No Enemies, No Hatred

by Liu Xiaobo

  16. The confession of Defendant Liu Xiaobo shows: Liu Xiaobo has confessed that he used computers to write the aforementioned articles and to post them on Internet websites. The confession of Liu Xiaobo and the aforementioned evidence are mutually corroboratory.

  17. A case log supplied by Public Security organs shows: The Public Security Bureau of Beijing City detained Liu Xiaobo at no. 502, Unit One, Building 10, Bank of China apartments, Seven Sages Village, Haidian District, Beijing City on the night of December 8, 2008.

  18. Criminal Verdict IC no. 2373 (1990) of the former Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing City and the Reeducation-Through-Labor Decision JLS no. 3400 (1996) of the Reeducation-Through-Labor Management Committee of the People’s Government of Beijing City show: On January 26, 1991, Liu Xiaobo was exempted from criminal punishment for the crime of counterrevolutionary incitement; on September 26, 1996, he was directed to undergo three years of reeducation-through-labor for disturbing social order.

  19. Material for certifying identity supplied by Public Security organs shows: the name, address, and other aspects of the identity of Defendant Liu Xiaobo.

  Judgment

  It is the judgment of this court that Defendant Liu Xiaobo, with the goal of overthrowing the state power of the People’s Democratic Dictatorship and the socialist system of our country, took advantage of the Internet, with its features of rapid transmission, broad reach, large influence on society, and high degree of public notice, and chose as his means the writing of articles and posting them on the Internet to do slander and to incite others to overthrow state power and the socialist system in our country. His actions have constituted the crime of incitement to subvert state power, have persisted through a long period of time, and show deep subjective malice. The articles that he posted, which spread widely through links, copying, and visits to websites, had a despicable influence. He qualifies as a criminal whose crimes are severe and deserves heavy punishment according to law. The facts adduced by Branch No. 1 of the People’s Procuratorate of Beijing in charging Defendant Liu Xiaobo with the crime of incitement of subversion of state power are clear; its evidence is accurate and ample, and its charges are well founded.

  With regard to the reply offered at trial by Defendant Liu Xiaobo and the defense arguments of his legal counsel, examination has shown that the facts and evidence verified at this trial already prove overwhelmingly that Liu Xiaobo took advantage of the media characteristics of the Internet and used the means of publishing slanderous articles on the Internet to carry out actions of incitement of subversion of the state power and the socialist system of our country. Liu Xiaobo’s actions have exceeded the scope of freedom of speech and constitute crimes. Therefore the aforementioned reply offered at trial by Defendant Liu Xiaobo and defense arguments of his legal counsel both are inadequate and are not accepted by this court.

  Based on the facts, nature, circumstances, and degree of social harm of the crimes of Defendant Liu Xiaobo, this court, in accordance with Section 2 of Article 105, Section 1 of Article 55, Section 1 of Article 56, and Article 64 of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, rules as follows:

  1. The Defendant Liu Xiaobo has committed the crime of incitement to subvert state power and is sentenced to eleven years in prison plus the deprivation of political rights for two years. The prison term is calculated from the day of sentencing. (Days in custody prior to sentencing reduce the sentence by one day for one day, which means the term extends from June 23, 2009, to June 21, 2020.)

  2. The items submitted with this case that Liu Xiaobo used in committing his crimes are confiscated. If the verdict of this court is not accepted, it may be appealed either through this court or by direct application to the High People’s Court of Beijing City within ten days of the day following its receipt. Written appeals should be supplied in one original and two copies.

  Chief Judge: Jia Lianchun

  Associate Judge: Zheng Wenwei

  Associate Judge: Zhai Changxi

  December 25, 2009

  Original text available at http://news.Sina.com.hk.news

  Translated by Perry Link

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  BOOKS BY LIU XIAOBO

  Xuanze de pipan: Yu Li Zehou duihua [Criticizing choice: A dialogue with Li Zehou]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1987. Republished as Xuanze de pipan: Yu sixiangjia Li Zehou duihua [Criticizing choice: A dialogue with the thinker Li Zehou]. Taibei: Taiwan fengyunshidai chubanshe, 1989.

  Shenmei yu ren de ziyou [Aesthetics and human freedom]. Beijing: Beijing shifandaxue chubanshe, 1988. (A published version of Liu’s PhD dissertation.)

  Xingershang xue de miwu [The fog of metaphysics]. Shanghai: Shanghai renminchubanshe, 1989.

  Chishenluoti, zouxiang shangdi [Walking naked toward God]. Changchun: Shidai wenyi chubanshe, 1989.

