McCabe, Detective Garda Gerry, 335
McCann, Eamonn, 202, 211, 234
McCartan, Patrick, 82
McCartney, Robert (murdered Catholic), 354–7
McCartney, Robert, QC (leader of UK Unionist Party), 329, 332, 336
McCaughey, Seán, 83
McCluskey, Drs Conn and Patricia, 193, 195, 202
McCoy, W.F., 117–18
McCrea, William, 257, 335
McCreevy, Charlie, 275, 306, 310
MacDonald, Malcolm, 58
McDowell, Michael, 354
MacEntee, Seán: economic conser-atism, 22, 63, 65; criticizes Nationalist Party, 35; warns IRA, 54; succeeds Lemass as Minister for Industry and Commerce, 65; Trade Union Bill (1941), 68; anti-communist campaign, 69–70; opposes Beveridge proposals, 74–5; revises constituency boundaries, 86; and Irish foreign policy, 98; budget,106–7; Lemass removes from office, 110; doubts on Lemass's reforms, 167–8
MacEoin, Seán, 95
McGee case (1973), 271, 291
McGilligan, Patrick, 15, 88, 90, 97, 99
McGrady, Eddie, 355
McGuigan, Brian, 191
McGuinness, Martin: hostility to British rule, 324; wins Mid Ulster seat, 335; as member of Army Council, 337; importance in peace process, 341, 352; and weapons issue, 342; as Minister of Education, 344; Blair praises, 348–9; and liquidation of IRA, 350; blames bank raid crisis on securocrats’, 354; excluded from US St Patrick's Day celebrations (2005), 354; DUP hostility to, 358
McGuire, E. A., 265
McIvor, Basil, 232
McLaughlin, Mitchel, 326
Macmillan, Harold, 147
McMillen, Billy, 211
McNamara, Kevin, Archbishop of Dublin, 293
McNamara, Kevin, MP, 334
McQuade, John, 228, 246
McQuaid, John Charles, Archbishop of Dublin: social reforms, 74; offers to mediate in teachers’ strike (1947), 86; opposes state medical welfare, 89, 92; hostility to Trinity College Dublin, 91; MacBride's deference to, 93, 99; anti-communism, 94; opposes cooperation between National Library and Trinity College, 163–4; reactionary views, 163–4; and survey of attitudes of Dublin Catholics, 163
McQuillan, Jack, 92
MacRory, Cardinal Joseph, Archbishop of Armagh, 12, 27, 33–4, 60
Macrory, Sir Patrick: report (1970), 219
MacSharry, Ray, 283–4, 287
McSparran, James, 131
MacStiofain, Seán, 216, 220, 237–8
Maffey, Sir John, 57, 96–7
Magee College, Derry, 188
Maginess, Brian, 119–20, 122, 125–8, 180, 183–4
Maguire, Frank, 256
Mahr, Adolf, 53
Mair, Peter, 87, 149, 297
Major, John, 302–3, 318, 320, 324–6, 329, 332–3
Malley, Jim, 189
Manchester: IRA bomb in, 335
Mandela, Nelson, 340
Mandelson, Peter, 344
Mansergh, Martin, 300, 315
Mansion House Committee, 100
Marshall Plan (European Recovery Programme), 89, 97
Mason, Roy, 245–7, 251–3
‘Masri affair’, 301
Matthew, Sir Robert: report on Northern Ireland regional development, 186–9
Maudling, Reginald, 218
May Events (France, 1968), 203
Mayhew, Sir Patrick, 317–19
Maze Prison (Long Kesh), 251, 255
Midgley, Harry, 40, 49, 119, 123–4
Millar, Frank, 339
Mindszenty, Cardinal Jószef, 94
Minford, Nathaniel Owens, 119
Mitchell, George, 332–3, 336–8, 343
Molloy, Bobby, 286, 290
Molyneaux, James: role in UUUC, 241; as rival to West, 244, 247; integrationist policy, 247; as UUP leader, 247, 257; negotiations with Callaghan, 254; and Thatcher's policy, 257, 331; scepticism over Anglo-Irish Agreement, 312–13; and North-South relations, 319, 328; and Downing Street Declaration, 324; and unionist aims, 328–9; resigns, 329, 331; disparages Blair-Ahern talks, 338
Moore, Brian, 34
Morrison, Bruce, 323–4
Morrison, Danny, 252, 314
Morrison, Herbert, 29, 46–7, 114
Morrissey, Daniel, 105
Mortished, R. P., 99
Mother and Child Affair (1951), 91–2, 101–2, 125
‘Motorman, Operation’ (1972), 229, 237, 249
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl: assassiated, 277
Mowlam, Marjorie (‘Mo’), 334, 344
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 259
Moynihan, Maurice, 55, 93
Mulcahy, Richard, 87, 96, 263
Mulhern, Francis, 233
Munich Agreement (1938), 50
Murphy, Constable Patrick, 47
Murphy, T. J., 89
National Assistance Board, 191
National Coalition (Republic of Ireland, 1973), 266–4, 271
National Defence Association (Newry), 29
National Democratic Party (NDP), 233
National Development 1977–1980 (White Paper), 273
National Development Fund, 106
National Economic and Social Council (NESC; Irish Republic), 289
