Ireland Since 1939

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Ireland Since 1939 Page 58

by Henry Patterson


  Childers, Erskine, 157–8

  Churchill, (Sir) Winston: and wartime strikes in Northern Ireland, 46; on denial of Irish Treaty Ports, 56; Brookeborough demands special measures from, 139

  Chuter-Ede, James Chuter Ede, Baron, 114

  civil rights movement (Northern Ireland): beginnings, 159, 171, 193–5, 198–9; criticized as republican, 198–9; mass support for, 199–200; marches and activities, 201–3; and Catholic grievances, 205; and ‘Long March’ from Belfast to Derry, 207–9; and O'Neill's proposed reforms, 207

  Clann na Poblachta: formed, 82–5; election results (1947), 86–7; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; and partition question, 95; and External Relations Act, 96; in inter-party government (1954), 108; and government's fall (1957), 109

  Clann na Talmhan, 21, 73, 75, 87, 92, 108

  Clark, Sir George, 143, 180–81

  Claudia (fishing boat), 269

  Clinton, Bill, 302, 323–4, 327, 333, 336, 339

  Closing the Gap (White Paper), 152

  Cluskey, Frank, 280–81

  Coal-Cattle pact (Ireland-Britain, 1935), 21, 78, 80

  Cobh: as Treaty Port, 25

  Cold War: ends, 322–3

  Cole, John, 260

  Coleraine, County Londonderry, 188

  Colley, George, 167–70, 174, 263, 274–5, 277, 283

  Collins, Michael, 4–5, 16

  Collins, Stephen, 277

  Colombia, 346

  Combined Loyalist Military Command, 333

  Commager, Henry Steele, 62

  Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO), 148

  Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 274–5

  Commonwealth (British): Ireland rejects membership, 96–7

  Commonwealth Labour Party, 49

  Communist Party: and wartime alliance with USSR, 45; in 1945 election, 49; attitudes to Second World War, 64; liquidated in South, 64, 69; MacEntee's campaign against, 69–71; reformed as Irish Workers' League, 94; and post-war economic situation, 106

  Conditions of Employment Act (1936), 22

  Conference of the Religious of Ireland (2004), 310

  Congress of Irish Unions (CIU), 68, 71

  Connolly, James, 19, 21, 24, 82, 269

  Conservative Party (British): relations with Ulster Unionist Party, 196, 218, 247; Conference hotel bombed (Brighton, 1984), 259; unionist sympathy, 318–19

  Constitution Act (Northern Ireland, 1973), 231

  Constitutional Convention, 244–5, 249

  Continuity IRA, 337

  Contraception Action Programme, 291

  Control of Manufacturers Acts (1930s), 81, 106, 112

  Cooney, Patrick, 239

  Copcutt, Geoffrey, 188

  Corish, Brendan, 160–61, 265–6

  Cork: Protestants persecuted, 15; Labour Party weakness in, 23

  Cosgrave, Liam, 175, 239, 265, 268–71

  Cosgrave, William T., 14–16, 60–61

  Costello, Declan, 264–5

  Costello, John A.: as Taoiseach in coali-tion government, 87–8, 92, 96; membership of Knights of St Columbanus, 93; repeals External Relations Act, 96–7; and partition question, 97, 99–100; and 1954 election, 108; and Sweetman's 1956 budget, 108–9; vetoes MacBride's Dáil proposal, 131; as Fine Gael leader in Dáil, 263

  Council of Education, 164

  Council of Ireland: powers transferred to Northern Ireland, 16; proposed, 231, 239–41; Faulkner on powers of, 232; Hume's commitment to, 240

  Cowan, Peadar, 97

  Cowen, Brian, 310

  Cox, Michael, 322

  Craig, Sir James see Craigavon, Sir James Craig, 1st Viscount

  Craig, William: and appointment of O'Neill as Prime Minister, 184; as Minister of Health and Local Government, 189; meets Harold Wilson in London, 197; criticizes NICRA as republican front, 198; defers reform of local government suffrage, 198; bans Apprentice Boys’ parade, 202; defends RUC actions in Derry, 203; obduracy as Minister of Home Affairs, 204, 206; resists changes to franchise, 204–5; condemns civil rights movement, 206; dismissed, 206; expelled from parliamentary party, 219; launches Ulster Vanguard, 225; militancy, 225–6, 228–30; advocates independent Ulster, 226; forms Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party, 230; failure in 1973 election, 232; proposes coalition with SDLP, 244; and working-class support, 244; and Constitutional Convention, 245, 254; expelled from UUUC, 245; Robinson defeats in Westminster general election (1949), 246; Hume's hostility to, 254

