The language and legitimation of Irish moral outrage’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 40, no. 2 (1989), p. 237. This invocation of the purity of the smallholder was made in 1871 but typifies the discursive treatment of the farmer by the church during the Emergency.
100. Statistical Abstract (Dublin, 1945).
101. The Irish Times, 18 January 1945.
Chapter 11
1. This term is borrowed from John Bowman, De Valera and the Ulster Question, 1917–1973 (Oxford, 1982), p. 287.
2. D. Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland: nation and state (Dublin, 1994), p. 229.
3. See de Valera's presidential speech at the 1931 Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, University College Dublin Archives [hereafter UCDA]; Fianna Fáil Party Papers P176/42, copy of de Valera's Presidential speech, October 1931.
4. See de Valera speech on External Affairs estimates: Dáil Éireann debate, 24 June 1947, vol. 107, col. 84.
5. See, for example, resolutions on partition issued at the 1926 and 1939 Fianna Fáil Ard Fheiseanna, The Irish Times, 26 November 1926 and Irish Press, 13 December 1939.
6. UCDA, P176/276, copy of letter from Miss Ena Moore, hon. sec. of Barnstown Thomas Ashe cumann, to Lemass, 25 March 1955. This was the opinion of members of the cumann [party branch].
7. UCDA, P176/293, letter from Seamus Babington to Lemass, 1 March 1955.
8. UCDA, P176/286, letter from Lemass to MacCarthy, 25 January 1957.
9. See de Valera's presidential speech at the 1954 Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, Irish Press, 12 October 1954.
10. Educated in England at The Leys School, Cambridge, and Methodist College, Booth served as a captain in the Irish Army in the 1940s. Appointed to the national executive committee of fifteen at the 1954 Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, he became Fianna Fáil TD Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown in the 1957 general election. He was managing director of Booth Poole & Co. Ltd from 1956 until he became managing director of Brittain Group in 1970.
11. UCDA, Ernest Blythe Papers P26/1366, letter from Booth to Ernest Blythe, 16 October 1954.
12. The Irish Times, 15 October 1954.
13. R. English, Armed Struggle: a history of the IRA (London, 2003), p. 74; see also B. Flynn, Soldiers of Folly: the IRA border campaign, 1956–1962 (Dublin, 2009); J. Maguire, IRA Internments and the Irish Government: subversives and the state, 1939–1962 (Dublin, 1999).
14. J. B. Bell, The Secret Army: the IRA (New Brunswick NJ, 1997), p. 299.
15. Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 229.
16. Irish Press, 19 October 1968.
17. Ibid., 4 January 1957.
18. Irish Press, 4 January 1957.
19. When looking at the Irish Press coverage of the funerals it is easy to understand Freddie Boland's remark that, whatever de Valera might say in public, the Irish Press was edited in such a way as to ‘encourage the extremist and more irresponsible elements among the nationalist minority in the North and to give the impression that Fianna Fáil agreed with them’, NAI, Dept of Foreign Affairs [hereafter DFA] F132/10, confidential record of conversation between Freddie Boland and Michael O'Neill MP, sent to Seán Nunan, 3 December 1954.
20. UCDA, John A. Costello Papers P190/683, text copy of Costello's speech, 6 January 1957.
21. See speech by de Valera, Irish Press, 7 January 1957.
22. It was Robert Briscoe, Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin South-West and lord mayor, who made this appeal, noting that such a vote should not be taken to confirm or approve the IRA's activities; The Irish Times, 8 January 1957.
23. The Irish Times, 17 January 1957.
24. UCDA, P176/280, letter from D. Uas. Mac Phroinsias, hon. sec. of Seán MacDermott cumann, Dublin North-East, to Fianna Fáil headquarters, 15 January 1957.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Bowman, De Valera, p. 286.
28. Irish Press, 7 January 1956.
29. UCDA, P176/277, letter from E. P. Leonard, hon. sec. Joseph Hudson cumann, Sallynoggin, to Fianna Fáil headquarters, 10 January 1957.
30. Ibid; see also copy of letter from Lemass to Seán Ó Dálaigh, hon. sec. Meaghen Neary cumann, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, 15 January 1957, UCDA, P176/277.
31. UCDA, P176/286, reply letter from Lemass to MacCarthy, 25 January 1957.
32. UCDA, P176/277, copy of letter from Lemass to Seán Ó Dálaigh, honorary secretary of Meaghen Neary cumann, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown, 15 January 1957.
