Goodman, Larry, 298
Gough Army Barracks, Armagh: raided, 133
Goulding, Cathal, 174, 198–9, 211, 216–17, 237
Government of Ireland Act (1920), 1–2, 16, 115–17, 195, 197
Governor-General: status downgraded, 20
Gow, Ian, 312, 320
Graham, Sir Clarence, 180–81
Gransden, Sir Robert, 156
Grant, William, 115
Gray, David, 60, 98
Greacen, Robert, 42
Green Party: opposes Nice Treaty, 307; in 2002 election, 308
Gregory, Tony, 283
Greysteel, County Londonderry: Rising Sun killings, 325
Guildford: pub bombed, 249
Hain, Peter, 357
Haley, Sir William, 182
Hall, Sir Robert: report on unemployment (1962), 144, 155
Hall-Thompson, Colonel Samuel, 123–5
Halligan, Brendan, 161
Harkness, Sir Douglas, 185
Harland and Wolff (Belfast shipyard): employment in, 9, 42, 137, 143; wartime anti-Catholicism, 32; wartime productivity, 41–2, 44; wartime industrial unrest, 46; Lemass encourages Irish shipowners to order from, 155
Harney, Mary, 286, 306
Hartley, Tom, 252
Hartnett, Noel, 84, 90
‘Harvest, Operation’ (1956), 134–5
Haughey, Charles: defeats Conor Cruise O'Brien in Dublin North-east, 163; as Minister for Justice, 167–8; supports Lemass's reforms, 167; character and life-style, 168, 276–8, 280; as potential successor to Lemass, 168–9; supports Lynch in 1969 election, 170; and union with North, 171–4; in Arms Crisis, 174–5, 179, 277; charged and acquitted, 175–6; remains in Fianna Fáil after Arms Crisis, 178–9; meets Thatcher in Dublin summit (1980), 247, 258, 278–9; on taxation policy, 267; in Fianna Fáil's 1977 election campaign, 272; growing popularity, 272–3; succeeds Lynch as Taoiseach (1979), 274, 276; and financial dealings, 276–7, 305; fiscal/economic measures, 277–8, 289, 290, 298; purges critics, 277; policy on Northern Ireland, 278–9, 297; 1981 election and government, 281–3, 314; government falls (1982), 284; in 1987 election, 286, 317; trade union movement supports, 286–7, 289; calls general election (June 1989), 289; embraces traditional moral values, 290; forms coalition with Progressive Democrats, 290; and Family Planning Bill, 291; supports referendum on abortion, 292; and New Ireland Forum, 296; denounces Anglo-Irish Agreement, 297; resigns (1992), 298; dismisses Lenihan, 299; deal with SFWP, 314; Thatcher complains of lack of cooperation from, 318; supports Hume over joint declaration, 323
Haughey, Padraig, 174
Hayes affair (1941), 33
Heads of Agreement (British-Irish document), 337–8
Health (Family Planning) Bill (Irish Republic, 1978), 291
Healy, Cahir, 27–30, 121, 133
Healy, Father Seán, 310
Heath, Edward, 207, 218, 220–26, 240, 242
Heathrow Airport, London: mortared by IRA, 327
Hefferon, Colonel Michael, 174
Hempel, Eduard, 51, 160
Henderson, Tommy, 37
Hendron, Joe, 321
Herrema, Tiede, 269–70
Hewitt, John, 42
Hickerson, John, 98
Higgins, Michael D., 284
Hillery, Patrick, 164–5, 169, 177, 216
Hider, Adolf, 50, 62
Homeless Citizens’ League, 193
Horgan, John, 159
Hospital Sweepstake Fund, 90
‘Houdini, Operation’, 265
housing: in Irish Republic, 22; in Northern Ireland, 121, 129, 188, 193–4, 205, 219; and civil rights campaign, 193–5, 200–201
Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 258
Humanae Vitae (Pope Paul VI's encyclical, 1968), 291
