The Allies
Page 52
2. Lash, Love, Eleanor; Persico, Franklin and Lucy.
3. Persico, Franklin and Lucy.
4. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Burns, Lion and the Fox.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Hamby, Man of Destiny.
11. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2 (London: Cassell, 1949).
12. Thomas Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall (New York: Morrow, 1989).
13. Ibid.
14. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two Ocean War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963).
15. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, vol. 3 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948).
16. Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: McGraw Hill, 1981).
17. The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Campaign Address at Boston, October 30, 1940.
18. Ibid.
19. Persico, Franklin and Lucy.
20. Ibid.
21. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1970).
22. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
23. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 2.
Chapter Ten
1. Jenkins, Churchill; Johnson, Churchill.
2. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 2.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.; Jenkins, Churchill.
6. Johnson, Churchill.
7. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 2.
8. Warren Kimball, ed. Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol 11 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Count Galeazzo Ciano, Diaries (New York: Simon, 1946).
12. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3 (London: Cassell, 1950).
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
19. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
20. Ibid.
21. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
22. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
Chapter Eleven
1. Radzinsky, Stalin.
2. Svetlana Stalin, Svetlana: The Story of Stalin’s Daughter (New York: New American Library, 1967); Radzinsky, Stalin.
3. Radzinsky, Stalin.
4. Susan Butler, Roosevelt and Stalin: Portrait of a Partnership (New York: Knopf, 2015).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin.
8. Hingley, Joseph Stalin.
9. Ibid.
10. Radzinsky, Stalin.
11. Franz Halder, The Private War Journals of General Franz Halder (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1976).
12. Radzinsky, Stalin.
13. Ibid.
14. Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin.
15. Radzinsky, Stalin.
16. Service, Stalin; Svetlana Stalin, Svetlana; Radzinsky, Stalin.
17. Service, Stalin; Radzinsky, Stalin.
18. Svetlana Stalin, Svetlana.
19. Radzinsky, Stalin; Service, Stalin.
20. Radzinsky, Stalin.
21. Service, Stalin.
22. Radzinsky, Stalin.
23. Ibid.
Chapter Twelve
1. Winston Groom, 1942: The Year That Tried Men’s Souls (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005).
2. Morison, Rising Sun.
3. The American Presidency Project. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Message of Support to the Philippines. December 28, 1941.
4. William Manchester, American Caesar (New York: Little, Brown, 1978).
5. Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: McGraw Hill, 1964).
6. Groom, 1942.
7. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny; Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall.
8. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
9. James Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again (Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 1991).
10. David Kahn, The Code-Breakers: The Story of Secret Writing (New York: Scribner, 1967).
11. Groom, 1942.
12. Ibid.
13. Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa (New York: Holt, 2002).
14. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
15. Toland, Rising Sun.
16. A. A. Vandegrift, Once a Marine (New York: Ballantine, 1964).
17. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
18. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1948).
19. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949).
20. Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss (New York: Scribner, 1949).
21. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
2. Ibid.
3. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
4. Groom, 1942.
5. Winston Churchill, Winston Churchill: His Complete Speeches (New York: Chelsea House, 1974).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
16. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
17. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
18. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
19. Sir Alexander Cadogan, Diaries (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1972).
20. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
21. Jenkins, Churchill.
22. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
23. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3; Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
24. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 3.
25. Ibid.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Georgy Zhukov, The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov (New York: Delacorte, 1971).
2. Hingley, Joseph Stalin.
3. Service, Stalin.
Chapter Fifteen
1. Frank Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
2. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn.
3. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins; Atkinson, An Army at Dawn.
4. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
5. Jenkins, Churchill; Atkinson, An Army at Dawn.
6. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins.
7. Gerald F. Linderman, The World Within War (New York: Free Press 1997).
8. Ernie Pyle, Here Is Your War (New York: Holt, 1943).
9. Winston Groom, The Generals: Patton, MacArthur, Marshall, and the Winning of World War II (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2015).
