Stalin

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  Rosliakov quoted in Amy Knight, Who Killed Kirov? The Kremlin’s Greatest Mystery (henceforth Kirov), p. 160.

  RGASPI 558.11.768.131; Molotov to Stalin 21 Dec. 1929.

  Pravda, 22 Dec. 1929.

  Jokes: Humour impish and rough: Djilas, pp. 62–4. Shitters: RGASPI 558.11.787.6, Stalin to Postyshev 9 Sept. 1931. Kozlovsky joke: Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 101; Ethiopian joke: Gromyko, p. 103. Kozlovsky’s medal, the old doorman: Rybin, Stalin i Zhukov, pp. 9–10. One-legged joke: Lesser Terror, p. 190. Dirty songs: Medvedev, p. 329. Church songs: Orlov, p. 322, and Galina Vishnevskaya, Galina (henceforth Galina), pp. 95–7. Bawdy rhymes: Kira Alliluyeva. Other jokes: Onegin and GPU—see section on the Terror: unpublished memoirs of Sergo Kavtaradze, p. 74, see also Sudoplatov, p. 151. For racial jokes: see section on Jews. Gallows humour: see later for Stalin to I. I. Nosenko: “Haven’t they arrested you yet?” in Sovershenno Sekretno, 3, November 2000, pp. 12–14.

  RGASPI 82.2.1420.118, Stalin to Bukharin and Molotov 27 June 1926.

  Mikoyan, p. 275. RGASPI 82.2.1420.150–1 and RGASPI 558.11.69.84, Stalin to Molotov 4 Sept. 1926 and 24 Aug. 1926.

  Sergo B pp. 15, 34. Bag of sweets: Oleg Troyanovsky. Also Oleg Troyanovsky, Cherez gody i rasstoyaniya, pp. 148, 156–64. Gives Ordzhonikidze his own flat: see Ordzhonikidze quote in Miklos Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 259.

  No detail too small: Natalya Andreyeva.

  “Interesting numbers”: RGASPI 558.11.753.13, Stalin to Molotov on memo from Kalinin 11 Dec. 1935. Surely it is possible: Stalin to Kurchatov quoted in Holloway, p. 147. On Stalin checking houses: Galina Udenkova on Kaganoviches. Beria house: Sergo B, p. 34. Gadgetry: the Kirov Museum in Petersburg, Stepan M, pp. 52–3. Cars: Stepan M, p. 46. Pauker in Orlov, pp. 339–41. Artyom Sergeev. Eugenia Ginsburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 37. Cars 19 Dec. 1947: D. Babichenko and M. Sidorov: “Nevelika Pobeda” in Itogi, no. 31 (269), 2001. On privileges, Party Maximum etc., the best work is Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism. On Budyonny’s sword: RGASPI 558.11.712.90– 7, Stalin to Budyonny 1920; he was a good patron to Budyonny: “I give you my word as a revolutionary, I’ll take care of your cavalry,” he wrote in 1920; “You can be sure you will be . . . chief of cavalry,” he wrote in 1923. RGASPI 558.11.822, Stalin to Khalatov, 3 Jan. 1928.

  Stalin on personal relationships: Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 12, p. 1. Kirov and wives quoted in Volkogonov, p. 205. Families: Kirov’s sisters, Kirov, p. 162. Stalin on family: Irina Yenukidze interviewed on TV film, Stalin’s Secret History, pt. 3. For the intermarried world of Yagoda,who was married to the niece of Sverdlov, first Soviet Head of State, and Averbakh, Yagoda’s brother-in-law, see Vitaly Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive (henceforth KGB Lit. Archive), pp. 256–69. Mikoyan’s young son escorted by Ordzhonikidze and Voroshilov and the Shaumians: Stepan Mikoyan, p. 28, p. 25. Artyom Sergeev. Kaganovich and brother: Party Father, Kaganovich, p. 29. Molotov on arrest of brothers: MR, p. 114. Party orphaned by death of Lenin: Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You Comrade Stalin, p. 24. Creation of new Lenin widow: KR I, p. 74.

  Tucker, pp. 172–4, 185. Mikhail Sholokhov, Virgin Soil Upturned, pp. 240–3, 247.