  Sixiang zhi mi yu renlei zhi meng [The enigma of thought and the dreams of humanity]. Taibei: Taiwan fengyunshidai chubanshe, 1989 and 1990. 2 volumes.

  Zhongguo dangdai zhengzhi yu Zhongguo zhishifenzi [Contemporary Chinese politics and Chinese intellectuals]. Taibei: Tangshan chubanshe, 1990. Translated and published in Japanese as Gendai Chūgoku chishikijin hihan [A critique of contemporary Chinese intellectuals]. Tokyo: Tokuma Bookstore, 1992.

  Mori xingcunzhe de dubai [Monologues of a survivor of doomsday]. Taibei: Shibao wenhua chubanqiye gongsi, 1992.

  Liu Xiaobo Liu Xia shixuan [Selected poems of Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia]. Hong Kong: Xiafeier guoji chubangongsi, 2000.

  Meiren zeng wo menghanyao [A beauty gives me a knockout drug]. Co-authored with Wang Shuo, with Liu Xiaobo writing under the pen name Lao Xia. Wuhan: Changjiang wenyi chubanshe, 2000.

  Xiang liangxin shuohuang de minzu [A nation of people who lie to their consciences]. Taibei: Taiwan jieyou chubanshe, 2002.

  Weilai de ziyou Zhongguo zai minjian [A free China of the future will emerge from the people]. Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation, 2005.

  Danren dujian: Zhongguo minzuzhuyi pipan [Single-edged poison sword: A critique of Chinese nationalism]. Flushing, N.Y.: Broad Press, 2006.

  Daguo chenlun: Xie gei Zhongguo de beiwanglu [The sinking of a great nation: Memorandum for a future China]. Taibei: Yunchen wenhua chubanshe, 2009.

  Niannian liusi: Liu Xiaobo shiji [June Fourth on my mind: A collection of Liu Xiaobo’s poems]. Hong Kong, 2009.

  Liu Xiaobo wenji [Collected essays of Liu Xiaobo]. Edited by Liu Xia, Hu Ping, and Liao Tianqi. Hong Kong: Xinshiji chubanshe, 2010.

  La philosophie du porc et autres essais [Philosophy of the pig and other essays]. Edited by Jean-Philippe Béja. Paris: Gallimard, 2011.

  Zhuiqiu ziyou [Pursuing freedom]. Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation, 2011.

  BOOKS ON LIU XIAOBO AND HIS WORK

  Bei Ling. Der Freiheit geopfert [Surrendering oneself for freedom]. Munich: Riva Verlag, 2011.

  Chen Kuide and Xia Ming, eds. Ziyou jingguan: Liu Xiaobo yu Nobeier heping jiang [A crown of thorns for freedom: Liu Xiaobo and the Nobel Peace Prize]. Hong Kong: Chenzhong shuju, 2010.

  Hong Bin, ed. Liu Xiaobo mianmianguan [The many sides of Liu Xiaobo]. Hong Kong: Posi chubanshe, 2010.

  Li Xiaorong and Zhang Zuhua, eds. Ling-ba xianzhang [Charter 08]. Hong Kong: Kaifang chubanshe, 2009.

  Link, Perry. Liu Xiaobo’s Empty Chair: Chronicling the Reform Movement Beijing Fears Most. New York: New York Review of Books eBook Original, 2011.

  Liu Yanzi, ed. Ten’anmon jiken kara ’08 kenshō e [From the Tiananmen incident to Charter 08]. Tokyo: Fujiwara Bookstore, 2009.

  Miller, Frederic P., Agnes F. Vandome, and John McBrewster, eds. Liu Xiaobo. Beau Bassin, Mauritius: Alphascript, 2010.

  Yu Jie. Liu Xiaobo dabai Hu Jintao [Liu Xiaobo defeats Hu Jintao]. Hong Kong: Chenzhong shuju, 2010.

  Yu Jie. Liu Xiaobo yu Hu Jintao de duizhi: Zhongguo zhengzhi tizhi gaige wei he tingzhi? [A standoff between Liu Xiaobo and Hu Jintao: Why has the reform of China’s political system stagnated?] Hong Ko
ng: Chenzhong shuju, 2009.

  Zheng Wang and Ji Kuai, eds. Liu Xiaobo qiren qishi [Liu Xiaobo: The man and his works]. Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 1989.

  Zhongguo xinxi zhongxin. Ling-ba xianzhang yu Zhongguo biange [Charter 08 and China’s restructuring]. Washington, D.C.: Zhongguo xinxi zhongxin, 2009.

