Piribebuy, 202
Pitt, William, 83
Pittsburgh, 222
Plata River: see River Plata
Platte River, 165
Playitas, 239
Plutarch, 82
Podesta brothers, 226
Foe, Edgar Allan, 168
Point-à-Pitre, 92
Polk, James K., 161
Pomacanchi, 52
Pomaire, 116
Ponchielle, Amilcare, 245
Ponsonby, John, 139
Port-au-Prince, 114, 216, 242
Portugal and the Portuguese, 4, 6, 20, 30, 34, 35, 70–71, 74–75, 98
Posada, José Guadalupe, 254–55
Potosí, 6, 13, 14, 18–19, 51, 70, 119, 128
Potosí, La Paz, and Peruvian Mining Association, 129
Pouchot (Frenchman), 16
Prestán, Pedro, 226
Progress, 257
Prosser, Gabriel, 192
Puerto Rico, 249, 250
Pumacahua, Chief, 56
Puno, 15
Purísima del Rincón, 236
the Puritans, 48
Quao, Chief, 23
Quarrell, William Dawes, 78–79
Quatro Vintens ravines, 12
Quebec, 15, 36
Quentas Zayas, Augustín de las, 86
Querétaro, 198, 199
Quesintuu (mermaid), 15
Quetzalcoatl (god), 96
Quillota, 109
Quiroga, Facundo, 150
Quispe Tito, Diego, 13–14
Quito, 77, 78, 99, 117, 124
Rabelais, François, 15
Raleigh, Walter, 4
Ramírez, Francisco, 121
Ramirez, Pancho, 150
Rancagua, 116
Rapid City, 251
Raynal, Guillaume, 40, 51
Regeneration (newspaper), 256
Reinaga, Julián, 113
Revillagigedo, viceroy, 94
Revue des Deux Mondes (newspaper), 149
Rhode Island, 46
Rimac River, 125
Rio de Janeiro, 18, 30–31, 74, 75, 98, 116, 120, 124, 137, 140, 193, 205, 247, 253
Rivadavia, Bernardino, 111, 112, 132–33
Rivera, Fructuoso, 120–21, 144
Rivera, Juan de Mata, 215
River Plata, 20, 85, 98, 110, 132, 140, 149, 169, 229, 231
River Plate Mining Association, 132
Roberto (monk), 6
Robertson, John and William, 110
Robespierre, Maximilien, 76, 83
Robinson, Simón: see Rodríguez, Simón
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 7–8, 82
Roca, Julio Argentino, 216
Rockefeller, John D., 221–22
Rodríguez, Manuel, 116
Rodríguez, Simón, 81–82, 130–32, 153, 172–73, 177
Rodríguez Boves, José Tomás, 107–8
Rodríguez de Francia, Gaspar, 136–37, 193
Rogers, Captain, 7
Rome, 251, 252
Roosevelt, Teddy, 248–49
Rosario, Marcos del, 239–41
Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 149, 160, 163, 169, 194
Rossini, Gioacchino, 140
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 40, 82, 102
Russwurm, John, 192
Ruyloba, José Mariano, 127
Saavedra, Comelio, 102
Sáenz, Manuela, 117, 124–25, 134–35, 176–77
Sáenz, Simón, 117
Saint Basil’s Refuge, 10
Saint John’s, 22
Saint Joseph, 220
Saint Lawrence River, 15
Saint Louis, 252, 253
Saint Petersburg, 84
Salinas Valley, 3
Samoa, 250
San Andrés Itzapan, 43
San Benito, 257
San Borja, 182
Sánchez, Juana, 197, 208–9
San Cristóbal de Las Casas, 200
San Cristóbal Ecatepec, 108
Sandino, Augusto César, 241–42
San Felipe, 106
San Fernando, 116
San Fernando de Apure, 119
San Francisco, 166, 168, 169
San Francisco monastery, 30
Sangarara, 51, 52
San Jacinto, 146–47
San Jacinto convent, 106–7
San Javier mission, 33
San Jose, 158, 194, 237
San Juan hill, 248, 249
San Luis Conzaga mission, 35
San Martín, José de, 122–23
San Martin family, 112
San Mateo, 81, 107, 108
San Mateo Huitzilopochco, 43
San Miguel, 115
San Pablo, 115
San Pedro, 62
Sans-Souci, castle of, 114
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 146–47, 158–60, 184, 214
Santa Catalina convent, 117
