Renaissance Woman_The Life of Vittoria Colonna
Page 36
For further biography on Galileo, see, among others, William Shea and Mariano Artigas, Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). On the inquisitorial trials of Galileo and their impact, see Maurice Finocchiaro, Retrying Galileo, 1633–1992 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). For the translated text of the church’s injunction against Galileo, see Maurice Finocchiaro, ed., The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
On the Vatican Secret Archives, see Terzo Natalini, The Vatican Secret Archives, trans. Dieter Schlenker, ed. Sergio Pagano (Vatican City: Archivio Segreto Vaticano, 2000).
For a history of the Vatican’s inquisition archive, see William Monter, “The Inquisition,” in Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, ed., A Companion to the Reformation World (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004); Thomas Mayer, The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013); and Ann Jacobson Schutte, “Palazzo del Sant’Uffizio: The Opening of the Roman Inquisition’s Central Archive,” Perspectives on History 37.5 (1999). On Carlo Ginzburg’s appeal to the archive, see among others Cullen Murphy, God’s Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2012), which reconstructs the opening of Ginzburg’s otherwise unpublished and possibly lost letter.
The fruits of Sergio Pagano and Concetta Ranieri’s collaboration are in Nuovi documenti su Vittoria Colonna e Reginald Pole (Vatican City: Archivio Vaticano, 1989).
On Pole’s candidacy for pope, see Thomas Mayer, Reginald Pole: Prince & Prophet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Carnesecchi’s execution is described in Delio Cantimori, “Italy and the Papacy,” in Geoffrey Rudolf Elton, ed., The Reformation: 1520–1559, 2nd ed., vol. 2 of The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957–1979). The inquisition transcriptions are printed in Massimo Firpo and Dario Marcatto, eds., I processi inquisitoriali di Pietro Carnesecchi (1557–1567) (Vatican City: Archivio Segreto Vaticano, 1998–2000). For the transcriptions of Morone’s interrogations, see Massimo Firpo and Dario Marcatto, Il processo inquisitoriale del cardinal Giovanni Morone (Rome: Instituto Storico Italiano per l’Età Moderna e Contemporanea, 1981–1995).
On Marcantonio Colonna at the Battle of Lepanto, see Hugh Bicheno, Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 (London: Cassell, 2003); see also Nicoletta Bazzano, Marco Antonio Colonna (Rome: Salerno, 2003). For depictions of Marcantonio in the literature produced in the wake of the victory at Lepanto, see Elizabeth Wright, Sarah Spence, and Andrew Lemons, eds., The Battle of Lepanto (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2014).
General Reference and Further Bibliography
Dermot Fenlon, Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and the Counter Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
Bernhard Kerber, “Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari,” trans. Renate Franciscono, Art Bulletin 50.1 (1968).
Adriano Prosperi, L’Inquisizione romana: letture e ricerche (Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2003).
Michael Roberts and Ebenezer Rees Thomas, Newton and the Origin of Colours: A Study of One of the Earliest Examples of Scientific Method (London: Bell, 1934).
Christina Strunck, “The Barbarous and Noble Enemy: Pictorial Representations of the Battle of Lepanto,” in James Harper, ed., The Turk and Islam in the Western Eye, 1450–1750: Visual Imagery Before Orientalism (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2011).
Jane Wickersham, Rituals of Prosecution: The Roman Inquisition and the Prosecution of Philo-Protestants in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book could never have been written without the incredible generosity of friends, colleagues, students, and even strangers; what follows is an inevitably incomplete list of the many people to whom I am grateful.
I owe my introduction to Vittoria Colonna to Gerhard Regn at the University of Munich, who first suggested I read her poems when I was finishing my book Posthumous Love (I had never heard of her before). My agent, Jill Kneerim, encouraged me to write Vittoria’s biography, and guided me with terrific devotion through the early steps of imagining and launching the book. Jonathan Galassi has been the finest editor I could have, and has made the book infinitely better. I owe thanks to Carolina Baizan at Farrar, Straus and Giroux for making the editorial process run smoothly, and to Judy Kiviat and Karen Ninnis for their outstanding work proofreading the book.
This book represented a new field for my own writing, and I am indebted to Abigail Brundin, Virginia Cox, Julia Hairston, Serena Sapegno, and Deanna Shemek for welcoming me so warmly into the scholarly world of Renaissance women’s writing; Julia was especially kind in sharing her library with me during my sabbatical in Rome. Kenneth Gouwens has been remarkably generous in helping me navigate the complex world of sixteenth-century Italian history; on the rare occasions when he has not had answers to my questions, he has tracked them down for me himself. Albert Ascoli, P. Renée Baernstein, Leonard Barkan, Shaul Bassi, Ann Blair, Patrizia Cavazzini, Gigliola Fragnito, Marjorie Och, Jonathan Unglaub, Nick Wilding, and the late John Marino have all answered specific questions that I could never have resolved without their help.
