Ireland Since 1939

by Henry Patterson

  Goodman, Larry, 298

  Gough Army Barracks, Armagh: raided, 133

  Goulding, Cathal, 174, 198–9, 211, 216–17, 237

  Government of Ireland Act (1920), 1–2, 16, 115–17, 195, 197

  Governor-General: status downgraded, 20

  Gow, Ian, 312, 320

  Graham, Sir Clarence, 180–81

  Gransden, Sir Robert, 156

  Grant, William, 115

  Gray, David, 60, 98

  Greacen, Robert, 42

  Green Party: opposes Nice Treaty, 307; in 2002 election, 308

  Gregory, Tony, 283

  Greysteel, County Londonderry: Rising Sun killings, 325

  Guildford: pub bombed, 249

  Hain, Peter, 357

  Haley, Sir William, 182

  Hall, Sir Robert: report on unemployment (1962), 144, 155

  Hall-Thompson, Colonel Samuel, 123–5

  Halligan, Brendan, 161

  Harkness, Sir Douglas, 185

  Harland and Wolff (Belfast shipyard): employment in, 9, 42, 137, 143; wartime anti-Catholicism, 32; wartime productivity, 41–2, 44; wartime industrial unrest, 46; Lemass encourages Irish shipowners to order from, 155

  Harney, Mary, 286, 306

  Hartley, Tom, 252

  Hartnett, Noel, 84, 90

  ‘Harvest, Operation’ (1956), 134–5

  Haughey, Charles: defeats Conor Cruise O'Brien in Dublin North-east, 163; as Minister for Justice, 167–8; supports Lemass's reforms, 167; character and life-style, 168, 276–8, 280; as potential successor to Lemass, 168–9; supports Lynch in 1969 election, 170; and union with North, 171–4; in Arms Crisis, 174–5, 179, 277; charged and acquitted, 175–6; remains in Fianna Fáil after Arms Crisis, 178–9; meets Thatcher in Dublin summit (1980), 247, 258, 278–9; on taxation policy, 267; in Fianna Fáil's 1977 election campaign, 272; growing popularity, 272–3; succeeds Lynch as Taoiseach (1979), 274, 276; and financial dealings, 276–7, 305; fiscal/economic measures, 277–8, 289, 290, 298; purges critics, 277; policy on Northern Ireland, 278–9, 297; 1981 election and government, 281–3, 314; government falls (1982), 284; in 1987 election, 286, 317; trade union movement supports, 286–7, 289; calls general election (June 1989), 289; embraces traditional moral values, 290; forms coalition with Progressive Democrats, 290; and Family Planning Bill, 291; supports referendum on abortion, 292; and New Ireland Forum, 296; denounces Anglo-Irish Agreement, 297; resigns (1992), 298; dismisses Lenihan, 299; deal with SFWP, 314; Thatcher complains of lack of cooperation from, 318; supports Hume over joint declaration, 323

  Haughey, Padraig, 174

  Hayes affair (1941), 33

  Heads of Agreement (British-Irish document), 337–8

  Health (Family Planning) Bill (Irish Republic, 1978), 291

  Healy, Cahir, 27–30, 121, 133

  Healy, Father Seán, 310

  Heath, Edward, 207, 218, 220–26, 240, 242

  Heathrow Airport, London: mortared by IRA, 327

  Hefferon, Colonel Michael, 174

  Hempel, Eduard, 51, 160

  Henderson, Tommy, 37

  Hendron, Joe, 321

  Herrema, Tiede, 269–70

  Hewitt, John, 42

  Hickerson, John, 98

  Higgins, Michael D., 284

  Hillery, Patrick, 164–5, 169, 177, 216

  Hider, Adolf, 50, 62

  Homeless Citizens’ League, 193

  Horgan, John, 159

  Hospital Sweepstake Fund, 90

  ‘Houdini, Operation’, 265

  housing: in Irish Republic, 22; in Northern Ireland, 121, 129, 188, 193–4, 205, 219; and civil rights campaign, 193–5, 200–201

  Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 258

  Humanae Vitae (Pope Paul VI's encyclical, 1968), 291

  Hume, John: declares end to truce on marching, 208; Faulkner refuses to cooperate with, 221; defeats McAteer in 1960 election, 233; leadership and influence in SDLP, 234–5, 239, 253–4; declares for united Ireland, 236; at Sunningdale Conference, 240; commitment to Council of Ireland, 240; negotiating manner, 240; endeavours to break UWC strike, 243; hostility to Craig, 254; proposals for ‘agreed Ireland’, 254; elected to European Parliament, 255; FitzGerald supports, 268; on agreeing nationalist principles, 296; seeks IRA ceasefire, 302; and Anglo-Irish Agreement, 313–15, 321–2; moves towards engagement with republicans, 314; calls off dialogue with Adams, 317; on killings by RUC, 318; negotiates with Adams, 321, 323–5; reference in TUAS document, 327; denounces Major, 333; insists on republican involvement in settlement, 334; meets rock musicians, 340; retires as SDLP leader, 352

  Hunt, Sir John, Baron: report, 214, 217, 219

  Hurd, Douglas, 319

  Hyde, Douglas, 82

  Hyde, Harford Montgomery, 103

  Imperial Contribution, 115–16, 140

  Independent Unionist Party, 119, 125

  Industrial Credit Company, 22

  Industrial Development Act (1958), 112

  Industrial Development Authority (IDA), 105, 107, 288, 306

  Industrial Efficiency Bill (1947), 81, 105

  Industries Development Act (Northern Ireland, 1944), 138, 142

  Inter-Governmental Council: proposed in Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 260

  International Monitoring Commission: Fifth Report (2005), 356

  Investment in Education (report, 1965), 164

  Ireland Act (British, 1949), 97, 100, 117, 131

  Ireland, Republic of (earlier Irish Free State): Catholicism, 12, 15–16, 20, 163; land ownership, 13, 21; Civil War (1922–3), 14; constitution and government (1923), 14–15; boundary with North agreed, 16; commitment to ‘Gaelic Civilization’, 16; Constitution (1937), 20, 241; economic/social reforms, 20–23; employment laws, 22–3; emigration, 23; free exports to Britain, 25; Treaty Ports, 25, 50, 56; neutrality policy, 26, 29, 50–52, 55–7, 59–63, 76; wartime labour migration to North and Britain, 47–9, 56, 63–4, 76, 78; Constitution amended (1939), 51, 96; defence strengthened, 51–2, 57; Nazi presence in, 53; wartime (‘Emergency’) defence and intelligence cooperation with Britain, 53, 55, 58–9; volunteers serve in British services, 56; and German invasion threat, 57–8; wartime economic and social conflicts, 63–7; censorship in, 64–5; cost of living rises in Emergency, 65; rationing during Emergency, 66; tuberculosis mortality, 66; land redistribution, 73, 76–8; agrarian policy, 76–80; post-war emigration to Britain, 76–7, 79, 104; post-war protectionism and isolationism, 76, 81; population changes, 78–91, 109; balance-of-payments deficits, 79, 85, 108; post-war industrialization programme, 79–80; rural demographic situation, 79; agricultural exports to UK, 80–81; Trade Agreement with Britain (1948), 80–81, 104; first presidential election (1945), 82; coalition government (1948–51), 87–9; benefits from Marshall Plan, 89; infant mortality rates, 92; and partition question, 97–101, 103, 131, 146, 171; economic decline (1950s), 104; industrial development, 105–7, 148, 150, 261; unemployment, 105–6, 153, 267, 274–5, 306; foreign capital investment, 107, 109, 111, 147, 150, 261; export taxes lightened, 108–9; import levies, 108; external trade transformed (1960s), 112–13; welfare benefits, 120; and membership of EEC, 147–8, 150, 262–3, 268; free trade agreement with Britain (1965), 148–9, 150, 167; economic expansion programmes, 150–51, 153; manufacturing output increases (1959–72), 150–51; corporatism 151; wage agreements, 151–2, 159–60, 267, 270; industrial unrest, 152; social spending, 152; free trade agreement with North, 155; Censuses: (1946), 101, 125; (1956), 109; (1971), 162, 262; educational policy, 164; lays claim to Northern Ireland, 171; in Arms Crisis, 174–5; and violence in Derry, 211; reaction to Bloody Sunday in Derry, 223; included in Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, 230; cooperation with SDLP, 239; and Sunningdale Agreement, 241; Thatcher seeks cooperation from, 258–9; and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 259–60; agricultural decline after 1970, 261; foreign-owned firms in, 261, 288; post-1970 economic development, 261–2, 266, 273–4; birth-rate, 262; demographic changes post-1970, 262–3; price rises and taxation under National Coa
lition, 267, 272; IRA terrorism in, 269–70; and availability of contraceptives, 271, 291–3; constituency boundaries redrawn, 271; voting age lowered to eighteen, 271; national debt, 274; rural prosperity from EEC Common Agricultural Policy, 274; rural/urban tax differences, 274–5; economic revival and boom (1987–93), 287–8, 298; Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product, 287–8; educated workforce, 288; EU transfer payments, 288, 300; family-planning legislation, 291, 293; increasing secularization, 293; and New Ireland Forum's proposed thirty-two-county state, 296–7; and proposed tax amnesty, 301; Ulsterization of politics, 303; economic affluence under Ahern, 305–6; economic downturn (2001), 306; poverty levels, 306; taxation cuts by McCreevy, 306; constitutional recognition of Northern Ireland, 334, 338; and North-South Ministerial Council, 334