Hume, John: declares end to truce on marching, 208; Faulkner refuses to cooperate with, 221; defeats McAteer in 1960 election, 233; leadership and influence in SDLP, 234–5, 239, 253–4; declares for united Ireland, 236; at Sunningdale Conference, 240; commitment to Council of Ireland, 240; negotiating manner, 240; endeavours to break UWC strike, 243; hostility to Craig, 254; proposals for ‘agreed Ireland’, 254; elected to European Parliament, 255; FitzGerald supports, 268; on agreeing nationalist principles, 296; seeks IRA ceasefire, 302; and Anglo-Irish Agreement, 313–15, 321–2; moves towards engagement with republicans, 314; calls off dialogue with Adams, 317; on killings by RUC, 318; negotiates with Adams, 321, 323–5; reference in TUAS document, 327; denounces Major, 333; insists on republican involvement in settlement, 334; meets rock musicians, 340; retires as SDLP leader, 352
Hunt, Sir John, Baron: report, 214, 217, 219
Hurd, Douglas, 319
Hyde, Douglas, 82
Hyde, Harford Montgomery, 103
Imperial Contribution, 115–16, 140
Independent Unionist Party, 119, 125
Industrial Credit Company, 22
Industrial Development Act (1958), 112
Industrial Development Authority (IDA), 105, 107, 288, 306
Industrial Efficiency Bill (1947), 81, 105
Industries Development Act (Northern Ireland, 1944), 138, 142
Inter-Governmental Council: proposed in Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 260
International Monitoring Commission: Fifth Report (2005), 356
Investment in Education (report, 1965), 164
Ireland Act (British, 1949), 97, 100, 117, 131
Ireland, Republic of (earlier Irish Free State): Catholicism, 12, 15–16, 20, 163; land ownership, 13, 21; Civil War (1922–3), 14; constitution and government (1923), 14–15; boundary with North agreed, 16; commitment to ‘Gaelic Civilization’, 16; Constitution (1937), 20, 241; economic/social reforms, 20–23; employment laws, 22–3; emigration, 23; free exports to Britain, 25; Treaty Ports, 25, 50, 56; neutrality policy, 26, 29, 50–52, 55–7, 59–63, 76; wartime labour migration to North and Britain, 47–9, 56, 63–4, 76, 78; Constitution amended (1939), 51, 96; defence strengthened, 51–2, 57; Nazi presence in, 53; wartime (‘Emergency’) defence and intelligence cooperation with Britain, 53, 55, 58–9; volunteers serve in British services, 56; and German invasion threat, 57–8; wartime economic and social conflicts, 63–7; censorship in, 64–5; cost of living rises in Emergency, 65; rationing during Emergency, 66; tuberculosis mortality, 66; land redistribution, 73, 76–8; agrarian policy, 76–80; post-war emigration to Britain, 76–7, 79, 104; post-war protectionism and isolationism, 76, 81; population changes, 78–91, 109; balance-of-payments deficits, 79, 85, 108; post-war industrialization programme, 79–80; rural demographic situation, 79; agricultural exports to UK, 80–81; Trade Agreement with Britain (1948), 80–81, 104; first presidential election (1945), 82; coalition government (1948–51), 87–9; benefits from Marshall Plan, 89; infant mortality rates, 92; and partition question, 97–101, 103, 131, 146, 171; economic decline (1950s), 104; industrial development, 105–7, 148, 150, 261; unemployment, 105–6, 153, 267, 274–5, 306; foreign capital investment, 107, 109, 111, 147, 150, 261; export taxes lightened, 108–9; import levies, 108; external trade transformed (1960s), 112–13; welfare benefits, 120; and membership of EEC, 147–8, 150, 262–3, 268; free trade agreement with Britain (1965), 148–9, 150, 167; economic expansion programmes, 150–51, 153; manufacturing output increases (1959–72), 150–51; corporatism 151; wage agreements, 151–2, 159–60, 267, 270; industrial unrest, 152; social spending, 152; free trade agreement with North, 155; Censuses: (1946), 101, 125; (1956), 109; (1971), 162, 262; educational policy, 164; lays claim to Northern Ireland, 171; in Arms Crisis, 174–5; and violence in Derry, 211; reaction to Bloody Sunday in Derry, 223; included in Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, 230; cooperation with SDLP, 239; and Sunningdale Agreement, 241; Thatcher seeks cooperation from, 258–9; and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 259–60; agricultural decline after 1970, 261; foreign-owned firms in, 261, 288; post-1970 economic development, 261–2, 266, 273–4; birth-rate, 262; demographic changes post-1970, 262–3; price rises and taxation under National Coa
lition, 267, 272; IRA terrorism in, 269–70; and availability of contraceptives, 271, 291–3; constituency boundaries redrawn, 271; voting age lowered to eighteen, 271; national debt, 274; rural prosperity from EEC Common Agricultural Policy, 274; rural/urban tax differences, 274–5; economic revival and boom (1987–93), 287–8, 298; Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product, 287–8; educated workforce, 288; EU transfer payments, 288, 300; family-planning legislation, 291, 293; increasing secularization, 293; and New Ireland Forum's proposed thirty-two-county state, 296–7; and proposed tax amnesty, 301; Ulsterization of politics, 303; economic affluence under Ahern, 305–6; economic downturn (2001), 306; poverty levels, 306; taxation cuts by McCreevy, 306; constitutional recognition of Northern Ireland, 334, 338; and North-South Ministerial Council, 334
Irish Association, 184
Irish Congress of Trade Unions, 1959 (ICTU), 151–2, 159
Irish Housewives' Association, 85
Irish language: revival, 16–18, 60; compulsory teaching in schools, 102
Irish Marine Service, 51
Irish Medical Association, 92
Irish National Liberation Army, 251–2
Irish News (Catholic newspaper), 33
Irish Press (daily newspaper), 19, 133
Irish Republican Army (IRA): initiates armed struggle (1919), 3; actions against North, 4–5; disregards Craig–Collins pact, 5; de Valera supports, 12, 17; relations with Dáil, 14; plans overthrow of states, 17; growing militancy (1932–4), 19; de Valera outlaws (1936), 20; strengthens in North, 29–31; pro-German sentiments, 30, 53–4, 57; bombing campaign in England (1939), 32, 53–4; wartime disruptions and actions, 33, 47, 52; raids Irish Army's ammunition store, 54; members executed in war, 55; renews campaign (1956), 104; campaign against North (1956–62), 126, 132–6, 196; special powers against, 141; Haughey proposes suppressing, 173; in Arms Crisis, 175; emergence of Provisional IRA, 177–8, 216–17; polarizes rural communities, 183; renewed campaign predicted (1964), 196; membership numbers in Belfast, 199; leadership, 211; and Belfast riots, 211–13, 217; Official-Provisional split, 216–17; Provisional bombing campaign in Belfast, 218, 225, 237; British soldiers killed, 220; campaign in Derry, 220, 222; recruitment boosted by internment, 221; on introduction of direct rule, 226; sectarian killings, 228, 252; talks with Whitelaw, 229; Official-Provisional rivalry, 236, 251–2; killings by Officials, 236; Official ceasefire (1972), 236–7; Provisional ceasefire (1972), 237; Bloody Friday, 237; secret negotiations with British, 248–9; ceasefire (1975), 248–50; further splits and secessions, 251, 337; strategic redirection (‘Long War’) under Adams, 251–2, 315–16; Officials' political success in South, 252; prisoners' protests and hunger strikes, 255–7, 