Angelo de Gennaro has been my devoted Italian tutor for the past five years, working patiently with me in weekly sessions to decipher Vittoria’s complex letters and poems. Francesco Caruso was an excellent translator of the most obscure Latin letters and documents. Troy Tower has been the finest research assistant imaginable, locating the most difficult texts, reviewing all of my translations and doing additional translations of his own, fact-checking every possible date, name, and event in this book, and working tirelessly over the past year to help bring this project to completion (any mistakes that remain, needless to say, are my own). I also owe thanks to the staff of the Eisenhower and Peabody Libraries at Johns Hopkins for helping Troy in his extensive research.
I am grateful to the directors of the American Academy in Rome, Christopher Celenza and Kimberly Bowes, for sponsoring the conference I organized with Serena Sapegno in the fall of 2014 on Vittoria and her world, and to Andrea Fossà for putting together a magical concert for the opening of that conference at the Palazzo Colonna. I want to thank Jeffrey Knapp at the University of California, Berkeley; Alina Payne at Villa I Tatti in Florence; Yoav Rinon at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shadi Bartsch-Zimmer at the University of Chicago; and Christina Nielsen at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, for inviting me to present parts of this book as lectures.
Most of the research for this book was done in Italy, and I am indebted to the librarians and archivists at the manuscript room of the Vatican Apostolic Library; the Secret Archive of the Vatican; the Archive of the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith; the American Academy in Rome; the Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence; and, above all, the Colonna archive in Subiaco, where I have worked in the most peaceful conditions, interrupted only by the espresso personally delivered to me by one of the monks sometime in the midafternoon. I want to thank the Trappist nuns in Vitorchiano who opened their convent to me for a visit of a few days in the summer of 2015, and especially Suora Gabriella, who made time to have two private conversations with me about monastic life, and Suora Fiat and Suora Maria Panagia, who kindly arranged for my visit. I am also grateful to Brandeis University for supporting my research.
One of the great pleasures of writing this book has been discovering the thick circle of friends that sustained Vittoria throughout her life; this has made me appreciate all the more the wonderful friends who enrich my own. I want to thank Sara Antonelli, Mary Bing, Jeffrey Blanchard, Glenda Carpio, Judith Clark, Sarah Cole, Ophelia Dahl, Barry Fifield, Carmela Vircilio Franklin, Deborah Greenman, Stefanie Heraeus, Bernhard Jussen, Joseph Koerner, Meg Koerner, Jhumpa Lahiri, Blyth Lord, Louis Menand, Paul Morrison, Ashley Pettus, Adam Philips, Rick Rambuss, Kellie Robe
rtson, Catherine Robson, Michal Safdie, Moshe Safdie, Alison Simmons, and Sara St. Antoine, for their precious gift of friendship. I also want to thank my siblings, Hannah Saujet, Jason Targoff, and Joshua Targoff, and my father, Michael Targoff, for their abiding love and support.
My last and greatest debt is to my immediate family. My husband, Stephen Greenblatt, has shown me what it means to speak to the larger world about the past, and to make that past matter. He has been my best interlocutor, and my most loving companion. My son, Harry, keeps me engaged in the present, and fills my daily life with joy. I am deeply grateful to them both (along with our beloved dog, Marcus) for making our home such a happy one.
I dedicate this book to my mother, Cheri Kamen Targoff, who is my real-life example of an extraordinary woman. She has been by my side from the very beginning, and has inspired me in ways far too numerous to list here.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abruzzo
Accolti, Benedetto
Aguilar, Marquis of (Don Juan Fernandez Manrique II de Lara)
Alcionio, Pietro
Alessandro, Lord of Pesaro
Alexander VI, Pope
Alfonso II, King of Naples
Alicarnasso, Filonico
Amante, Bruto
Anne of Brittany
Appiani, Beatrice
Aquinas, Thomas
Aquino
Aretino, Pietro
Ariosto, Ludovico; Orlando furioso
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Ascham, Roger, The Schoolmaster
Assisi
Astuna
Attendolo, Muzio
Bagni di Lucca
Barbarossa, il (Khair ad-dīn)
baroni
Becket, Thomas
Bellini, Giovanni
Bembo, Pietro; Discussions of the Vernacular Language; Vittoria and
Benedetto of Mantua
Benedict, Saint
Benedictine order
Benedict XVI, Pope
Beneficio di Cristo
Benevento
Bible; Hebrew; vernacular
Biblioteca Estense, Modena
Black Bands (Bande Nere)
blason
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Boleyn, Anne
Bonfire of the Vanities
Bonorio, Lorenzo
Borgia, Cesare
Borgia, Lucrezia
Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope
Botticelli, Sandro
Bourbon, Duke of (Charles III)
Brisegna, Isabella
Britonio, Girolamo; The Sun’s Jealousy
Brucioli, Antonio
Bruni, Leonardo
Brutus, Marcus
Bucer, Martin
Bullinger, Heinrich
Burckhardt, Jacob
Caetani family
Calvin, John; The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Campagna
Campiglia, Maddalena; Fiori
Canossa, Count Lodovico
Capanio
Capuchins
Carabotti, Santuccia
Caracalla, Emperor
Carafa, Carlo
Carafa, Gian Pietro, see Paul IV, Pope
Carmelites
Carnesecchi, Pietro
Carpi
Cassino
Castel Capuano
Castelli Romani
Castello d’Ischia (Aragonese Castle)
Castel Sant’Angelo
Castiglione, Baldassare; The Courtier
Catarino, Ambrogio; Speculum haereticorum
Catherine of Alexandria
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Siena, Saint; The Book of Divine Doctrine
Catholicism; Inquisition
Catullus
Cavalieri, Tommaso de’
Cervini, Marcello
Cesarini, Giulia Colonna
Charles, Duke d’Alencon
Charles I, King of Spain
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; Sack of Rome
Charles VIII, King of France
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chiara di Favarone de Offreduccio
Chiari, Giuseppe Bartolomeo
Cibo, Caterina
Cincio, Giuseppe
Clare, Saint
Clement VII, Pope; Sack of Rome and; Vittoria and
clothing; of nuns; wedding; of widows
Clouet, Jean, portrait of Renée of France
Colonna, Ascanio; in exile; Salt War and; Vittoria’s death and
Colonna, Cardinal Giacomo
Colonna, Cardinal Girolamo I
Colonna, Caterina
Colonna, Fabrizio (father of Vittoria)
Colonna, Fabrizio (son of Ascanio, nephew of Vittoria)
Colonna, Federico
Colonna, Isabella
Colonna, Livia
Colonna, Marcantonio
Colonna, Marcantonio II
Colonna, Marzio
Colonna, Oddone, see Martin V, Pope
Colonna, Ottaviano
Colonna, Pompeo
Colonna, Prospero
Colonna, Vespasiano
Colonna, Vittoria; birth of; burial of; childhood of; childlessness of; death of; dowry of; fame of; in Ferrara; health problems of; inquisitorial file on; last writings; letters to Ascanio; letters to Michelangelo; life at Ischia castle; Magdalene paintings and drawings owned by; marriage to Ferrante; medal of; Michelangelo and; Michelangelo’s drawings for; paintings of; physical appearance of; pilgrimage to Holy Land desired by; as a poet; Pole and; Protestant leanings of; religious views of; reluctance to remarry; Salt War and; at Sant’Anna in Rome; in Viterbo; wealth of; wedding of; wedding contract of; widowhood; will and estate of; see also poetry by Vittoria Colonna
Colonna, Vittoria (niece of Vittoria)
Colonna archive
Colonna family; Salt War and
Condivi, Ascanio
condottieri
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Constantine, Emperor
Contarini, Francesco
Contarini, Gasparo
convents; clothing; daily life in; dowry; food and fasting; prayers; see also specific convents
Cornillau, Jean
Corsi, Pietro
Corso, Rinaldo
Council of Ten
Council of Trent
Counter-Reformation
courts, Renaissance; entertainment; Ferrara; life at; servants at; Urbino
Cromwell, Thomas
da Ceri, Renzi
damnatio memoriae
dance
Dante
d’Aquino, Antonella
d’Aragona, Alfonso
d’Aragona, Camillo Marzano
d’Aragona, Giovanna
d’Aragona, Isabella
d’Aragona, Tullia
d’Arezzo, Guittone
d’Armagnac, Georges
da Salerno, Girolamo Ramarino
d’Avalos, Alfonso
d’Avalos, Costanza
d’Avalos, Ferrante I; death of; funeral and tomb of; infidelity of; Machiavellian character of; marriage to Vittoria; medal of; military service; Vittoria’s sonnets to; wedding of
d’Avalos, Iñigo II
d’Avalos family
de Cardona, Don Ramón
dell’Abate, Nicolò, portrait of Ercole II d’Este
dell’Altissimo, Cristofano, portrait of Giulia Gonzaga
della Rovere, Francesco
della Torre, Francesco
della Valle, Cardinal Andrea
del Piombo, Sebastiano
de Requesens, Isabel
de’ Rossi, Brunamonte
Diet of Regensburg
Diotima
Domenichi, Lodovico
Dominicans
Domus Aurea
Donne, John
dowries; conventual
du Bellay, Jean
Ecclesia Viterbiensis
Edward IV, King of England
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
England; literacy; publishing
Equicola, Mario
Erasmus, Desiderius
Ercolani, Iacopo
Este, Alberto V d’
Este, Alfonso I d’
Este, Anna d’
Este, Borso d’
Este, Ercole I d’
Este, Ercole II d’
Este, Ippolito d’
Este, Isabella d’
Este, Niccolò III d’
Este family
Eucharist
Exeter Conspiracy
Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope
Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro
Farnese, Giulia
Farnese, Ottavio
Farnese, Pier Luigi
Farnese, Vittoria
Farnese family
Fascism
fasting
Fattucci, Giovan Francesco
Ferdinand I, King of Naples
Ferdinand II, King of Naples
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples
Ferrara; Vittoria in
feudalism
Ficino, Marsilio
Flaminio, Marcantonio
Florence
Florentine Academy
Fondi
food; in convents; of friars; Salt War and; on ships; wedding
Fracastoro, Girolamo
France; poetry; Protestantism; wars with Italy
Francis, Saint
Franciscans; Conventual; Observant
Francis I, King of France
Frangipane family
Fregoso, Federico