National Industrial Economic Council, 151
National Labour Party, 70–71, 86
National League of the North, 27–8
National Observer, 264
National Unity (group), 157, 181, 200, 233
Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland): Catholic constituency, 2, 34; attitude to Second World War, 27, 35; representation at Stormont, 29, 130; class appeal, 34; anti-partition stance, 130; denounces welfare state, 130; weak party organization, 130–31; Lemass criticizes, 157; and civil rights move-ent, 200–202; first policy statement (1964), 200; losses in 1969 election, 233; and SDLP, 233–4; Hume criticizes, 234
Neave, Airey, 247, 257–8
Nelson, Sarah, 244
New Ireland Forum, 258, 296
Newman, Kenneth, 251
Nice, Treaty of: Referendum (2001), 306–8
Nicholson, Cyril, 127
Nixon, J. W., 228
Noonan, Michael, 305, 308
Noraid, 323
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Ireland declines membership, 96–9
North Down (constituency), 329
North-South Ministerial Council, 334
Northern Bank: robbed, 310, 354–7
Northern Ireland: separate parliament and administration, 1; Catholic constituency in, 2–3, 120; anti-Catholic discrimination in, 3–4, 6, 12, 16–17, 25–6, 119, 121–2, 124, 126–7, 195–7; election gerrymandering, 5–6; Protestant dominance in, 7–8, 10, 28, 127–8; low rural living standards, 9; attitudes to Second World War, 27, 33–5, 37–9; education in, 28, 120–21, 125, 164; Stormont boycotted by Nationalists, 29; disputes over right to march, 31; republicanism in, 31–2; wartime recruitment, 37, 56; local councils, 39–40; wartime unemployent, 40–2, 48–9; lacks wartime coordination with British administration, 41; intellectual and ideological revival, 42; Post-War Planning Committee, 43; wartime industrial unrest, 43–7; wartime labour imported from South, 47–9, 56; and post-war election (1945), 49; post-war Irish workers migrate to, 76–7, 117; National Health Service, 95, 120, 130; South's claim to unity with, 95–6, 171, 177; consolidated with Britain by 1949 Ireland Act, 97; and partition question, 97–101, 103, 120, 130–31, 134, 155–6, 171; economic weakness in 1950s, 104–5; proposed dominion status, 115–17; taxation growth, 115; British economic aid for, 116, 139–41, 197, 206, 329–30; welfare services, 116, 120; residency requirements, 118; housing, 121, 188, 193–4, 215; local government, 121–2, 219; IRA's campaign against (1956–62), 126, 132–6; industrial development and changes, 128–9, 137–42; unemployment, 128, 138–9, 141–4, 150, 253; and advantages of Union with Britain, 137; agriculture in, 137; economic structure, 137; birth-rate, 138; Lemass's policy on, 153–7; free trade agreement with South, 155; civil rights move-ent, 159, 171, 193–5, 198, 200–20
3; violence in, 166, 170, 173, 176, 199, 225, 250; and Arms Crisis (1969–70), 175–6; standard of living improve-, 182; Ministry of Development formed, 189; electoral reforms proposed by British Labour governent, 198; franchise reform proposals, 205–9; O'Neill's five-point reforms, 205; British troops sent to, 212; British threaten direct rule, 213–14, 219–22, 224–5; deaths from violence, 220, 225, 230, 249, 315–16, 318, 342; internment introduced, 220–21; British military solution discounted, 224; direct rule introduced (1972), 226, 231, 236; border referendum (1973), 230, 232; Assembly proposed (1973), 231; Assembly election (1973), 232, 238; proposed power-sharing, 239–41; UWC strike (1974), 243–5, 248, 253; effect of economic decline in, 252–3; Conservative Party's decoupling policy, 258; Inter-Governmental Council proposed (1985), 260; and Republic's 1977 election, 272; and New Ireland Forum, 296; and Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 297; IRA renews bombing campaign in (1990s), 320; republican flexibility after Anglo-Irish Agreement, 320; and self-determination vote, 323, 326; and British-Irish Framework Document, 328; Irish Republic's constitutional recognition of, 334, 338; Assembly elections (1998), 341, 345; and prospects of united Ireland, 347–8; state intelligence gathering in, 349–50; police restructuring, 358
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA): formed, 198–9; early ineffectiveness, 200; and demonstrations, 201–2; Craig denounces, 204; declares moratorium on marches (1968), 206–8; and rioting, 210; and Derry demonstrations, 212