  Irish Association, 184

  Irish Congress of Trade Unions, 1959 (ICTU), 151–2, 159

  Irish Housewives' Association, 85

  Irish language: revival, 16–18, 60; compulsory teaching in schools, 102

  Irish Marine Service, 51

  Irish Medical Association, 92

  Irish National Liberation Army, 251–2

  Irish News (Catholic newspaper), 33

  Irish Press (daily newspaper), 19, 133

  Irish Republican Army (IRA): initiates armed struggle (1919), 3; actions against North, 4–5; disregards Craig–Collins pact, 5; de Valera supports, 12, 17; relations with Dáil, 14; plans overthrow of states, 17; growing militancy (1932–4), 19; de Valera outlaws (1936), 20; strengthens in North, 29–31; pro-German sentiments, 30, 53–4, 57; bombing campaign in England (1939), 32, 53–4; wartime disruptions and actions, 33, 47, 52; raids Irish Army's ammunition store, 54; members executed in war, 55; renews campaign (1956), 104; campaign against North (1956–62), 126, 132–6, 196; special powers against, 141; Haughey proposes suppressing, 173; in Arms Crisis, 175; emergence of Provisional IRA, 177–8, 216–17; polarizes rural communities, 183; renewed campaign predicted (1964), 196; membership numbers in Belfast, 199; leadership, 211; and Belfast riots, 211–13, 217; Official-Provisional split, 216–17; Provisional bombing campaign in Belfast, 218, 225, 237; British soldiers killed, 220; campaign in Derry, 220, 222; recruitment boosted by internment, 221; on introduction of direct rule, 226; sectarian killings, 228, 252; talks with Whitelaw, 229; Official-Provisional rivalry, 236, 251–2; killings by Officials, 236; Official ceasefire (1972), 236–7; Provisional ceasefire (1972), 237; Bloody Friday, 237; secret negotiations with British, 248–9; ceasefire (1975), 248–50; further splits and secessions, 251, 337; strategic redirection (‘Long War’) under Adams, 251–2, 315–16; Officials' political success in South, 252; prisoners' protests and hunger strikes, 255–7, 279; activities in Republic, 269–70; ceasefire (1994), 302, 328; killings of police and UDR, 315; receives arms from Libya, 315–16; ‘mistakes’, 316–17; origins of peace process, 320; bombing campaign in early 1990s, 320–21, 324–5, 327; targeted by loyalist paramilitaries, 321; TUAS document 327; Canary Wharf bombing, 332–3; decommissioning issue, 332, 336–7, 339, 341–2, 344–6; kills drug dealers, 333; ceasefire (1997), 335; and peace process, 336–8; punishment attacks, 336, 343; and Good Friday Agreement, 338–40; decommissions weapons, 345–6, 351–2, 355; post-Agreement paramilitary activities, 348, 356; Blair calls for end of activities, 349; penetrated by intelligence agencies, 349–50; liquidation proposed, 350–51; and photographing of decommissioning, 353–4, 356; accused of robbing Northern Bank, 354; criminal and coercive activities, 354, 356; Adams appeals to abandon violence, 355; announces end to armed campaign (2005), 356; and proposed amnesty, 358