  Craigavon, County Armagh, 188–9

  Craigavon, Sir James Craig, 1st Viscount: pacts with Collins (1922), 4–5; policy of religious tolerance, 5, 7; premier-ship and administration, 5, 16, 36–7; and minority representation, 6; and Basil Brooke, 11; Protestant populism, 11–12, 36; and sectarian violence, 13; housing programme, 22; attitudes in Second World War, 33–7; calls general election (1938), 36; health decline, 36; and recruitment in Second World War, 37–8; death, 39; and proposed joint wartime defence against German invasion, 58

  Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (Irish Republic, 1935), 291

  Cronin, Seán, 134–5

  Crosland, Anthony, 217

  Cumann na nGaedheal see Fine Gael

  Currie, Austin, 200–201, 204, 238, 299

  Dáil Éireann: constitutional position, 14–15; and oath of allegiance to British monarch, 15, 18, 20; Committee on the Constitution, 171

  D'Alton, Cardinal John, Archbishop of Armagh, 94, 135

  Davis, Troy, 97

  Day of Action (March 1986), 312

  de Búrca, Máirín, 170

  Delargy, Hugh, 103–4

  DeLorean, John, 253

  Demetrius, Operation (1971), 220

  Democratic Left (party), 300, 303, 305

  Democratic Unionist Party (DUP): founded, 229; joins United Ulster Unionist Council, 241; rise to ascendancy, 244–7; weakened after Anglo-Irish Agreement, 312–13, 329; pact with UUP, 313; and suspension of provisions of Anglo-Irish Agreement, 318; and British economic support for Northern Ireland, 330; in Northern Ireland Forum elections (1996), 333; and Good Friday Agreement, 340–41, 347, 357; in 1998 Assembly election, 345; in 2001 general election, 345; refuses cooperation with Sinn Féin/IRA in Assembly, 345; government office holders, 352–3; success in November 2003 Assembly election, 352; success in 2005 election, 355; negotiates with Sinn Féin, 357; style of government, 357; deals with republicans, 358

  de Rossa, Proinsias, 303

  Derrig, Tom, 85

  Derry: nationalism in, 35; wartime attitudes, 35; housing, 129, 202; industrial development, 129; anti-partition in, 131–2; local government gerrymandering, 132; nationalist parades, 132; army base raided for arms, 133; violence and riots in, 166, 170, 176, 209–10, 211–12, 222; development plan for, 188; civil rights marches in, 202–3, 205; and attack on ‘Long March’, 207; Apprentice Boys march in, 211–12; Provisional IRA's campaign in, 220; RUC patrols in, 220; and Bloody Sunday, 222–3; ‘Young Hooligans’, 222; Hume's influence in, 234

  Derry Citizens' Action Committee, 211, 234

  Derry Citizens' Defence Association (DCDA), 211–12

  Derry Housing Action Committee (DHAC), 202

  Desmond, Barry, 285

  de Valera, Eamon: election victory (1932), 10, 25; and abolition of land annuities, 11, 20; supports IRA, 12, 17; background and career, 17; heads Fianna Fáil, 18–20; outlaws IRA, 20; economic/social programme, 21, 75, 76; on emigration from Ireland, 23; in September 1927 election, 24; and Anglo-Irish relations, 25–6, 29–30; election victory (1938), 26; elected in South Down, 29; and partition question, 29–30, 32, 36, 60, 96, 97, 154; and Irish wartime neutrality, 30, 37, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 63; and nationalist attitude to Second World War, 33; and Irish international status, 50; and Irish food exports to wartime Britain, 51; and IRA's pro-German stance, 53–4; denounced by IRA, 55; and German invasion threat, 57–9; favours Allied victory, 60; and Irish language and culture, 60, 86; condolences on death of Hitler, 62; and Beveridge Report, 71–2, 74; favours economic frugality in 1943 St Patric
k's Day Address, 72–3, 77, 84, 151; and 1943 election, 73–4; industrialization programme, 80; renegotiates agreement with Britain (1947), 80; republicanism, 82; John MacBride on, 83; and Health Bill, 95; overseas tour, 97; MacBride obstructs, 99; election campaign and defeat (1954), 107–8; denounces foreign investment, 109; resumes as Taoiseach (1957), 110; retires (1959), 112, 143, 263; Morrison criticizes, 114; returns to power (1951), 133; introduces internment for IRA activists, 136; attitude to Northern Ireland, 153–4; and party differences, 166–7

  de Valera, Síle, 276

  Devenny, Samuel, 209, 211

  Devlin, Bernadette see McAliskey, Bernadette

  Devlin, Joe: leads Nationalist Party, 2, 28, 31; and Second World War, 27; death, 34, 130, 238