Northern Ireland Civil Service: discrimination in, 6, 26
Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals (White Paper, 1973), 230–31
Northern Ireland Development Council, 140
Northern Ireland Forum, 333–4
Northern Ireland Housing Trust, 118, 121, 129, 191, 193
Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP): Nationalist Party defections to, 34; lacks support, 40; on infant mortality rates, 43; wins working-class votes, 49, 130, 142; defeated in 1949 election, 99; and Economic Survey of Northern Ireland, 141; pro-Unionist stance, 141; in 1962 election, 143; criticizes O'Neill, 185, 187; in 1965 election, 191; O'Neill's hostility to, 193; and housing discrimination, 195; SDLP proposes cooperation with, 236; in 1974 election, 242
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 347–8
Northern Ireland Women's Coalition, 334, 346
Northman (literary journal), 42
Norton, William, 25, 61, 70, 87–8, 109, 160
Nugent, Sir Roland, 115
Ó Brádaigh, Ruairí, 216, 237, 248, 314
O'Brien, Conor Cruise: and partition question, 100–101, 131–2; on Nationalist organization, 131; on Northern Nationalists' attitudes, 133, 157; in Irish Labour Party, 161, 163; vision, 239; elected deputy (1969), 265; as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, 266, 270; policy on Northern Ireland, 268–9, 271; on Herrema affair, 269–70; and muzzling of terrorist organizations, 270; defeated in 1977 election, 271; on Fianna Fáil's 1977 election manifesto, 272; on Haughey's ‘GUBU’ epithet, 283
O'Brien, William, 24, 67–70
Observer (newspaper), 313
Ó Conaill, Dáithí, 237
O'Connor, Emmet, 160
Ó Dálaigh, Cearbhall, 270
O'Donnell, Peadar, 31
O'Donoghue, Martin, 273, 277, 282–3
O'Dowd, Niall, 323
O'Duffy, General Eoin, 30
O'Faolain, Sean, 62
Offences against the State Act (Ireland, 1939), 54, 178, 269
Ó Fiaich, Tomás, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All-Ireland, 255
Ó Gráda, Cormac, 104
O'Hanlon, Feargal, 135
O'Higgins, Kevin: dominance, 14–15; assassinated, 18
oil prices, 262, 273–4
O'Kelly, Sean T., 65
O'Kennedy, Michael, 272
O'Leary, Michael, 266, 281, 284
O'Loghlen, P.J.: Minority Report to the Commission of Inquiry into Banking, Currency and Credit, 83
Omagh: Army Barracks attacked (1955), 134; car-bomb attack (1998), 341
O'Malley, Desmond, 177, 277, 282–3, 286, 290, 293, 298
O'Malley, Donogh, 165, 167
O'Malley, Padraig, 247
Ó Moráin, Micheál, 175
O'Neil, Arthur Bruce, 185
O', Terence: criticizes ‘linen lords’, 142; proposes draining and reclaiming Lough Neagh, 143; meets Lemass, 153, 157, 173, 190, 192, 196; and partition question, 156; succeeds Brookeborough as Prime Minister, 184–5; background, 185; economic/social policy and planning, 185–92; and improved relations with South, 190; party opposition to, 190–91; reluctance to moderate discrimination against Catholics, 191–3, 195, 198, 200; Harold Wilson's attitude to, 196–8; Soskice praises, 196; investigates violence (1968), 199, 203; and civil rights protests, 201–2, 204, 207; and PD opposition, 204; five-point reform programme, 205; and proposed franchise reform, 205–8; and party loyalty crisis (1968–9), 206, 208–9; argues against repressive response to demonstrations, 208; calls election (1969), 208; brings in one-man-one-vote (1969), 209; resigns, 209
O'Neill, ‘Tip’ (Thomas Phillip), 259
Opsahl Commission, 330
O'Rahilly, Alfred: The Communist Front and the Attack on Irish Labour, 70
Orange Order: founding, 7–8; links with Unionist Party, 7; weakening influence, 10; processions and celebrations, 13, 120, 122, 125, 184, 304, 331, 357; and education policy, 28; marches halted in war, 34, 123; post-war revival and militancy, 123; and unemployment, 143; refuses Catholic members of Unionist Party, 181; bans on, 184; opposes power-sharing, 241; opposes proposed Action Council strike, 245
Orde, Hugh, 354
Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 112
O'Shiel, Kevin, 77–8
Our Country (film), 90