Santa Cruz, Francisco, 56
Santa Cruz y Espejo, Francisco Javier Eugenio de, 76–77
Sante Fe, 119
Sante Fe, Alberto, 215
Santa Lucía hill, 115
Santa María, 258
Santa Marta, 11
Santander, Francisco de Paula, 129, 134
Santa Rosa de Lampa, 58
Santa Teresa convent, 157
Santiago de Chile, 115, 116, 141, 142, 174, 223, 233
Santo Domingo, 76–77
Santos Vargas, José, 113
San Vicente, 143
São Jose del Rei, 18
São Paulo, 206, 246
São Paulo University, 207
São Salvador de Bahia, 4, 6, 28, 29–30, 31, 80
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 162, 169, 193, 194, 204, 235
Sarratea, Manuel de, 111
Saynday, Old Uncle, 165–66
Scott, Mount, 211
Seattle, Chief, 178–79
Sebastian, king of Portugal, 238
Segovia, Refugio, 237
Selkirk, Alexander, 7, 24
Servando, Fray, 96–97
Sery (slave), 8
Seville, 96
Shafter, William, 247
Shangó (god), 33
Sheridan, Philip, 211
Sicuani, 65
Sierra Gorda, 215
Sierra Leone River, 25
Sierra Nevada, 11
Sierra of Veracuz, 62
Silva, Chica da, 31–32
Silva, José Asunción, 243–44
Silva, Pedro da, 15
Silva Xavier, Joaquim Jose da (“tooth-puller”), 75–76
Sioux Indians, 212, 222, 232–33, 251
Siquiera, Jacinta de, 12
Sisa, Bartolina, 63, 64
Sitting Bull, Chief, 212, 222–23
The Slaughterhouse (Echeverría), 149–50
The Social Contract (Rousseau), 102
The Socialist (newspaper), 215
Socorro, 53–54, 64
Solano López, Francisco, 193, 203
Sorocaba monastery, 6
South American Journal (newspaper), 233–34
South Carolina, 46
Souza, Tomás de, 12
Sowersby, Lieutenant Colonel, 127
Spain and the Spaniards, 4, 9, 24, 32, 34, 58, 94, 96, 108, 109, 114, 125, 127, 161, 187, 247–48, 249
Standard Oil, 221
Statue of Liberty, 250
Stephens, John Lloyd, 151
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 192
Strangford, Lord, 111
Strauss, Levi, 168
Sucre, Antonio José de, 127, 128, 131, 138
Surinam, 8, 40, 45
Tabi, 258
Tacuabé (Indian warrior), 144
Támara. 54
Tameme Indians, 86–87
Tampa, 239
Tarabuco, 113
Tarapacá desert, 218, 223, 227
Tarascan Indians, 201
Tarata, 188, 189
Tegucigalpa, 150
Tempú, camp, 209
Teotitlán del Camino, 225
Tepehua Indians, 61�
��62
Tepeyac sanctuary, 99
Tequendama waterfall, 91
Terán, Francisco Alonso, 86
Texas, 146–47, 148, 160
Texmelucan, 215
Tezmalaca, 108
Thomas, Saint, 96
Thorne, James, 117, 135
Thornton, Edward, 193
Tijuco, 31
Tinta, 58
Titicaca, Lake, 15, 63
Toluca, 68
Tonalá, 68
Torre Tagle, Marquess of, 125
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 76, 91, 93
Trelawny Town, 22
Trinidad, 97
Tristán, Flora, 143, 243
Tubman, Harriet, 193
Tucumán, 51
Tudor, William, 139
Tukan Indians, 89
Tulijá River, 86
Tungasuca, 52, 58
Tunupa (god), 15
Túpac Amaru, 51
Túpac Amaru II, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56–59, 60, 61, 62, 65
Túpac Amaru, Fernando, 60–61, 87
Túpac Amaru, Hipólito, 58, 60
Túpac Catari, 63, 64
Turner, Nat, 192
Twain, Mark, 231–32, 250–51
Uc, Jacinto: see Canek, Jacinto
Umantuu (mermaid), 15
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 192
United Fruit Company, 250
United States Marines, 226
United States of America, 46, 47, 97, 133, 139, 147, 160–61, 169, 173, 185–86, 187, 190–93, 212, 220, 244, 247–48, 250–51
United States Rubber Company, 244
Urquiza, Justo José de, 194
Uruana, 89