  Devlin, Paddy, 174, 234–6, 238, 240, 254

  Dignan, John, Bishop of Clonfert, 75, 84

  Dillon, James, 57, 59, 61, 89, 167, 263, 265

  Diplock, Kenneth, Baron, 250–51

  Diplock courts, 250

  ‘Direct Action against Drugs’, 333

  Distribution of Industry Act (Northern Ireland, 1945), 138

  divorce: outlawed in Irish Republic, 15, 293–4

  Dodds, Nigel, 345

  Doherty, Paddy, 178

  Doherty, Seán, 283, 298

  Donaldson, Denis, 348, 350

  Donaldson, Jeffrey, 339, 347, 350, 352

  Donegan, Paddy, 270

  Donlon, Seán, 259

  Donnelly, Eamon, 29, 34

  Donoghue, Bernard, 248

  Douglas, William, 182

  Downing Street, London: IRA mortar attack on, 320

  Downing Street Declaration (1993), 302, 324–6

  Dublin: Labour Party weakness in, 23; tuberculosis in, 66; manufacturing concentration in, 163; British Embassy burned after Bloody Sunday, 223; bombs in, 269

  Dublin Trades Council, 68

  Dublin Unemployed Association, 106

  Dukes, Alan, 285, 287

  Dundalk Examiner, 61

  Dungannon Rural District Council, 200–201

  Dungannon Urban District Council, 193–4

  Dungiven, 184

  Dunne, Ben, 276

  Dunphy, Richard, 84

  DuPont (US company), 126

  Durkan, Mark, 352, 355

  Eames, Robert Henry Alexander, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All-Ireland, 324, 330

  Easter Rising (Dublin 1916), 2, 31, 109

  Economic Survey of Northern Ireland (1957), 141

  Education Acts (Northern Ireland): (1930), 28; (1947), 120, 123–4, 181, 234

  EEC see European Union

  Eglinton, County Londonderry, 129

  Éire see Ireland, Republic of

  Éire Nua (document), 251

  Elizabeth II, Queen: coronation (1953), 125

  Emergency see Second World War

  Emergency Powers Bill (Ireland, 1939), 51, 54

  Emergency Provisions Act (1973), 250

  Enniskillen: Remembrance Day bomb (1987), 316–17

  ‘Equality Agenda’, 339

  Ethics in Government Bill (Irish Republic), 300

  European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 147

  European Monetary System, 275

  European Parliament: Paisley elected to, 247; 1979 elections, 275

  European Single Currency, 289

  European Union (European Economic Community): effect on Irish Republic, 147–8, 150; Irish Republic membership, 262–3, 268; Common Agricultural Policy, 274–5; transfer payments to Irish Republic, 288, 300; and Treaty of Nice, 306–7; Irish scepticism on, 307; elections (2004), 309

  Ewart-Biggs, Christopher: assassinated, 270

  External Relations Act (1936): repealed, 96–7, 99

  Falklands War (1982), 258, 279, 283

  Family Allowance Bill (Northern Ireland, 1956), 126

  Family Solidarity (organization), 293

  Fanning, Ronan, 93

  Farrell, Michael, 5, 203, 207, 209

  Farren, Neil, Bishop of Derry, 125, 132

  Faulkner, Brian: condemns BBC for anti-government bias in North, 182; appeal and influence, 183–4; as defender of bourgeoisie, 187; as Minister of Commerce, 189; meets Harold Wilson in London, 197; resists pressure from Harold Wilson, 204–5, 207–8; resigns (1969), 208, 244; on housing needs, 219; introduces internment, 220; succeeds Chichester-Clark as Prime Minister, 220; refuses to bring republicans into government, 221; and Bloody Sunday, 222; summoned to Heath, 223–4; refuses transfer of security powers to London, 226; accepts constitutional White Paper (1973), 230, 232; attempts power-sharing deal with SDLP, 231; cabinet collapses, 231; on powers of Council of Ireland, 232; as Chief in power-sharing Executive, 240; and Sunningdale Conference and Agreement, 240–2; in 1974 general election, 242

  Federation of Irish Industry (FII), 147

  Feeney, Charles, 323

  Fermanagh: unionism, 11

  Fianna Fáil: election victory (1932), 10, 25, 29; dominance, 17–18, 21–2, 30; constitution, organization and aims, 18–19; economic and social project, 20–23; in September 1927 election, 24; election victory (1938), 26, 50; boycotts Stormont, 29; wartime neutrality policy, 30, 50, 57, 59; and Treaty Ports, 50; working-class appeal, 65, 69, 75, 106; election setback (1943), 69, 73–4; and communist conspiracy, 71; loses support in west, 73; agrarian and industrial policies, 80–81; Clann na Poblachta opposes, 82–7; election defeats (1947–8), 82; and ‘red peril’, 93; and partition question, 99, 179; opposes foreign capital, 105; election defeat (1954), 108; derides coalition government, 109; election success (1957), 109–10; as progressive economic force, 151; 1965 election gains, 152; minority government following 1961 election, 152; relations with trade unions, 160; campaign against Labour Party, 162; party factions and dissensions, 166–8; and leadership succession to Lemass, 168; election success (1969), 170, 280; 1971 election results, 178; and SDLP, 235; and post-1970 economy, 263; links with Provisionals, 265; 1973 election results, 266; anti-terrorist legislation, 269; view on contracep-tives, 271, 291; 1977 election victory, 272; by-election losses (1979), 275; 1981 election losses, 280; 1982 election losses, 284; 1987 election failure, 286; in 1989 election, 289; forms coalition with Progressive Democrats, 290; and family-planning legislation, 293; relations with Catholic Church, 295; 1992 election losses, 299; coalition government with Spring's Labour Party, 300–301; and corruption charges, 305; 2002 election success, 308; in European and local elections (2004), 309–10; claims social-democratic image, 310; differences with Fine Gael over national question, 310–11; Adams proposes alliance with, 315