10. Ibid.
11. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
12. Bohlen, Witness to History.
13. Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1941).
14. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
15. Ibid.
16. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins.
17. Ibid.; Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall.
18. Sir Arthur Bryant quoted in Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall.
19. Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall.
20. Kenneth Davis, Saturday Evening Post, May 13–20, 1944; quoted ibid.
21. Elliott Roosevelt
, As He Saw It.
22. Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin.
23. Hingley, Joseph Stalin.
24. Radzinsky, Stalin.
25. Ibid.
26. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946).
27. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History (New York: Norton, 1973).
28. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It.
29. Ibid.
30. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5 (London: Cassell, 1951).
31. Ibid.
32. Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin.
33. Ibid.
34. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
Chapter Sixteen
1. Charles Wilson (Lord Moran), Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
2. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
3. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 5; Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
4. John “Jock” Colville, The Fringes of Power: Diaries 1935–1955 (New York: Norton, 1985).
5. Jenkins, Churchill; Colville, Fringes of Power.
6. Jenkins, Churchill.
7. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
8. Ibid.
9. Jenkins, Churchill.
10. Groom, The Generals.
11. Alan Brooke, War Diaries (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2001).
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.; Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6 (London: Cassell 1953).
14. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 6.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.; Colville, Fringes of Power; Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
17. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
18. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 6.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
24. Hingley, Joseph Stalin.
25. Ibid.; Churchill, Second World War, vol. 6.
26. Brooke, War Diaries.
27. Martin Blumenson, The Patton Papers 1940–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974).
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Johnson, Churchill.
31. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 6; Soames, Clementine Churchill; Johnson, Churchill.
32. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
Chapter Seventeen
1. USHistory.org. Franklin Roosevelt, “Economic Bill of Rights,” speech, January 11, 1944.
2. Rutherfurd family member Jane Walker Rutherfurd to author.
3. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Harper, 1944).
4. Freidel, A Rendezvous with History.
5. Thomas W. Lippman, “The Day FDR Met Saudi Arabia’s Ibn Saud,” The Link 38, no. 2 (April/May 2005).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., Freidel, A Rendezvous with History.
8. Lippman, “The Day FDR Met Saudi Arabia’s Ibn Saud.”
9. Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year (New York: Morrow, 1974).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.; Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
12. Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny.
13. Bishop, FDR’s Last Year.
14. Radzinsky, Stalin.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Yuri Teplyakov, “Stalin’s War Against His Own Troops,” Journal of Historical Review 14, no. 4 (July/August 1994).
18. Hingley, Joseph Stalin.
19. Ibid.
20. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt, 1962).
21. Radzinsky, Stalin.
22. Service, Stalin.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Churchill, Second World War, vol. 6.
26. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970).
27. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
28. Ibid.
29. Charles Wilson (Lord Moran), Churchill: The Struggle for Survival (New York: Basic Books, 2006).
30. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
31. Johnson, Churchill.
32. Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
33. George Keenan, “Long Telegram,” February 22, 1946 (accessed online at National Security Archive).
34. Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune (New York: HarperCollins, 1969).
35. Jenkins, Churchill.
36. Ibid.
37. Wilson, Struggle for Survival; Manchester, Last Lion, vol. 3.
NOTES ON SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
As I have written in my past three-person histories such as The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight and The Generals: Patton, MacArthur, Marshall, and the Winning of World War II, I am allowed, in a way, to cherry-pick my subjects. One critic held this as a flaw, but in fact it’s delightfully true. If I approached each of these august men in a full-blown biography the books would run three thousand pages or more.
So there. I cherry-pick, which is not to say that I skim; I just don’t have to investigate every orifice, interesting or not, of the characters I write about. I do, however, try studiously to understand their natures, the forces that formed them, and what made them so distinct among men.