279; activities in Republic, 269–70; ceasefire (1994), 302, 328; killings of police and UDR, 315; receives arms from Libya, 315–16; ‘mistakes’, 316–17; origins of peace process, 320; bombing campaign in early 1990s, 320–21, 324–5, 327; targeted by loyalist paramilitaries, 321; TUAS document 327; Canary Wharf bombing, 332–3; decommissioning issue, 332, 336–7, 339, 341–2, 344–6; kills drug dealers, 333; ceasefire (1997), 335; and peace process, 336–8; punishment attacks, 336, 343; and Good Friday Agreement, 338–40; decommissions weapons, 345–6, 351–2, 355; post-Agreement paramilitary activities, 348, 356; Blair calls for end of activities, 349; penetrated by intelligence agencies, 349–50; liquidation proposed, 350–51; and photographing of decommissioning, 353–4, 356; accused of robbing Northern Bank, 354; criminal and coercive activities, 354, 356; Adams appeals to abandon violence, 355; announces end to armed campaign (2005), 356; and proposed amnesty, 358
Irsh Republican Socialist Party, 251; see also Real IRA
Irish Sugar Company, 22
Irish Times, 109, 181, 216, 294, 310
Irish Tourist Board, 22
Irish Trade Union Congress: supports Fianna Fáil, 22; and union structures, 67; and anti-communism, 70; see also Irish Congress of Trade Unions
Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU), 24, 67–71, 151
Irish Volunteers, 2
Irish Workers’ League, 94
Jackson, Alvin, 82
Jenkins, Roy, 197–8
John XXIII, Pope, 164, 181
John Paul II, Pope: visits Ireland, 292
Johnson, Thomas, 24
Joint Declaration (2003), 350–51
Jones, Greta, 66
Jones, Teddy, 128–9
Kaldor, Nicholas, 72
Kavanagh, Liam, 285
Keating, Justin, 161, 265–6, 269, 271
Keenan, Seán, 178, 211
Kelly, Captain James, 174–5
Kelly, Liam, 133–4, 136, 173
Kemmy, Jim, 281
Kennedy, Edward, 259, 323
Kennedy, Hugh, 174
Kennedy, Liam, 104
Kennedy, Michael Joe, 84
Kennedy-Smith, Jean, 327
Kenny, Enda, 309
Keynes, John Maynard, 9, 72
King, Tom, 317
Knights of St Columbanus, 93
Labour Court: established (1946), 81, 85
Labour Party (British): policy on Northern Ireland, 114–15; pro-nationalist sympathies, 114; on unemployment in Northern Ireland, 128; and Irish partition question, 130; and civil rights movement in Northern Ireland, 195, 196–7; support for left-wing Sinn Féin, 252; under Blair, 334–6
Labour Party (Ireland): rivalry with Fianna Fáil, 18, 22–5, 63, 69; support for, 24, 75; election results, 25, 70, 86–7; and trade unions split, 68–9; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; in inter-party government (1954), 108; electoral strategy and appeal, 161–2; pact with Fine Gael (1971), 178; coalition with Fine Gael (1973), 265–7; in 1977 election, 272; agreement with Fine Gael in 1981 election and government, 280–2; under O'Leary's leadership, 281; in coalition government with Fine Gael (1982), 284–5; loses support, 285–6; 1989 election gains, 289; 1992 election success, 298–300; coalition government with Reynolds's Fianna Fáil, 300–301; and Democratic Left, 300; in ‘rainbow coalition’ (1994), 303; 1997 election losses, 304; Democratic Left merges with, 305; in 2002 election, 308; in European election (2004), 309; Rabbitte leads, 309; pre-election pact with Fine Gael (2005), 310
La Mon House Hotel, County Down: bombed, 255
Land Commission, 21, 77, 84
Land Project, 89
Laneside (house), 249
Larkin, James, 24, 68–9
Late Late Show (TV programme), 166
Lee, J. J., 5, 26, 52, 92, 152–3, 271, 273
Leech, Sir John, 5–6