  RGASPI 558.11.69.36, Stalin to Molotov 3 June 1927: “the closest friends”; RGASPI 558.11.69.43, Tovstukha to Stalin 9 June 1926: “the tightest circle of your friends,” both quoted by Pavel Chinsky, Staline Archives Inedites, pp. 125–6. “Friends”: Khlevniuk, Circle, p. 94. “Formed in the struggle”: RGASPI 54.1.100.101–2, Stalin to Kaganovich 2 Aug. 1932.

  In 1931 this was altered to meetings on the 1st, 8th, 16th and 23rd of each month at 4 p.m. Two of these were “closed” meetings. Khlevniuk, Circle, p. 77.

  Mikoyan, pp. 335, 367.

  Voroshilovs: “Hi friend!” RGASPI 74.2.38.4, Stalin to Voroshilov 27 July 1921. “Pity you’re not in Moscow”: RGASPI 74.2.38.55, Stalin to Voroshilov 27 Oct. 1931. Stalin’s view of Voroshilov: “He even does exercises”—Kira Alliluyeva. Charm, vanity, stupidity: Sergo B, pp. 39–40, 51, 141, 165. Description in Albert Seaton, Stalin as Military Commander, p. 155. Kindness: Zarubina, p. 7. Drinking: Artyom Sergeev. Stepan Mikoyan. Viscount Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 217; Stepan M, p. 52. Stalin’s distrust of good living: MR, p. 225. Courage but simplicity: Djilas, p. 55. Marapultsa condemned rightly: RGASPI 558.11.773.47, Voroshilov to Stalin 14 Oct. 1930. Consider the destruction of Minin: RGASPI 74.2.37.89, Voroshilov to Stalin 25 May 1935. See Voroshilov letters to Bubnov, RGASPI 74.2.40.66–99. His temper: RGASPI 85.1.110.1–20, Voroshilov to Ordzhonikidze. His court painters: KR II, p. 74. Notorious stupidity: Bazhanov, pp. 98–9. Early clashes with Stalin: Kirov, p. 104. Career: Volkogonov, pp. 251–3. William J. Spahr, Stalin’s Lieutenants, pp. 19–33. Voroshilov, Razkazzy o zhizni, pp. 79–84, 247–8. Medvedev, All Stalin’s Men, pp. 1–11. “Loved splendour” and wore white flannels: Svetlana OOY, p. 346–7.

  RGASPI 558.11.27.9–10, Voroshilov, Stalin, Kalinin, n.d.

  RGASPI 74.2.38.39, Stalin to Voroshilov 14 March 1929.

  RGASPI 74.2.39.447, Voroshilov to Stalin and reply, n.d.

  Robbing you: RGASPI 74.2.38.127, Stalin to Voroshilov, n.d. Disorganization: RGASPI 74.2.38.103, n.d., Stalin to Chubar, Voroshilov, Mikoyan. England and India: RGASPI 74.2.39.38, n.d. Stalin and Voroshilov. Fish: RGASPI 74.2.39.54, Voroshilov to Stalin and reply, n.d.

  RGASPI 79.1.760, Voroshilov to Kuibyshev. RGASPI 74.2.39.15, Stalin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Ordzhonikidze 30 April 1933.

  Put it off until Wednesday: RGASPI 74.2.38.21, Stalin to Voroshilov, Feb. 1927. Military matters: RGASPI 74.2.38.37, Stalin to Voroshilov 3 Jan. 1929. Out of town: RGASPI 74.2.39.49, Stalin and Voroshilov, n.d.

  RGASPI 85.1.110.1–20, Voroshilov to Ordzhonikidze 8 June 1929. Khlevniuk, Circle, p. 32. Stalin outvoted: RGASPI 74.2.38.74, Stalin to Voroshilov 26 June 1932.

  RGASPI 558.11.27.22, Stalin and Kalinin 7 May 1929.

  RGASPI 74.1.38.43, Stalin to Voroshilov 16 April 1929. Constant use of disease imagery: see nechist, unclean, in Molotov Letters , p. 215. “Holy fear” in Tucker, Power, pp. 484–5.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.43–5, Stalin to Nadya 24 Sept. 1930.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.16–24, Nadya to Stalin 26 Sept. 1929 and RGASPI 558.11.1550.27, Nadya to Stalin 27 Sept. 1929.

  Molotov Letters, p. 215.