In particular, if one wants to fully understand Winston Churchill there are two principal sources to consider. One is the official biography (as it is referred to) of Winston Churchill, consisting of eight volumes with accompanying volumes of the definitive source materials. The first two of these volumes were written by Churchill’s son, Randolph, who died at the age of fifty-seven before the biography was complete. The work was continued by the distinguished historian Martin Gilbert. It is massive, comprehensive, and, if one may say so, decisive.
The second most valuable source is Churchill himself, who wrote dozens of books during his lifetime, many of them autobiographical about his army service in India, the Sudan, and South Africa or memorials, such as his magisterial six-volume history of the Second World War, with himself at the center. It is occasionally, and quite naturally, self-serving but never deceptive or dishonest. It is also highly entertaining.
William Manchester began his authoritative three-volume biography The Last Lion in the 1980s, and there are also fine single-volume biographies by the British historians Roy Jenkins and Paul Johnson, as well as dozens of lesser works, many enumerated in the bibliography.
Roosevelt likewise had a worthy chronicler in the late American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., whom the author counted as a friend. His work consists of a three-volume biography of Roosevelt’s life up to the days before World War II. There are also intimate Roosevelt biographies by James MacGregor Burns and Alonzo Hamby and the very informative Roosevelt and Hopkins by the playwright Robert Sherwood, who served in the Roosevelt administration as a speechwriter during the war. As with Churchill there are scores of more recent and less comprehensive studies of Roosevelt, including books on Roosevelt and Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, and many books on Roosevelt’s wife, Eleanor.
Regarding Stalin, there is less information. In fact, during his thirty-year reign over the former Soviet Union, whatever information existed about Stalin’s life was scrupulously edited by Stalin himself so that there was only one official history—and woe betide anyone who thought otherwise. In 1968, the British historian Robert Conquest published The Great Terror about Stalin’s murder of tens of millions of his fellow citizens—as well as some dozen other books about the Russian communist empire.
Subsequent to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the opening of official files, much has been discovered and brought to light. Biographies of Stalin by Simon Sebag Montefiore on the dictator’s
early life and by Ronald Hingley on his political machinations paint a much more nuanced picture of Stalin’s character, as do biographies from Russian writers Edvard Radzinsky, Vadim Z. Rogovin, and Oleg V. Khlevniuk, who is chief researcher for the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Interesting, but suspect, is a book by Valentin M. Berezhkov, who was Stalin’s longtime interpreter.
As I have in other books, my first acknowledgment is always to remind myself and others how earnestly and deeply I’m indebted to those dogged journalists and historians who have gone before. That said, the brilliant and comforting head and hand of Lisa Thomas, publisher and editorial director of National Geographic Books, has been an ever steady source of encouragement for nearly a decade, and especially for this present work. Likewise, her able deputy editor Hilary Black and senior editorial project manager Allyson Johnson have been invaluable in seeing the project through. And thank you to National Geographic’s photography director Susan Blair, designer Nicole Miller, and cartographer Michael McNey who helped bring these pages to life, as well as to managing editor Jennifer Thornton and senior production editor Judith Klein, who worked tirelessly to get these pages in shape for print.
Andrew Carlson, my dazzling young editor, has once more made his indelible mark by unraveling so many clumsy chunks of my prose that it actually looks like I know what I’m doing. To him I owe a million thanks. And, as always, my enduring gratitude goes to my longtime copy editor Don Kennison who has saved me from myself more times than I care to remember. Finally, I wish to bestow profound gratitude and best wishes upon my very, very longtime research assistant and doer-of-all-other-things, Dr. Wren Murphy, whose retirement is well earned.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ashburn, Frank D. Peabody of Groton: A Portrait. New York: Coward McCann, 1944.
Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
Bishop, Jim. FDR’s Last Year: April 1944–April 1945. New York: Morrow, 1974.
Blumenson, Martin. The Patton Papers 1940–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974.
Bohlen, Charles Eustis. Witness to History: 1929–1969. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973.
Brooke, Alan. War Diaries. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001.
Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox. New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1984 (1956).
Butler, Susan, ed. My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.