  WEBSITES ON LIU XIAOBO

  http://www.liuxiaobo.eu/

  http://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  I am grateful to Geremie Barmé, Jean-Philippe Béja, Hu Ping, Li Xiaorong, Tienchi Martin-Liao, Joshua Rosensweig, Susan Wilf, and Su Xiaokang for information on Liu Xiaobo, for editorial assistance, and/or for help in solving puzzles in translation. The New York Review of Books kindly granted permission to republish my translation of Charter 08, which originally appeared on its website on December 10, 2008, and in its issue of January 15, 2009 (vol. 56, no. 1). Some of the material in the Introduction appeared in different form in my book, Liu Xiaobo’s Empty Chair, published by New York Review of Books in 2011.

  Perry Link

  INDEX

  Abandoned Capital (Jia Pingwa), 156

  Absolute Secrets (An Dun), 158

  “Aesthetics and Human Freedom” (Liu Xiaobo), xv

  African Americans, 270–273

  “Always Follow the Party” (online game), 183

  American hegemony, 64, 73, 82

  An Dun, 158

  An Ji, 5

  Analects, The (Confucius), 188–194, 198–199

  “Answer, The” (Bei Dao), 41

  Anti-Rightist Campaign, 140, 211, 319; Lin Zhao during, 44, 134; Hibiscus Town and, 153; as human rights disaster, 302, 315

  Anti-Secession Law, 233

  Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign (1983), 152

  Appeal for Justice, An (booklet), 212–213

  April Fifth Movement (1976), 38, 39

  Art, xix, 41, 44–45

  Art of War (Sunzi), 80

  Article 23 (subversion law), 257–258, 260

  Athletes, 251. See also Olympic games; Sports

  Aung Sang Suu Kyi, xiv

  “Authoritarian Patriotism of the Communist Party of China, The” (Liu Xiaobo), 313, 328, 330, 333, 336

  Ba Jin, 137–145; Cultural Revolution and, 137–141; Random Thoughts, 138, 141; Family, 139; Communist Party and, 143; Wen Jiabao and, 143

  Bai Hua, 141

  Bai Juyi, 160

  Baidu, 178, 212, 216–217, 232

  Bakhtin, Mikhail, 185–186

  Bao Zunxin, 206

  Barrel-of-the-gun mentality, 67, 69, 82, 83

  Basic Law, 259

  BBC Chinese web, 328, 329

  Bei Dao, xv, 43, 179; “The Answer,” 41; Stars Exhibition and, 44

  “Beijing Municipal Procedures Concerning the Expropriation and Management of Residences,” 90

  Beijing Normal University: Liu Xiaobo and, xv, xvii, 11, 282, 321; Liu Di and, 183; open letter signatories from, 206

  Beijing Number One Detention Center, xxi, 324

  Beijing Spring, xviii

  Beijing Summit on Chinese-African Cooperation, 234

  Bell, Julian, 171

  Biding time policy, 71–73, 76, 233, 234

  Bin Laden, Osama, 64, 78

  Black curtains, 56

  Black hands, xvii, 9–10, 11, 206, 259

  Black Ice (TV series), 70

  Black kiln child slavery scandal, 94–106; Hu Jintao and, 97, 101, 103–105; Wen Jiabao and, 97, 101, 103–105; government and, 97–106; Internet and, 99, 101, 103, 104; media and, 99, 101, 104–105; Communist Party and, 100–103, 105–106; National People’s Congress and, 102–103

  Blizzard of 2008, 219

  Bloody Case That a Steamed Bun Caused, The (short film), 178

  BMW case, 208–209

  Body banquets, female, 164–165

  Boxers, 66

  Boxun (website), 332

  Brick Kilns Slave Labor Case, 219. See also Black kiln child slavery scandal

  Bricks (radio-recorders), 40

  Bridges of Madison County, The (book), 157

  Brokeback Mountain (film), 178, 235

  Broken shoes, 154–156

  Brown, John, 272

  Buddhism, 262, 273

  Burning of books and live burials of scholars, 199, 211, 318

  Bush, George W., 78, 270, 272

  “Call for the Resignation of the Chief of the Office of Labor and Social Security in Shanxi Province, A” (Wang Quanjie), 98–99

  Candy (Mian Mian), 158–159

  Cao Lei, 251

  Cao Yu, 139, 140

  Capitalism, 225, 227

  Carnivalesque Poetics: A Study of Bakhtin’s Literary Thought (Wang Jian’gang), 185–186