  Khlevniuk, Circle, pp. 38–9. Intimidation of experts: Service, 20th Century Russia, p. 175. Molotov Letters, p. 213.

  Khlevniuk, Circle, p. 43. Molotov Letters, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 200.

  RGASPI 558.11.27.30–33, Stalin to V. Mezhlauk 23 May 1930.

  4: FAMINE AND THE COUNTRY SET

  Nadya’s medical reports: RGASPI 558.11.1551. Also: June/July 1930, Stalin to Nadya in Radzinsky, p. 274.

  Khlevniuk, Circle, pp. 46–8. Sergo backs Stalin: “We must finish with the Right as we did with Trotsky . . . They’re debauchees,” RGASPI 558.11.778.40, Sergo to Stalin 26 Sept. 1930.

  RGASPI 74.2.37.60 and 74.2.38.56, Voroshilov correspondence; Stalin’s view of Tukhachevsky’s plans: RGASPI 74.2.38.59, Stalin to Voroshilov.

  On Tukhachevsky plot: RGASPI 558.11.778.43, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze 24 Sept. 1930. “Only three of us know” in Khlevniuk, Circle , pp. 48–9. Tukhachevsky “100% clean,” Stalin to Molotov, 23 Oct. 1930, Molotov Letters, p. 223.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.38, Menzhinsky to Stalin 10 Sept. 1930.

  RGASPI 74.2.38.56, Stalin to Tukhachevsky 7 May 1932.

  Nadya to Stalin and Stalin to Nadya, 10 Sept. 1930 and 24 Sept. 1930, quoted in Radzinsky, p. 275.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.43–3, Stalin to Nadya 24 Sept. 1930.

  RGASPI 558.11.728.40–2, Stalin to Yenukidze 13 Sept. 1933. Yenukidze leans to right: MR, p. 173.

  Molotov Letters, 23 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1930, p. 203.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.43–5, Nadya to Stalin 24 Sept. 1930. Stalin to Molotov 13 Sept. 1930, Molotov Letters, p. 213. RGASPI 74.2.37.9–12, Voroshilov to Stalin 8 Oct. 1930. Kaganovich, p. 60. RGASPI 558.11.765.68, n.d. Mikoyan to Stalin. RGASPI 558.11.778.43, Sergo to Stalin 9 Oct. 1930.

>   Khlevniuk, Circle, pp. 51–2.

  Molotov Letters, p. 223.

  Getty, pp. 46–9. RGASPI 74.2.37.9–12, Voroshilov to Stalin 8 Oct. 1930. Lominadze/Ordzhonikidze and Stalin’s attack on “princely” Ordzhonikidze in 1937: Khlevniuk, Ordzhonikidze, pp. 34–7, 172.

  Stalin as referee of rows in the PB: Kaganovich vs. Sergo over transport, Stalin—“You’ll die without transport,” Kaganovich, p. 160; Kaganovich vs. Molotov, pp. 61, 130. RGASPI 558.11.765.72–3, Mikoyan to Stalin 12 Sept. 1931. Sergo “did not love Molotov,” Mikoyan, p. 324. There was a pattern: Sergo vs. Molotov and Kuibyshev, though he also argued with his friend Kaganovich.

  Kaganovich: 200% Stalinist, MR, pp. 192, 228–9, 362. Amber beads: N. I. Strakhov in Bialer (ed.), p. 445. L. M. Kaganovich, Pamiatniye Zapiski, p. 19. Kaganovich, pp. 29, 77–8, 105. Locomotive: Artyom Sergeev. E. Rees, Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, pp. 111–8. Kaganovich the Centralist: Service, Lenin, p. 383. Robert Service, Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organizational Change 1917–23, pp. 106–8, 129. Easter, p. 73, Kosherovich, Stalin a little finger: KR I, pp. 57, 75–77, also Medvedev, p. 507. Writing errors but quick and clever: Bazhanov, pp. 8, 74. G. Bessedovsky, Revelations of a Soviet Diplomat, pp. 219–23. Volkogonov, pp. 247–8. Handsome, long eyelashes and Stalin’s sensitivity: Sergo B, p. 51. Home life, love story with wife, reading textbooks, toolset: interview Joseph Minervin, Kaganovich’s grandson. Masculine Jewish accent: Galina, pp. 162–3. Like a very fat landowner: Svetlana OOY, p. 353. Service in Red Army Agitprop section in 1917–18: John Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 20. Hot temper: Malyshev in Beria A fair, p. 83. Boots examined: Volkogonov, pp. 247–8. Hitting or lifting up: interview N. Baibakov. School cribs when seeing Stalin: Charkviani, p. 33. Career and punctuation marks: Stalin i Kaganovich Perepiska 1931–36 (henceforth Kaganovich Perepiska), p. 40, Kaganovich to Stalin 11 Aug. 1931. Personal photographs of family man: RGASPI 81.1.160. On grain expedition, exhaustion: RGASPI 81.1.160.31–2. Robespierre: Kaganovich, pp. 56, 140.

