Ireland Since 1939
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67. Elliott and Flackes, 580.
68. Bew and Gillespie, 298.
69. The text of the Balmoral speech can be found in Bew, Patterson and Teague, 217–24.
70. Elliott and Flackes, 594.
71. Patterson, 289.
72. Speech to the Irish Association, 2 February 1995, reprinted in Bew, Patterson and Teague, 225–31.
73. Paul Bew, ‘Decommissioning’, in Robin Wilson (ed.), Agreeing to Disagree? A Guide to the Northern Ireland Assembly (Norwich, 2001), 139–42.
74. ‘But is There an Agreement on Northern Ireland?’, Daily Telegraph, 17 April 1998.
75. ‘Reaching an agreement without their presence was extremely difficult, it would have been impossible with them in the room.’ George Mitchell, Making Peace (London, 1999), 110.
76. Bew and Gillespie, 318.
77. ibid., 348.
78. Deaglan de Breadun, The Far Side of Revenge: Making Peace in Northern Ireland (Cork, 2001), 74.
79. ibid. 84–5.
80. Ed Moloney, ‘Triumph and Disaster’, Sunday Tribune, 18 January 1998.
81. Robin Wilson, ‘The Executive Committee’, in Wilson (ed.), Agreeing to Disagree, 76.
82. Thomas Hennessey, The Northern Ireland Peace Process (Dublin, 2000), 169–70.
83. Frank Millar, David Trimble: The Price of Peace (Dublin, 2004), 70.
84. Mitchell McLaughlin in an interview in Parliamentary Brief, May/June 1998, quoted in Hennessey, 171.
85. Richard Sinnott, ‘Historic Day Blemished by Low Poll’, Irish Times, 25 May 1998.
86. Suzanne Breen, ‘United No Parties Set their Sights on Assembly’, Irish Times, 25 May 1998.
87. Tommy McKearney, ‘There is No Support for IRA Physical Force Any More’, Sunday Tribune, 15 August 1999.
88. Paul Bew, ‘Reckoning the Dead’, The Times Literary Supplement, 28 January 2000.
89. ‘Keep IRA on Sidelines, Says Adams’, interview of Adams by Geraldine Kennedy, Irish Times, 20 May 1998.
90. Irish Times, 8 April 1999.
91. Frank Millar, ‘No Way to Soften the Impact of Paisley's Defiant Triumph’, Irish Times, 15 June 1999.
92. Anne Cadwallader, ‘Peace Deal on Its Last Legs, Says IRA’, Ireland on Sunday, 24 December 2000.
93. For a good critique, see Jyrki Ruohomaki's analysis of the election results in a Democratic Dialogue discussion paper: http://www.democratic dialogue.org/working/Elect.htm
94. Jim Cusack, ‘Decommissioning Pace Forced by IRA's Colombian Links’, Irish Times, 27 October 2001.
95. ibid.
96. Millar, David Trimble: The Price of Peace, 183.
97. Godson, 698.
98. Steve Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford, 1994), 37–71.
99. ‘A United Ireland Doesn't Figure’, News Letter, 20 December 2002.
100. Roger MacGinty, ‘Unionist Political Attitudes after the Belfast Agreement’, Irish Political Studies, 19, 1, Summer 2004, 88.
101. Godson, 713.
102. Godson, 732.
103. The full text of the speech is available on Guardian Unlimited/Special Reports: http://www.politics.guardian.co.uk/northernirelandassembly.
104. Paul Bew, ‘Why Agree to Meet When You Know They Won't Show’, Sunday Times, 26 October 2003.
105. Anthony McIntyre, ‘More Spies May Be Lurking in Sinn Féin's Cupboard’, Irish Times, 20 December 2005.
106. Godson, 755.
107. Millar, David Trimble: The Price of Peace, 142.
108. Godson, 788.
109. Godson, 790.
110. Christopher Farrington, ‘The Northern Ireland Assembly Election 2003’, Irish Political Studies, 19, 1, Summer 2004, 85.
111. DUP document of 2000 quoted in Conor McGrath, ‘The Northern Ireland Ministerial Code’, Irish Political Studies, 20, 2, June 2005, 115.
112. Irish Times, 8 January 2005.
113. ‘Robbery is being Used to Kill Peace Process’: Gerry Moriarty interview with Gerry Adams, Irish Times, 14 January 2005.
114. Mark Brennock, ‘Is the Party Over?’ Irish Times, 19 February 2005.
115. ‘A Farewell to Arms’, Sunday Times, 31 July 2005.
116. Both quotes are from the leaders' final election platforms, News Letter, 4 May 2005.
117. ‘IRA Statement’, Irish Times, 29 July 2005.