Lemass, Seán: and constitution of Fianna Fáil, 19; radicalism, 22, 69, 72, 75, 107, 153; and execution of George Plant, 55; wartime economic policy, 63, 65; and trade unions, 67, 107, 151–2, 160, 167; response to Beveridge Report, 72, 75; urges land redistribution, 73, 78; and employment problems, 76, 81; post-war protectionist economic proposals, 81, 113; republicanism, 82; and post-war industrial unrest, 85; implicated in corruption scandal, 86; denounces Mulcahy's coalition suggestion, 87; and Health Bill, 95; industrial policy, 105–7, 111–13, 143, 261, 264; and unemployment, 106; welcomes foreign capital, 107, 109; Keynesian economic policy, 109–11; as de Valera's successor, 110; and Fianna Fáil's 1957 election success, 110; cooperation with Whitaker, 111; elected Taoiseach (1959), 112, 143; and partition question, 146, 155; political and economic changes and aims, 146–7, 149–53; favours membership of EEC, 147, 264; offers free trade agreement with Britain, 147–8, 150; conciliatory policy on Northern Ireland, 153–8, 171, 176, 178, 184, 263; meets O'Neill, 153, 157, 173, 190, 192, 196; accepts Catholic Church pressure, 163–4; and party dissensions, 166–7; wariness of television, 166; and succession question, 168–9; on Dáil Committee on Constitution, 171; retirement, 171
Lenihan, Brian, 165, 167, 273, 299–300
Lenin, Vladimir I.: What is to be Done?, 243
Libya: supplies arms to IRA, 316
linen industry: wartime decline, 41–2; productivity improvements, 137; and credit squeeze, 141; re
dundancies, 143
Little, Dr James, 38
Lloyd George, David, 1, 16
Loans Guarantee Act, 10
Local Government Franchise Act (British), 118
Local Security Force (wartime), 57
Lockwood Committee on Higher Education (Northern Ireland), 188, 190, 191, 193
Logue, Hugh, 241
London: IRA bomb attacks in, 320, 324, 332–3, 335
Londonderry, Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of, 5, 28
Long Kesh see Maze Prison
Lough Swilly: as Treaty Port, 25
Loughmacrory, County Tyrone, 326
Lower Prices Council, 85
Lowry, Sir Robert, 245
Lowry, William, 47
Loyalist Association of Workers (LAW), 229–30, 242
Lynch, Jack: and tariff reductions to northern manufactures, 150; as successor to Lemass, 169–70, 267; and proposed union with Northern Ireland, 171–2, 178; in Arms Crisis, 174–6; and IRA threat, 178; Harold Wilson meets, 197; broadcasts on Derry riots, 212–13; and SDLP, 235; White Paper on membership of EEC, 262; dissolves Dáil (1973), 266; image, 271; 1977 election victory, 272–3; and crisis years of 1980s, 273–4; and economic policy, 275; agrees to British military use of Irish air space, 276; resigns, 276
Lynch, Patrick, 88, 97, 164
Lyons, F. S. L., 62, 120
Maastricht Treaty (1992), 288, 294, 300
McAleese, Mary, 304
McAliskey, Bernadette (née Devlin), 201–2, 255–6
McAteer, Eddie, 131–2, 157–8, 195, 198, 200, 202–3, 233–4
McAuley, Gerald, 213
MacBride, Major John, 83
MacBride, Seán: supports Six Counties Men's Association, 30; heads Clann na Poblachta, 82–4, 87; background, 83; economic ideas, 83; deference to Church, 84, 93; seeks coalition with Mulcahy, 87; supports Costello as Taoiseach, 88–9; and public health, 90; and Noel Browne, 92; supports ban on emigration of young women, 94; and partition question, 95, 97–100; and External Relations Act, 96; foreign trips, 98; rejects membership of NATO, 98–9; engineers government's fall (1957), 109; supports Northern Nationalists, 131; encourages republican militancy, 133
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