  “Thou”: Kaganovich, p. 129. Mikoyan, p. 352. Dear Soso: RGASPI 558.11.765.68 UD, Mikoyan to Stalin.

  Anne Applebaum, GULAG, pp. 64, 521–2.

  RGASPI 558.11.27.56.72, Stalin notes, 3 May 1933.

  RGASPI 558.11.27.6–7, n.d., probably 1928: Stalin, bread. 558.11.27.37: Stalin’s lists.

  Put it off until Wednesday, RGASPI 74.2.38.21, Stalin to Voroshilov 31 Feb. 1927. Military matters: 74.2.38.37, Stalin to Voroshilov 3 Jan. 1929. Out of town: RGASPI 74.2.39.49, Stalin and Voroshilov, n.d.

  Country life: Svetlana RR; authors interviews Kira Alliluyeva, Artyom Sergeev, Leonid Redens, Vladimir Alliluyev (Redens), Stepan Mikoyan and Sergo Mikoyan, Yury Zhdanov, Nadezhda Vlasika, Natalya Poskrebysheva. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 34–40 (including Bukharin’s fox). Richardson, Long Shadow, pp. 111–8. Pauker: Orlov, pp. 339–41. Father Christmas: interview Kira Alliluyeva. Pauker pimps for Stalin: M. Shreider, NKVD iznutri. Zapiski chekisti, p. 24. Tennis with Nadya: RGASPI 74.1.429.65–6, diary of E. D. Voroshilova. Stalin re-establishes Christmas trees: Brooks, Thank You C. Stalin, p. 71. N. Petrov and K. V. Scorkin, Kto Rukovodil NKVD 1934–41: Spravochnik.

  Poskrebyshev: RGASPI 558.11.786.120, Stalin to Poskrebyshev 19 Jan. 1932. Bureaucratism RGASPI 558.11.27.106, Stalin note to himself 13 Aug. 1936. Stalin tells off Poskrebyshev: “What happened? You forgot . . .”: RGASPI 558.11.786.107–9, Stalin to Poskrebyshev 30 July 1930, and RGASPI 558.11. 786.110, Stalin to Poskrebyshev, n.d., 1930. Interviews with Natalya Poskrebysheva, Artyom Sergeev, Leonid Redens, Yury Zhdanov, Nadezhda Vlasik, Kira Alliluyeva. RGASPI 558.11.774.118, Poskrebyshev signs “P.” Sergo B, p. 141. Bazhanov, pp. 43, 34–6, 94. Medvedev, p. 371. Mikoyan, p. 535. “Stalin’s faithful dog”: KR I, p. 295. “Women got P into trouble”: MR, p. 223. Khlevniuk, Circle, p. 141. Stalin called P “Chief”: Svetlana OOY, p. 332–3. Tucker, Power, pp. 123–5. Bazhanov, pp. 43, 94, 345–6. Volkogonov, pp. 202–4. N. E. Rosenfeldt, Knowledge and Power: The Role of Stalin’s Secret Chancellery in Soviet System and Government, pp. 76, 158, 181. Stalin’s day in late twenties: Vlasik quoted in Chinsky, p. 33. You’ll terrify people: Vechernii Klub, 22, Dec. 1992.

  Interviews Artyom Sergeev, Stanislas Redens, Vladimir Alliluyev, Kira Alliluyeva. Natalya Poskrebysheva. Svetlana RR. Party culture: Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism pp. 14–21. Service, Lenin, pp. 142, 153–5, 377–8. Tucker, Power, p. 120. Zubok, pp. 3–8. Kaganovich calls Stalin “our father”: Kaganovich to Ordzhonikidze quoted in Khlevniuk, Stalinskoe Politburo, pp. 148–52. Mikoyan’s severity: Stepan M, p. 34. Kirov, pp. 159–61. Irina Yenukidze interviewed on TV film, Stalin’s Secret History, pt. 3.