  Fianna Uladh, 133

  films: censorship relaxed, 165

  Fine Gael (earlier Cumann na nGaedheal): and constitution, 14; in election (1923), 17; inadequate party organization, 18–19; in 1938 election, 50; demands for wartime defence, 58–9; election setback (1943), 70; in election (1947), 86–7; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; electoral recovery (1950s), 89; favours co-operation with Britain, 96; and partition question, 98; leads 1954 government, 108; and economic crisis (1956), 109; pact with Labour (1971), 178; Dillon leads, 263–5; and post-1970 economic policy, 263; and Declan Costello's ‘Just Society’ programme, 264–5; coalitions with Labour Party, 265–6, 285; under Liam Cosgrave's leadership, 265; on coali-tion's losing 1977 election, 271; 1971 election victory, 279–80; in 1982 election, 284–5; 1992 election losses, 299; in ‘rainbow coalition’ (1994), 303; 1997 election successes, 304; loses support, 305; 2002 election failure, 308; in local and European elections (2004), 309; differences with Fianna Fáil over national question, 310–11; pre-election pact with Labour (2005), 310

  Finlay, Fergus, 303

  First Programme for Economic Expansion, 150–51, 153

  Fitt, Gerry: and Paddy Kennedy, 174; elected Republican Labour MP, 197, 200; as Nationalist leader, 200; denounces RUC, 201, 203; in Derry protest demonstration, 203–4; Faulkner refuses to serve with, 221; and John Hume, 234–5; career, 235; influence in SDLP, 238; meets Whitelaw, 238; position in power-sharing Exec
utive, 240; opposes 1974 general election, 242; loses support in Belfast, 254; resigns from SDLP, 254; Adams defeats in Westminster election (1983), 256

  FitzGerald, Alexis, 88

  FitzGerald, Garret: report on textile industry, 147–8; on Lynch's handling of Arms Crisis, 176; and proposed power-sharing in Northern Ireland, 239; and Faulkner's acceptance of Council of Ireland, 241; and Thatcher''s policy in Northern Ireland, 258; background, 264; on taxation, 267; attitude to Northern Ireland, 268; as Minister for Foreign Affairs, 268; and police treatment of terrorist suspects, 270; on Haughey's ‘flawed pedigree’, 276; popularity, 279; 1981 election victory, 280, 282; economic policy, 280–2, 285; heads Fine Gael, 280; calls for no-confidence against Haughey's government, 284; heads 1982 coalition government, 285; relations with Dick Spring, 285; supports referendum on abortion, 292; policy on Northern Ireland and nationalism, 295–7; meets Thatcher, 297

  Flags and Emblems Act (Northern Ireland, 1954), 125, 133

  Flinn, Hugo, 71–2

  Flynn, William, 323

  Ford, Major-General Sir Robert, 222

  Forum for Peace and Reconciliation (Irish Republic), 326

  Fox, Billy, 270

  Framework Document (British-Irish document), 328–9, 337–8

  Franco, General Francisco, 123

  Free Presbyterians: support DUP, 246

  Freeland, General Sir Ian, 218

  Friends of Ireland (British Labour Party group), 129

  Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 316

  Gage, Connolly, 184

  Gallagher, Eamonn, 177

  Gallagher, Frank, 84, 100

  Garda Síochána: formed, 14; exchanges intelligence with RUC on IRA, 55

  Garrett, George, 98

  Garvaghy Road see Portadown

  Garvin, Tom, 104, 112, 163

  Gaulle, Charles de, 148

  Germany: and Irish wartime neutrality, 50–52, 60–61; IRA's relations with, 53–4, 57; invasion threat to Ireland, 57–8

  Gibraltar: IRA members killed in, 316

  Girvin, Brian, 88, 104–5, 111

  Glentoran, Daniel Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron, 141

  Glentoran, Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron, 39

  ‘ Golden Circle’, 298

  Gonne, Maud, 83

  Good Friday Agreement (aka Belfast Agreement; 1998), 338–40, 342, 344, 345, 347–9, 357–8

 

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