Paisley, Ian: rise to prominence, 124; Protestant fundamentalism, 125, 180, 228, 247; influence in Orange Order, 181; in 1969 election, 209; attacks Chichester-Clark, 215; support for, 216, 218, 228–31, 246; electoral successes, 218, 228, 246–7; as threat to Ulster Unionists, 228; forms Democratic Unionist Party, 229; and working-class support, 244; forms United Ulster Action Council to oppose direct rule, 245; opposes Thatcher, 248; and Atkins conference, 257; supports Ulster Resistance, 312; pessimism, 328, 332; denounces Molyneaux, 329; clasps hands with Trimble, 331; quits talks with Sinn Féin, 336; and deal with Adams, 352; Ballymena speech demanding humiliation of republicans, 353; condemns peace process, 355
Parachute Regiment: and Bloody Sunday, 222–3; Aldershot officers' mess bombed, 236
Parker, Dehra, 122
Partnership 2000 (1997, Irish Republic), 289
Patten, Chris: policing report (1999), 343–4
Paul VI, Pope, 291
Peace People, 252
Pearl Harbor (1941), 57
People's Democracy (PD; student organization), 203–4, 207, 210
Pius XI, Pope: Quadragesimo Anno (encyclical), 74
Pius XII, Pope, 92
Plant, George, 54–5
‘Pledge, the’ (on 1973 constitutional White Paper), 232
Pollock, Hugh, 10, 36
Portadown: Orange Order march, 304, 331
Porter, Norman, 119, 125
Porter, Robert, 212
Powell, Enoch, 244, 257
Power, Paddy, 283
Presbyterians: in Orange Order, 8
Prevention of Terrorism Act (1975), 250
Price Commission, 81
Princess Victoria (ship): disaster (1943), 144
Prior, James, 257, 283–4
prisoners: paramilitaries granted political status, 250–51; protests, hunger strikes and deaths, 255–7, 279; early release under Good Friday Agreement, 340, 348
Pro-Life Amendment Campaign (PLAC), 292
Programme for Competitiveness and Work (1994–7), 289
Programme for Economic Expansion (White Paper, 1958), 111–12
Programme for Economic and Social Progress (1991–3), 289
Programme for National Recovery, The (government-union concordat),
286, 289
Progressive Democrats (PDs): success in 1987 election, 286; loses support in 1989 election, 289; in coalition with Fianna Fáil, 290; O'Malley leads, 293; withdraw from government (1992), 298; rivalry with Fine Gael, 299; coalition with Ahern, 304; losses in 1997 election, 304; 2002 election gains, 308
Progressive Unionist organization, 36
Progressive Unionist Party (PUP), 333
Protestant Unionist Party, 216, 228–9
Protestants: protected and favoured in Northern Ireland, 7–8, 10, 28, 117, 127–8, 192; leave Irish Free State, 15; decline in numbers in South, 101–2; status in South, 101–2; fundamentalism, 124–6; workers vote Labour in Belfast, 142; safeguards for in prospective union, 177; and housing discrimination, 194; and violence in Northern Ireland, 215; paramilitary groups and activities, 227–8, 243, 246, 252, 313, 333, 345, 357; interned, 230; paramilitaries in Action Council, 245; IRA attacks on, 252, 320; protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement, 312; middle-class prosperity, 329–30; blockade Belfast Catholic primary school, 346; sense of alienation and pessimism, 346–8; population figures, 347
Provisional IRA see Irish Republican Army
Provisional Sinn Féin, 238
Public Health Act (1947), 90, 95
Public Order Bill (Northern Ireland, 1969), 209
Putnam, Robert, 310–11
Pym, Francis, 240–2
Queen's University, Belfast: and civil rights movement, 203
Quigley Report (1976), 253
Quinn, Ruairi, 305, 309
Rabbitte, Pat, 309–10
Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), 165
Re-equipment of Industry Bill (Northern Ireland, 1944), 142
Reagan, Ronald, 259
Real IRA, 337, 341
Redmond, John, 2–3
Rees, Merlyn, 245, 251
Regan, John M., 13
Reid, Father Alec, 315, 356
Reid, John, 348
Reihill, John, 169
Republican Congress, 82
Republican Labour Party (Northern Ireland), 174
Republican Sinn Féin: formed, 314, 337
Restorick, Stephen, 335
Reynolds, Albert: and Lynch's economic policy, 275; on EU financial support, 288; succeeds Haughey as leader of Fianna Fáil, 298; in coalition governent with Spring, 299–302, 304; relations with Spring, 301–3; and Beef Tribunal, 302–3; Northern Ireland policy, 302; resigns leadership of Fianna Fáil, 303; and Downing Street Declaration, 324–6; on Adams's visit to USA, 327; recognizes Adams as international statesman, 327; reference in TUAS document, 327; warns Adams, 328
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