  Cell Phone (film), 163

  Chan, Anson, 260

  Chang, Eileen, 139, 157

  Charter 08, 300–312; Liu Xiaobo and, xiv, xix–xx, 300–301, 310, 313–316, 328–333, 335–336; signatures on, xx; on Internet, 300; fundamental principles of, 303–305; on democracy, 304, 306; recommendations in, 305–310, 316; aftermath of, 310–312; Dalai Lama on, 311–312

  Charter 77, xix, 186, 205, 300

  Chauvinism, 108, 234, 263

  Chen Jianjiao, 104–105

  Chen Kaige, 178

  Chen Lantao, 9

  Chen Shibian, 79

  Chen Yibing, 251

  Chen Yinke, 200

  Chen Yuan, 171

  Chen Zhongshi, 156

  Chen Ziming, 9, 206

  Cheng Ming Monthly, xviii

  Cheng Renxing, 6

  Cheng Yizhong, 209, 217

  Chiang Ching-kuo, 21, 28, 48, 274

  Chiang Kai-shek, 195

  Child slavery scandal, black kiln, 94–106

  China: history of, xv–xvi; Japan’s defeat of, xvi, 62, 66, 301; United States’ relations with, 52–53, 64–68, 77–83, 233–235; ruling all under heaven, 65, 68, 69, 188, 213, 233, 235, 236; Soviet Union’s relations with, 65, 67–68, 77, 80, 233–234; civil war in, 67, 70, 302; Japan’s relationship with, 77, 165–167, 233–234; as patriarchal society, 168, 171; Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE), 191; Western views of, 235–236; rise of, 235–239; victory over Japan, 302

  China Can Say “No” (book), 73

  China Central Television (CCTV): on Muzi Mei, 159–160; Lecture Hall, 188–189; The Rise of the Great Powers, 228–232, 259; on Olympic games, 245–246, 248

  China Economic Times, 87

  China threat, 236

  China Youth Daily, 26, 216, 218n1, 230

  chinanews.com, 99

  Chinese Academy of Sciences, 206

  Chinese culture: Liu Xiaobo on, xv–xvi; Western culture and, 117–127; nationalism and, 118, 121; courses in, 189; frivolity in, 225–226

  “Chinese Declaration of Human Rights, A” (Ren Wanding), 41

  Chinese Democracy Education Foundation, 292, 298

  Chinese Enclosure Movement, 33

  Chinese Human Rights Defenders, 207, 300, 311

  Chinese PEN (writers’ group), xix, 329, 330, 332

  Chinese Politics and China’s Modern Intellectuals (Liu Xiaobo), 117–127

  Chinese pop, 181

  Chinese Revolution, goals of, 66

  Christians, 209–210

  Citizens, engaged, 279

  City Patrol Beating Death Case, 219

  Civic education, 308

  Civil Human Rights Front, 260

  Civil rights movement, in United States, 271–272

  Civil society, 21, 26, 28, 47; Internet’s impact on, 204, 207–209, 215, 218, 220

  Civil war, China’s, 67, 70, 302

  Clash of civilizations between East and West, 71

  Class struggle: violence of, 38; hunger strike agreement on, 278, 280; Mao Zedong on, 323

  Clinton, Bill, 52, 159

  Clinton, Hillary, 271

  Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, 257–258

  Cold humor, 178–180

  Cold War, 25, 67, 68, 77

  Collectiv
ization, 32–33, 35–36

  Columbia University, New York, xvi

  Columbus, Christopher, 272

  Commercial culture, 150, 151, 155, 157

  Communes, 32–33, 38, 88

  Communism: impacts of, xvi; political organization replacing, 21–22; land and, 32–33; in post-totalitarian era, 47, 49–51, 53–56; Deng Xiaoping on, 54

  Communist Party: “Outline of China’s Land Law,” 32; Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee of, 37; purge following Tiananmen Massacre, 49; membership in, 50, 53–55; Seventeenth Congress of, 75; black kiln child slavery scandal and, 100–103, 105–106; Ba Jin and, 143; corruption and, 169, 214–215; governing strategies of, 224–226, 296; Politburo’s study session, 229; on freedom of speech, 318–319

  “Comrade Ba Jin’s Remains Are Cremated in Shanghai, Jia Qinglin and Others Visit the Funeral Home to Pay Respects” (Xinhua News Agency), 138

  Confucian imperial system, 63, 199–200

  Confucius, 188–200; nationalism and, 188; The Analects, 188–194, 198–199; Mao Zedong and, 195–196, 200; May Fourth movement and, 195–196, 200; intellectuals on, 198–200