  5: HOLIDAYS AND HELL

  RGASPI 558.11.1481.27, Tovstukha to Yagoda 9 June 1926. RGASPI 558.11. 1481.28–41. Decrees by PB on holidays of Stalin from 1922–1934.

  RGASPI 558.11.68.49, n.d.

  RGASPI 558.11.71.26–8, S. Parchine to Sergeyev 27 June 1927. Chinsky, pp. 28–9.

  RGASPI 558.11.71.26–8, S. Parchine to Sergeyev 27 June 1927. Chinsky, p. 28. Artyom Sergeev.

  Mikoyan, p. 291. Happy troupe: Larina, p. 188.

  Molotov Letters, p. 233. Stalin to Molotov 1 Sept. 1933. RGASPI 79.1.769.1, Yenukidze to Kuibyshev, n.d.

  Chinsky, p. 37.

  RGASPI 73.2.44.11, Stalin to Andreyev, n.d.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.26, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze 23 Aug. 1930, and then Ordzhonikidze and Kaganovich to Stalin, RGASPI 558.11.778.24–5.

  RGASPI 558.11.71.26–8, S. Parchine to Sergeyev 27 June 1927. Also Chinsky, p. 28. Artyom Sergeev. Stalin from the south to Poskrebyshev in Moscow: “Can you come to see me for a couple of days? If you decide to come, bring books and articles . . .” RGASPI 558.11.786.110.

  RGASPI 74.2.7.46–51, Voroshilov to Stalin 6 June 1932 and 21 June 1932.

  Molotov Letters, p. 231.

  RGASPI 558.11.80.87, Kaganovich to Stalin and Stalin’s reply 5 Sept. 1933 and RGASPI 558.11.739.28–29, Kaganovich to Stalin 20 Aug. 1931. Squabbling: Kaganovich Perepiska, p. 185.

  RGASPI 558.11.71.26–8, S. Parchine to Sergeyev 27 June 1927. Also Chinsky, p. 28. On gardener: RGASPI 558.11.786.112, Stalin to Poskrebyshev, n.d., 1930. RGASPI 74.1.429.65–8, E. D. Voroshilova 21 June 1954. Budyonny: Victor Anfilov in Harold Shukman (ed.), Stalin’s Generals, pp. 57–62. Isaac Babel, 1920 Diary, p. 89. Babel, “Kombig 2” in Collected Stories, pp. 136–7, 357. Skittles: Artyom Sergeev.

  Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant (henceforth Beria), pp. 15–40. RGASPI 85.29.414.3, 85.29.370 and 85.27.71.1–2, Beria to Ordzhonikidze. MR, p. 341. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, p. 27, and Svetlana RR. “Kill his best friend”: GARF 7523.85.236.17–23, Testimony of Lavrenti Tsanava, 24 Mar. 1955. Kirov’s warning: Mgeladze, pp. 178–9. Eteri Ordzhonikidze. Artyom Sergeev. Martha Peshkova. S. Lakoba, Ocherki po politicheskoy istorii Abkhazii, pp. 101–10, 112–5. Courting of Nina Gegechkori: Sergo B, pp. 4–5. Story of train rape: Svetlana OOY, p. 355.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.102, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze. Medvedev, pp. 242–3.

  Mikoyan, pp. 351–2.

  RGASPI 82.2.1420.45, Stalin to Molotov 1 Aug. 1925.

  For tonsillitis and sore throats: Valedinsky, “Vospominaniya ,” pp. 121–6. On dentist Shapiro: RGASPI 558.11.786.117, Stalin to Poskrebyshev 8 Sept. 1930.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.12, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze 13 Sept. 1929. Yenukidze too received regular accounts of his bathing: “The waters here are marvellous, invaluable” but the “site isn’t good.” RGASPI 558.11.728.22, Stalin to Yenukidze 29 Aug. 1929, and RGASPI 558.11.728.30–2, Stalin to Yenukidze 9 Sept. 1929.