Uruguay, 106, 139–40, 144, 162, 193, 194, 234
Uruguay River, 20, 34, 105
Usher, Archbishop, 145
Valencia, 106, 139
Valladolid de Yucatán, 165
Valparaíso, 97, 153, 164, 166, 227
Varela, Felipe, 196
Vasco de Quiroga, Bishop, 101
Vassouras, 206
Venezuela, 82, 97, 106, 107, 114, 120, 122, 138, 139
Veracruz, 94, 97, 153
Versailles, 71
Viana, Francisco Javier de, 116
Victoria, queen of England, 228
Vieira, Antonio, 4
Vigilance Tribunal, 115
Vila Nova do Príncipe, 12
Villagrán, Rasahía, 126–27
Villa of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 161
Villarroel (lawyer), 66–67
Villasana, Eugenio, 108
Villegas, Micaela (La Perricholi), 37, 38
Virginia, 46, 48, 146, 192
Virgin Mary, 14
Virgin of Candelaria, 33
Virgin of Guadalupe, 99, 101
Virgin of Montserrat, 62
Virgin of Remedios, 99
Viricota plateau, 19
Voltaire, 15, 40, 51
Vuelta de Obligado, 160
Walker, David, 192
Walker, William, 178–80, 181
War Bonnet Creek, 213
Washington, D.C., 185, 190, 191, 234, 248, 250
Washington, George, 50
Washington Territory, 178
Washita River, 165
Weld, Theodore, 192
Wells, Ida, 248
Wheeler, John, 180
Whitman, Walt, 177–78
Wild West Show, 251, 252
Williamson, J.G., 139
Windward Indians, 23
Winiger, Joseph, 229
Wolfe, James, 36
Wounded Knee, 232, 233
Wovoka (Indian prophet), 232
Yaqui Indians, 201
Yellow Hand, Chief, 213
Yerbas Buenas, 166
Young, General, 247
Yucatán, 26, 109, 165, 171, 183, 184, 201, 256–57, 258
Zabeth (slave), 42
Zacatecas, 19, 86
Zapotec Indians, 200
Zea, Francisco Antonio, 120
Zipaquirá, 54, 91
Zorrilla, José, 184
Acknowledgments
In addition to the friends mentioned in Genesis, who continued collaborating through this second volume, many others have facilitated the author’s access to the necessary bibliography. Among them, Mariano Baptista Gumucio, Olga Behar, Claudia Canales, Hugo Chumbita, Galeno de Freitas, Horacio de Marsilio, Bud Flakoll, Piruncha and Jorge Galeano, Javier Lentini, Alejandro Losada, Paco Moncloa, Lucho Nieto, Rigoberto Paredes, Rius, Lincoln Silva, Cintio Vitier, and Rene Zavaleta Mercado.
This time the following nobly undertook to read the first draft: Jorge Enrique Adoum, Mario Benedetti, Edgardo Carvalho, Antonio Doñate, Juan Gelman, Maria Elena Martinez, Ramirez Contreras, Lina Rodríguez, Miguel Rojas-Mix, Nicole Rouan, Pilar Royo, Cesar Salsamendi, Jose Maria Valverde, and Federico Vogelius. They suggested several changes and caught foolish and silly mistakes.
Once again Helena Villagra accompanied the work step by step, sharing tailwinds and setbacks, to the last line with mysterious patience.
This book
is dedicated to Tomás Borge, to Nicaragua.
Century of the Wind
Memory of Fire, Volume Three
Eduardo Galeano
Translated by Cedric Belfrage
“I believe in memory not as a place of arrival, but as point of departure—a catapult throwing you into present times, allowing you to imagine the future instead of accepting it. It would be absolutely impossible for me to have any connection with history if history were just a collection of dead people, dead names, dead facts. That’s why I wrote Memory of Fire in the present tense, trying to keep alive everything that happened and allow it to happen again, as soon as the reader reads it.”