33. Irish Press, 21 January 1957.
34. UCDA, Éamon de Valera Papers, P150/3095, letter sent from Donogh O'Malley to de Valera, 8 January 1957.
35. See T. Garvin, Judging Lemass: the measure of the man (Dublin, 2009), p. 13.
36. Bowman, De Valera, p. 287.
37. Ibid.
38. UCDA, P176/46, copy of memorandum sent by Feehan to Mullins, 20 January 1955.
39. UCDA, 176/446, record of meeting of Fianna Fáil parliamentary party, 15 January 1957. It began at 3 p.m. and ended at 11 p.m.
40. J. Horgan, Seán Lemass: the enigmatic patriot (Dublin, 1999), p. 173.
41. Ibid.
42. UCDA, P176/286, this comment was made by Lemass; letter from Lemass to MacCarthy, 25 January 1957.
43. UCDA, P176/286, letter from Lemass to MacCarthy, 25 January 1957.
44. UCDA, 176/446, meeting of Fianna Fáil parliamentary party, 15 January 1957.
45. R. Fanning, ‘“Playing it cool”: the response of the British and Irish governments to the crisis in Northern Ireland, 1968–9’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 12 (2001), pp. 57–85.
46. UCDA, 176/446, meeting of Fianna Fáil parliamentary party, 15 January 1957.
47. B. Farrell, Seán Lemass (Dublin, 1983), p. 107; Farrell records an interview he had with Lemass in which the latter noted that de Valera relied upon ‘the force of physical exhaustion’.
48. Boland noted that the recent raids ‘will only delay the inevitable reunion of the country’; Irish Press, 21 January 1957.
49. Irish Press, 21 January 1957.
50. Bowman, De Valera, p. 290.
51. See speeches by de Valera in Irish Press, 9 March 1957, 19 October 1957 and 19 March 1958; see NAI, DFA P203/2, record of meeting between Frank Aiken and Lord Home, secretary of state for commonwealth relations, 4 July 1958, for comments by Aiken; see also speech by MacEntee, Irish Press, 18 March 1958.
52. See K. Boland, The Rise and Decline of Fianna Fáil (Dublin, 1982), p. 106.
53. UCDA, P150/2075, copy of de Valera's presidential speech at the Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, 19 November 1957.
54. This was the opinion of Mr Culleton, representative of the party's Mountmellick cumann, County Tipperary, Irish Press,
20 November 1957.
55. Irish Press, 20 November 1957.
56. Bell, The Secret Army, pp. 306–7.
57. UCDA, P150/3117, record of statement issued on behalf of de Valera, July 1957.
58. The Irish Times, 16 September 1957.
59. NAI, DFA P203/2, record of meeting between Cremin and Home, 27 July 1957.
60. R. English, Irish Freedom: the history of Irish nationalism (London, 2006), p. 331.
61. Ibid., p. 333.
62. Cork Examiner, 12 July 1957.
63. The Irish Times, 31 December 1957.
64. Evening Mail, 21 December 1957.
65. UCDA, P176/447, record of meeting of the parliamentary party, 16 April 1958.
66. UCDA, P176/447, record of meetings of the parliamentary party, 24 October 1957, 16 April 1958 and 22 January 1959.
67. UCDA, P176/312, ‘Notes for canvassers’, in the constituency files for Dublin North-Central, October 1957.
68. Irish Press, 15 March 1959, speech by de Valera.
69. UCDA, P150/2075, copy of de Valera's presidential speech at the Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, 19 November 1957.
70. Tipperary Star, 10 January 1959; see The Irish Times during January 1959.
71. Tipperary Star, 10 January 1959.
72. Seán Tracey, Labour councillor and future ceann comhairle, and G. Meskil also supported the motion; Tipperary Star, 10 January 1959.
73. Tipperary Star, 10 January 1959.
74. This was the opinion of Jack Meagher, Annfield House, Cudville, Nenagh; Tipperary Star, 7 February 1959.
75. NAI, DT 97/9/1273, government policy: letters of advice and criticism, 1957–9; letter from Pádraig Ó Bhrosnaeain to de Valera, 29 July 1958.
76. UCDA, P176/348, meeting of Fianna Fáil national executive, 12 January 1959.
77. Ibid.
78. See ‘The Peter Barry papers’, Magill (June 1980), p. 48.
79. UCDA, P176/769, record of 32nd Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis, 16–17 January 1962.
80. NAI, DFA 305/14/19 D11, letter from Seán Ó Fionn to Lemass, 23 June 1962.
81. NAI, DT S9361 K/62, letter from Rev. P. F. Malone to Lemass, 8 February 1962.
82. Ibid.
83. Bowman, De Valera, p. 287.
84. UCDA, P176/286, letter from MacCarthy to Lemass, 24 January 1957.
85. UCDA, Frank Aiken Papers P104/8812, letter from Lemass to Mr Heaney, 25 November 1961.