118. Tom Clonan, ‘General Spoke Volumes about Arms Destruction’, Irish Times, 27 September 2005.
119. Fifth Report of the International Monitoring Commission, 24 May 2005, 13.
120. ‘Questions That Give Rise to Scepticism’, Irish Times, 29 July 2005.
121. ‘Demilitarization’, Irish Times, 2 August 2005.
122. ‘Hain to Address Unionist Concerns’, Irish Times, 19 September 2005.
123. David Trimble, To Raise Up a New Northern Ireland (Belfast, 2001).
Index
abortion: referenda in Ireland, 292–3, 307; restrictions on, 294
Action Plan for National Reconstruction (Fianna Fáil manifesto, 1977), 272
Adams, Gerry: on improved sectarian relations in Belfast, 181; opposes fraternizing with British Army, 217; released from detention, 237; scepticism over ceasefire, 237; imprisoned in Long Kesh, 251; reorganizes Provisionals, 251–2; proposals for politicization of Sinn Féin, 252, 255; rise to power, 252; and fire-bombing of La Mon House Hotel, 255; elected to Westminster Parliament, 256; and Sands's candidacy for election, 256; rejects Anglo-Irish Agreement, 297; Clinton grants visa to visit to USA, 302, 323, 327; popularity, 309–10; and Sinn Féin in South, 311; and Sinn Féin's electoral prospects, 314–15, 341; on political/military stalemate, 315; loses West Belfast seat to Hendron, 321; negotiates with Hume, 321, 323–5; and US support, 324; helps carry IRA bomber's coffin, 325; on Downing Street Declaration, 326; peace strategy, 335–6; regains West Belfast seat, 335; on Army Council of IRA, 337; condemned by Bernadette Sands-McKevitt, 337; status, 341; and arms issue, 342–3; and arrests of Irish republicans in Colombia, 346; Blair praises, 348–9; and liquidation of IRA, 350–51; Trimble shakes hands with, 351; importance in peace process, 352; excluded from US St Patrick's Day celebrations (2005), 354; and raid on Northern Bank, 354; appeals to IRA to abandon violence, 355
Addison, Christopher, 1st Viscount, 114
Aer Lingus, 22, 155
agriculture: unemployment in, 105
Ahern, Bertie: opposes Reynolds's proposed tax amnesty, 301; as leader of Fianna Fáil, 303; attacks Bruton's handling of peace process, 304; forms coalition government with PDs (1997), 304; undamaged by Haughey and Burke corruption, 305; and economic downturn (2001), 306; and abortion referendum, 307–8; 2002 election victory, 308; reputation, 308; on Putnam's analysis, 310–11; socialist claims, 310; opposes coercion of united Ireland, 335; in peace talks with British, 338; in Belfast with Blair for 2004 agreement, 353; dismisses McGuinness's account of Northern Bank raid, 354
Ahern, Desmond, 311
Aiken, Frank, 60–61, 65, 154, 157, 167, 171, 173
Alderdice, John, 338
All-Party Anti-Partition Conference (1949), 296
Allen, Kieran, 159, 286
Alliance Party, 230–32, 240, 242, 346
An Phoblacht, 337
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 31
Andrews, J.L.O., 184, 189
Andrews, John M.: anti-Catholic discrimination, 6, 12; as Minister of Finance, 36; succeeds Craigavon as Prime Minister, 39–40; claims parity of public services with rest of UK, 42–3; resigns (1943), 43; co-founds Ulster Unionist Labour Association, 45; and wartime industrial unrest, 46–77; and wartime employment, 48
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1938), 25–6, 29–30, 50, 53, 80
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985): negotiated and signed, 258–60, 279; and Irish Republic's involvement in governance of North, 297, 334; effect in Northern Ireland, 312–14, 318–19, 321, 329, 332
Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement (1965), 148–9, 173
Anglo-Irish Secretariat, Mar
yfield, 312
Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement (1948), 80–81, 104
Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 1, 16
Anti-Partition League (APL), 95, 130–34, 136
Anti-Tuberculosis League, 89
Apprentice Boys, 202, 211–12
Ardill, Austin, 244
Arms Crisis (1969–70), 172–6, 179,275–7
Armstrong, Sir Robert, 258
Arnold, Bruce, 270
Atkins, Humphrey, 247, 257, 259, 282
Attlee, Clement, 114, 117, 130, 139
B Specials: membership, 3; killed by IRA, 4, 135; disbanded, 177; and Derry violence, 212; Hunt recommends disbandment, 214
Babington, Robert, 181
Baird, Ernest, 245
Ballygawley, County Tyrone: landmine, 316
Ballymurphy: riots (1970), 177
Barbour, John Milne, 36, 39
Bardon, Jonathan, 153
Barnhill, Jack, 236
Barr, Glenn, 242, 244