  Irsh Republican Socialist Party, 251; see also Real IRA

  Irish Sugar Company, 22

  Irish Times, 109, 181, 216, 294, 310

  Irish Tourist Board, 22

  Irish Trade Union Congress: supports Fianna Fáil, 22; and union structures, 67; and anti-communism, 70; see also Irish Congress of Trade Unions

  Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU), 24, 67–71, 151

  Irish Volunteers, 2

  Irish Workers’ League, 94

  Jackson, Alvin, 82

  Jenkins, Roy, 197–8

  John XXIII, Pope, 164, 181

  John Paul II, Pope: visits Ireland, 292

  Johnson, Thomas, 24

  Joint Declaration (2003), 350–51

  Jones, Greta, 66

  Jones, Teddy, 128–9

  Kaldor, Nicholas, 72

  Kavanagh, Liam, 285

  Keating, Justin, 161, 265–6, 269, 271

  Keenan, Seán, 178, 211

  Kelly, Captain James, 174–5

  Kelly, Liam, 133–4, 136, 173

  Kemmy, Jim, 281

  Kennedy, Edward, 259, 323

  Kennedy, Hugh, 174

  Kennedy, Liam, 104

  Kennedy, Michael Joe, 84

  Kennedy-Smith, Jean, 327

  Kenny, Enda, 309

  Keynes, John Maynard, 9, 72

  King, Tom, 317

  Knights of St Columbanus, 93

  Labour Court: established (1946), 81, 85

  Labour Party (British): policy on Northern Ireland, 114–15; pro-nationalist sympathies, 114; on unemployment in Northern Ireland, 128; and Irish partition question, 130; and civil rights movement in Northern Ireland, 195, 196–7; support for left-wing Sinn Féin, 252; under Blair, 334–6

  Labour Party (Ireland): rivalry with Fianna Fáil, 18, 22–5, 63, 69; support for, 24, 75; election results, 25, 70, 86–7; and trade unions split, 68–9; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; in inter-party government (1954), 108; electoral strategy and appeal, 161–2; pact with Fine Gael (1971), 178; coalition with Fine Gael (1973), 265–7; in 1977 election, 272; agreement with Fine Gael in 1981 election and government, 280–2; under O'Leary's leadership, 281; in coalition government with Fine Gael (1982), 284–5; loses support, 285–6; 1989 election gains, 289; 1992 election success, 298–300; coalition government with Reynolds's Fianna Fáil, 300–301; and Democratic Left, 300; in ‘rainbow coalition’ (1994), 303; 1997 election losses, 304; Democratic Left merges with, 305; in 2002 election, 308; in European election (2004), 309; Rabbitte leads, 309; pre-election pact with Fine Gael (2005), 310