  RGASPI 558.11.769.159–61.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.26, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze 23 Aug. 1930, and then Ordzhonikidze and Kaganovich to Stalin, RGASPI 558.11.778.24–5.

  RGASPI 558.11.778.24, Ordzhonikidze to Stalin 17 July 1930.

  RGASPI 558.11.769.109–16, Molotov to Stalin.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.53–8, Sept. 1931.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.58–60, Stalin to Nadya 14 Sept. 1931.<
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  RGASPI 74.2.38.47, Stalin to Voroshilov 24 Sept. 1931. RGASPI 558.11.712.108, Budyonny to Stalin 25 May 1931. RGASPI 74.2.37.54–9, Voroshilov to Stalin 26 July 1932.

  RGASPI 558.11.1550.52–67, letters of Stalin to Nadya and Nadya to Stalin between 9 and 29 Sept. 1931, and note of Svetlana to father.

  6: TRAINS FULL OF CORPSES

  On famine: Tucker, Power, pp. 190–5. Conquest, Harvest, pp. 225–59. RGASPI 74.1.429.65–6, E. D. Voroshilova 21 June 1954. Mikoyan: never boring and languages: Artyom Sergeev. Khrushchev “cavalier”: Cecil Parrott, The Serpent and the Nightingale, p. 83. “Shrewd fox”: William Taubman, Khrushchev the Man and His Era, p. 581. Early life, seminary, marriage: Mikoyan. Family life: Stepan Mikoyan and Sergo Mikoyan. Most attractive: Svetlana, OOY , p. 346. Dodging raindrops: D. Sukhanov quoted in Miklos Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 295. Songs including church hymns: MR, p. 189. Stalin’s favourite ecclesiastical hymn: “Mnogaya leta,” Galina, pp. 95–7. RGASPI 74.1.429.65–6. Unpublished diary of E. D. Voroshilova 21 June 1954. Orlov, quoting Pavel Alliluyev on p. 322. Dirty songs: K. K. Ordzhonikidze memoirs in Medvedev, p. 329. Professional singer: Charkviani. Stalin to Truman in Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 113.

  RGASPI 558.11.712.108, Budyonny to Stalin 25 May 1931. Kaganovich Perepiska, pp. 168–9, 179–80, Stalin to Kaganovich 15 and 18 June 1932. Tucker, Power, pp. 119, 190–6; statistics pp. 180–1 and 187. Kopelev, pp. 32–3, 41. Service, Lenin, p. 401. Molotov Letters, p. 230. Party culture: Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, pp. 14–21; Service, Lenin, pp. 142, 153–5, 377–8; Tucker, Power, pp. 1–9, 120; Zubok, pp. 3–8. Warrior priests: Sergo B, p. 291; Service, Lenin, p. 458. On social system based on blood-letting: Yakovlev, p. 8. Fanatic father: Sergo Mikoyan; Sergo B, p. 133. Candide Charkviani: “Stalin had always been a convinced fanatic, he would sacrifice everything for the victory of socialism . . . even in family matters,” p. 61. Religion: Kaganovich, pp. 106–7. Lozovsky: “I was religious until I was thirteen,” and Kalinin, in Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir Naumov, Stalin’s Secret Pogrom, p. 58. Sacredness of “comrade”: Julia Minc in Oni, p. 16; total faith, Stefan Staszewski, pp. 128–37; inner need, Jakub Berman, p. 207. Molotov’s contempt for the Nazis and Western leaders, MR, p. 20, and quoted in Zubok, p. 26. Kirov—no theoretical works: MR, p. 221. Stalin on Mao: Zubok, p. 62. Stalin and Krupskaya; MR, p. 133. Stalin and Yakovlev quoted in Bialer (ed.), p. 99. Lenin and the Terror: quote from Service, Lenin, p. 421. Praise for Stalin as Communist fighter: Rudzutak, 7–12 Jan. 1933, quoted in Getty, p. 93. Stalin and pity for friendships: Stalin to Molotov 24 Aug. 1930, Molotov Letters, p. 206. Punching: Molotov Letters, p. 210. Stalin to Molotov, 2 Sept. 193o, p. 210. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, pp. 164–6. Molotov’s love letter discussing Marxism: RGASPI 82.2.1592.8–9, Molotov to Polina 19 Aug. 1940.