Barritt, Dennis P. and Charles F. Carter: The Northern Ireland Problem, 181, 183, 192
Bateman, Cecil, 189
Bates, Robert Dawson, 6, 12–13, 36, 46–7
Beattie, Jack, 34, 43, 134
Beattie, William, 244
Beckett, J.C., 182–3
Beef Tribunal (Irish Republic), 302–3
Belfast: manufacturing industry and employment in, 7–10, 12, 44, 128; sectarian violence in, 7, 13, 29, 31, 37, 44, 166, 170, 176, 213, 217; Falls Road disorders, 31, 210; bombed in war, 34, 39–40; Corporation incompetence, 39–40; wartime industrial unrest, 43–6; housing, 129; IRA militancy in, 135; Labour voters in, 142; improved sectarian relations, 181–2; city boundaries extended, 186; anti-RUC riots, 211–12, 215; bombing campaigns in, 218, 237, 320, 324; British Army actions in, 218; IRA suppressed in, 237; DUP successes in, 247; unemployment figures, 253; loyalist violence in (2005), 357
Belfast Agreement see Good Friday Agreement
Belfast Newsletter, 183, 192
Belfast Telegraph, 182–3, 206
Belgrano (Argentinian warship), 283
Bell (journal), 62
Benson Report (1963), 190
Berehaven: as Treaty Port, 25
Berlin Wall: falls, 322
Berry, Peter, 168, 175
Best, William, 236
Bevan, Aneurin, 102–3
Beveridge Report, 42, 49, 71–2, 74–5, 89
Bew, Paul, 349
Birmingham: pub bombed, 249, 318
Black, Sir Harold, 214, 231
Blair, Tony: sets up Saville Inquiry into Bloody Sunday, 222; appoints Mo Mowlam to Northern Ireland, 334; visits to Northern Ireland, 334; negotiates Good Friday Agreement, 338–40; sets deadline for Trimble, 343; Harbour Commissioners’ speech (Belfast, 2002), 348–9; and continuing IRA activities, 350; announces Assembly elections for November 2003, 351; in Belfast with Ahern for 2004 agreement, 353; and IRA decommissioning, 355–6
Blaney, Neil, 167, 169–70, 172–8, 275
Blanshard, Paul: The Irish and Catholic Power, 103
Bleakley, David, 191
Bloody Friday (21 July 1972), 237
Bloody Sunday (30 January 1972), 177, 222–3, 236
Bloomfield, Kenneth, 189, 223, 231–2, 243
Blythe, Ernest, 100–101
Boal, Desmond, 228–9
Bogside, Battle of the (1969), 172, 212, 213
Boland, Frederick H., 33, 60, 100, 102–3
Boland, Gerry, 54, 168
Boland, Kevin, 167, 172–3, 175, 177–8
books: censorship relaxed, 165
Bord Bainne (Irish Milk Marketing Board), 174
Boundary Commission: demise (1925), 16, 27
Boyd, John, 182
Boyne, Battle of the (1690), 8
Bradford, Revd Robert, 257
Bradford, Roy, 232
Brady, Seamus, 174
Brett, Charles, 182, 192
Brighton: Grand Hotel bombed, 259
Britain: free trade agreement with Ireland, 16, 147–50, 167; and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1938), 25; and Irish Treaty Ports, 25; public services improvements, 43; and Irish wartime neutrality, 50, 52–3, 62–3; intelligence cooperation with Ireland, 53, 55; wartime Irish labour in, 56, 62–4, 76, 78; and German invasion threat to Ireland, 57–8; and Irish wartime economy, 63–4; state welfarism, 75, 82, 93, 122; post-war Irish emigration to, 76–7, 104; agricultural imports from Ireland, 80–81; Trade Agreement with Ireland (1948), 80–81, 101; National Health scheme, 95; and Irish External Relations Act, 96–7; anti-Catholicism in, 103; economic support for Northern Ireland, 139–41, 197, 206, 329–30; and European Union, 147–8; economic growth (1959–63), 151; television viewed in Ireland, 165–6; sends troops to Northern Ireland, 212; threatens direct rule in Northern Ireland, 213–14, 219–22, 224–5, 248; introduces direct rule in Northern Ireland, 226; Green Paper on power-sharing (1972), 238; proposed withdrawal from Northern Ireland, 245, 248–9, 268; secret negotiations with Provisional IRA, 248–9; and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 258–60; IRA renews attacks on mainland (1990s), 320, 335; rejects republican demand for united Ireland strategy, 322; see also Coal-Cattle Pact
British Army: confrontation with Catholics, 217; early welcome in North, 217; and Conservative policy, 218; soldiers killed, 220, 249, 258, 315–16, 335; moderation policy, 222; strength in Northern Ireland, 224; targeted by IRA, 228, 250; and ‘Ulsterization’ of security forces, 250; closes down installations in Northern Ireland, 344; demilitarization programme, 357
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): and television in Northern Ireland, 182–3
British Council of Jews, 6
Brooke, General Sir Alan, 38
Brooke, Sir Basil see Brookeborough, 1st Viscount
Brooke, Peter, 318, 320