  La Mon House Hotel, County Down: bombed, 255

  Land Commission, 21, 77, 84

  Land Project, 89

  Laneside (house), 249

  Larkin, James, 24, 68–9

  Late Late Show (TV programme), 166

  Lee, J. J., 5, 26, 52, 92, 152–3, 271, 273

  Leech, Sir John, 5–6

  Lemass, Seán: and constitution of Fianna Fáil, 19; radicalism, 22, 69, 72, 75, 107, 153; and execution of George Plant, 55; wartime economic policy, 63, 65; and trade unions, 67, 107, 151–2, 160, 167; response to Beveridge Report, 72, 75; urges land redistribution, 73, 78; and employment problems, 76, 81; post-war protectionist economic proposals, 81, 113; republicanism, 82; and post-war industrial unrest, 85; implicated in corruption scandal, 86; denounces Mulcahy's coalition suggestion, 87; and Health Bill, 95; industrial policy, 105–7, 111–13, 143, 261, 264; and unemployment, 106; welcomes foreign capital, 107, 109; Keynesian economic policy, 109–11; as de Valera's successor, 110; and Fianna Fáil's 1957 election success, 110; cooperation with Whitaker, 111; elected Taoiseach (1959), 112, 143; and partition question, 146, 155; political and economic changes and aims, 146–7, 149–53; favours membership of EEC, 147, 264; offers free trade agreement with Britain, 147–8, 150; conciliatory policy on Northern Ireland, 153–8, 171, 176, 178, 184, 263; meets O'Neill, 153, 157, 173, 190, 192, 196; accepts Catholic Church pressure, 163–4; and party dissensions, 166–7; wariness of television, 166; and succession question, 168–9; on Dáil Committee on Constitution, 171; retirement, 171

  Lenihan, Brian, 165, 167, 273, 299–300

  Lenin, Vladimir I.: What is to be Done?, 243

  Libya: supplies arms to IRA, 316

  linen industry: wartime decline, 41–2; productivity improvements, 137; and credit squeeze, 141; re
dundancies, 143

  Little, Dr James, 38

  Lloyd George, David, 1, 16

  Loans Guarantee Act, 10

  Local Government Franchise Act (British), 118

  Local Security Force (wartime), 57

  Lockwood Committee on Higher Education (Northern Ireland), 188, 190, 191, 193

  Logue, Hugh, 241

  London: IRA bomb attacks in, 320, 324, 332–3, 335

  Londonderry, Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of, 5, 28

  Long Kesh see Maze Prison

  Lough Swilly: as Treaty Port, 25

  Loughmacrory, County Tyrone, 326

  Lower Prices Council, 85

  Lowry, Sir Robert, 245

  Lowry, William, 47

  Loyalist Association of Workers (LAW), 229–30, 242

  Lynch, Jack: and tariff reductions to northern manufactures, 150; as successor to Lemass, 169–70, 267; and proposed union with Northern Ireland, 171–2, 178; in Arms Crisis, 174–6; and IRA threat, 178; Harold Wilson meets, 197; broadcasts on Derry riots, 212–13; and SDLP, 235; White Paper on membership of EEC, 262; dissolves Dáil (1973), 266; image, 271; 1977 election victory, 272–3; and crisis years of 1980s, 273–4; and economic policy, 275; agrees to British military use of Irish air space, 276; resigns, 276

  Lynch, Patrick, 88, 97, 164

  Lyons, F. S. L., 62, 120

  Maastricht Treaty (1992), 288, 294, 300

  McAleese, Mary, 304

  McAliskey, Bernadette (née Devlin), 201–2, 255–6

  McAteer, Eddie, 131–2, 157–8, 195, 198, 200, 202–3, 233–4

  McAuley, Gerald, 213

  MacBride, Major John, 83

  MacBride, Seán: supports Six Counties Men's Association, 30; heads Clann na Poblachta, 82–4, 87; background, 83; economic ideas, 83; deference to Church, 84, 93; seeks coalition with Mulcahy, 87; supports Costello as Taoiseach, 88–9; and public health, 90; and Noel Browne, 92; supports ban on emigration of young women, 94; and partition question, 95, 97–100; and External Relations Act, 96; foreign trips, 98; rejects membership of NATO, 98–9; engineers government's fall (1957), 109; supports Northern Nationalists, 131; encourages republican militancy, 133