EDUARDO GALEANO
Contents
Preface
1900: San José de Gracia The World Goes On
1900: West Orange, New Jersey Edison
1900: Montevideo Rodó
1901: New York This Is America, to the South There’s Nothing
1901: In All Latin America Processions Greet the Birth of the Century
1901: Amiens Verne
1902: Quetzaltenango The Government Decides That Reality Doesn’t Exist
1902: Guatemala City Estrada Cabrera
1902: Saint Pierre Only the Condemned Is Saved
1903: Panama City The Panama Canal
1903: Panama City Casualties of This War: One Chinese, One Burro,
1903: La Paz Huilka
1904: Rio de Janeiro Vaccine
1905: Montevideo The Automobile,
1905: Montevideo The Decadent Poets
1905: Ilopango Miguel at One Week
1906: Paris Santos Dumont
1907: Sagua la Grande Lam
1907: Iquique The Flags of Many Countries
1907: Rio Batalha Nimuendajú
1908: Asunción Barrett
1908: San Andrés de Sotavento The Government Decides That Indians Don’t Exist
1908: San Andrés de Sotavento Portrait of a Master of Lives and Estates
1908: Guanape Portrait of Another Master of Lives and Estates
1908: Mérida, Yucatán Curtain Time and After
1908: Ciudad Juárez Wanted
1908: Caracas Castro
1908: Caracas Dolls
1909: Paris A Theory of National Impotence
1909: New York Charlotte
1909: Managua Inter-American Relations at Work
1910: Amazon Jungle The People Eaters
1910: Rio de Janeiro The Black Admiral
1910: Rio de Janeiro Portrait of Brazil’s Most Expensive Lawyer
1910: Rio de Janeiro Reality and the Law Seldom Meet
1910: Mauricio Colony Tolstoy
1910: Havana The Cinema
1910: Mexico City The Centennial and Love
1910: Mexico City The Centennial and Food
1910: Mexico City The Centennial and Art
1910: Mexico City The Centennial and the Dictator
1911: Anenecuilco Zapata
1911: Mexico City Madero
1911: The Fields of Chihuahua Pancho Villa
1911: Machu Picchu The Last Sanctuary of the Incas
1912: Quito Alfaro
Sad Verses from the Ecuadoran Songbook
1912: Cantón Santa Ana Chronicle of the Customs of Manabí
1912: Pajeú de Flores Family Wars
1912: Daiquirí Daily Life in the Caribbean: An Invasion
1912: Niquinohomo Daily Life in Central America: Another Invasion
1912: Mexico City Huerta
1913: Mexico City An Eighteen-Cent Rope
1913: Jonacatepec The Hordes Are Not Destroyed
Zapata and Those Two
1913: The Plains of Chihuahua The North of Mexico Celebrates War and Fiesta
1913: Culiacán Bullets
1913: The Fields of Chihuahua One of These Mornings I Murdered Myself,
1914: Montevideo Batlle
1914: San Ignacio Quiroga
1914: Montevideo Delmira
1914: Ciudad Jiménez Chronicler of Angry Peoples
1914: Salt Lake City Songster of Angry Peoples
1914: Torreón By Rail They March to Battle
1914: The Fields of Morelos It’s Time to Get Moving and Fight,
1914: Mexico City Huerta Flees
1915: Mexico City Power Ungrasped
1915: Tlaltizapán Agrarian Reform
1915: El Paso Azuela
1916: Tlaltizapán Carranza
1916: Buenos Aires Isadora
1916: New Orleans Jazz
1916: Columbus Latin America Invades the United States
1916: León Darío
1917: The Fields of Chihuahua and Durango Eagles into Hens
1918: Córdoba Moldy Scholars
1918: Córdoba “The Pains That Linger Are the Liberties We Lack,” Proclaims the Student Manifesto
1918: Ilopango Miguel at Thirteen
1918: The Mountains of Morelos Ravaged Land, Living Land
1918: Mexico City The New Bourgeoisie is Born Lying
1919: Cuautla This Man Taught Them That Life Is Not Only Fear of Suffering and Hope for Death
Ballad of the Death of Zapata
1919: Hollywood Chaplin
1919: Hollywood Keaton
1919: Memphis Thousands of People Flock to the Show,
1921: Rio de Janeiro Rice Powder
1921: Rio de Janeiro Pixinguinha
1921: Rio de Janeiro Brazil’s Fashionable Author
1922: Toronto This Reprieve
1922: Leavenworth For Continuing to Believe That All Belongs to All
1922: The Fields of Patagonia The Worker-Shoot
1923: Guayas River Crosses Float in the River,
1923: Acapulco The Function of the Forces of Order in the Democratic Process
1923: Azángaro Urviola
1923: Callao Mariátegui
1923: Buenos Aires Snapshot of a Worker-Hunter
1923: Tampico Traven
1923: The Fields of Durango Pancho Villa Reads the Thousand and One Nights,
1923: Mexico City/Parral The People Donated a Million Dead to the Mexican Revolution
The Memory of Fire Trilogy: Genesis, Faces and Masks, and Century of the Wind Page 69