Brookeborough, Sir Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount: background and career, 10–11; patronizes UPL, 10–11; appeals for wartime cooperation, 37–8, 48; as Minister of Commerce under Andrews, 39; chairs Post-War Planning Committee, 43; premiership, 46–7, 49; and wartime industrial unrest, 46–7; and sectarian grievances, 48, 126; accepts welfare state, 49, 118, 120; and German invasion threat, 59; calls election (1949), 99; and Delargy's view on partition, 104; young government, 110; Chuter-Ede criticizes, 114; relations with British Labour administration, 114; on dominion status for Northern Ireland, 115–16; and financial control in North, 116; accused of political stagnation, 118–19; renounces sectari-anism, 119, 127; tolerates nationalist parades, 122; accused of favouring Catholics, 125; shifts to right, 125–6; and family allowances, 126; and indus-trial development, 129, 138–41; and Irish nationalist hostility, 136–7; exploits British support, 139, 150, 187; ageing and loss of control, 143–5; and unemployment, 143; rejects free trade agreement with South, 155; foresees Catholic membership of Unionist Party, 180; promotes Faulkner, 183; and O'Neill's succession to premier-ship, 185–6; and loss of support to NILP, 187
Browne, Dr Noel, 84, 89–92, 94–5, 266, 281
Bruce, Steve, 347
Bruton, John, 280, 299–300, 303–5, 332
Burke, Ray, 305
Burnside, David, 350
Burntollet Bridge, near Derry, 207
Bush, George W., 346, 354
Butler, Richard Austen, 128; Education Act (1944), 233
Cahill, Joe, 217, 269
Callaghan, James, 205, 208, 212–15, 217–18, 254
Cameron, John, Lord: Commission report (1968), 199, 203, 208, 215
Campaign for Democracy in Ulster (CDU), 196–7, 200
Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ), 195, 197, 200–201
Campbell, J.J., 182, 191
Campbell, T.J., 29, 130
Canary Wharf, London: bombed, 332–3, 335
Capital Grants to Industry Act (Northern Ireland, 1954), 142
Carey, Hugh, 259
Carrington, Peter Carington, 6th Baron, 248
Carron, Owen, 256
‘ Carson Trail’, 248
Carter, Jimmy, 259
Carver
, General Sir Michael, 223
Casement, Sir Roger, 195
Casey, Eamonn, Bishop of Galway, 294
Castlereagh: Special Branch HQ attacked, 348
Catholic Church: dominance and influence in South, 12, 15–16, 20, 102–3, 163–5; and education in Northern Ireland, 27–8, 191; and social welfare in Ireland, 74–5, 83–4; opposes state welfare, 89, 130; and Mother and Child Affair (1951), 91–2, 125; government deference to, 92–5; anti-socialism, 94, 99; and Northern Irish fear of coercion and domination, 101; and North's 1947 Education Act, 120, 123–4; and birth-rate, 126; and grievances in North, 126; and appointments to judiciary in North, 127; republican sympathies, 135–6; and education in South, 163–5; and moral issues, 290–3, 295; and changes promoted by Second Vatican Council, 291; constitutional position in Irish Republic, 291; clerical sex scandals, 294–5; decline in political influence, 295; decline in vocations and ordinations, 295; and abortion referendum, 307
Catholic Social Service Conference, 74
Catholics: political allegiance in Northern Ireland, 2–3; excluded from Northern Ireland employment, 3–4; in RUC, 3–4; disqualified from Northern Ireland Civil Service posts, 6, 12; organizations in Northern Ireland, 28; sense of victimization, 32; Northern attitudes to Second World War, 33, 37; and support for Unionist Party, 180–81; and Northern Ireland higher education, 188; and O'Neill's reluctance to end discrimination against, 191–3, 198; and housing in Northern Ireland, 193–4, 200–201; and civil rights movement, 199–200; middle-class expansion, 199; relations with police in Northern Ireland, 209; attacked by Protestant paramilitaries, 227–8, 333; improved employment prospects, 330; numbers in Northern Ireland, 330, 347
cattle: exports from Irish Republic, 20–21, 77–8, 80
censorship: of books and films, 165
Central Housing Authority, 219
Chamberlain, Neville, 25, 29, 37, 50
Chandos, Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount, 140
Charlemont, James Edward Caulfeild, 8th Viscount, 36
Chastelain, General John de, 344, 351, 356
Chichester-Clark, James: appointed Prime Minister (1969), 209; and Derry riots, 212; accepts army's supremacy in Northern Ireland, 214; and British threat of direct rule, 214; Paisley attacks as Callaghan's poodle, 215; support for, 216; and party opposition to reform, 219; resigns, 220