Medes and Lydians, 45, 423n
Medicare and Medicaid legislation, 288
Melvill, Thomas, 145
Mercator, Gerardus, 90, 438n
meridians
convergence near Poles, 84, 436–37n
geodetic meridian, 99
need for, 87–88
places used for zero degrees, 87, 89, 94
prime meridian, 87, 89, 98–99
see also longitude
Mesopotamia, 34, 41, 42, 49, 57, 432n
meteors, detection with radar, 191
microwave ovens, 189
microwave radar, 188–89
microwaves
communication using, 171, 177–78
discovery of, 171
Earth’s atmosphere and, 200–201
nonlethal weapons using, 201, 470–71n
water hole, 200–201, 470n
MIDAS (Missile Defense Alarm System) satellite, 278
military burden, 452n
military, interservice competition, 262, 289, 500nn
military satellites
CCDs in, 204–7
Defense Support Program, 158, 341
during Eisenhower presidency, 278
film-return types, 204, 205, 228
ISR capabilities, 158–59
military space budget, 321, 510n
see also spy satellites
military spending
after Vietnam War, 8, 409–10n
compared to astrophysics spending, 402–3, 533nn
global military spending, 403, 404, 533n
military space budget, 321, 510n
after September 11 attack, 12–13, 412n
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), 12, 250, 411n
Milky Way
Andromeda galaxy collision predicted, 234
radio waves from center of, 178–79
rapid movement of central stars, 344
vs. other galaxies in universe, 131
width, 399
milspace, 349
Minoans, 68, 69
mirrors in reflecting telescopes, 133
Mir space station (USSR), 359–60, 362, 522n
Missile Defense Agency, 12, 252
missile defense technology, see Strategic Defense Initiative
Moltz, James Clay, 261, 280, 359
Moluccas (Spice Islands), 88
Molyneux, William, 108
Montgomery, Bernard, 305
Moon
albedo, 196
first daguerreotypes of, 143, 144, 456n
mountains and craters discovered, 52, 103, 110
plans to detonate a nuclear bomb on, 272, 491–92n
radio waves bounced off surface, 191
Moon landings
Apollo 11 mission, 353, 369
cost, 320, 510n
Kennedy’s plan for, 282, 320, 458n
NASA’s mandate, 289
opposition to, 289, 500n
reaction to, 381–82
Moore, Francis, 426n
Moran, James, 412n
Morgan, J. H., 138, 454n
Morgan, John Pierpont, 55, 161
Moseley, T. Michael, 33
Mosul, Iraq, 34, 518n
Mountain Pass Mine, California, 383
MOUT (Military Operations on Urban Terrain), 201–2
Mowthorpe, Matthew, 258
Mumford, Lewis, 381–82
muons, 218
Murtha, Jack, 412n
Mussolini, Benito, 403–4
mutual assured destruction (MAD), 298
Myer, Albert J., 123–26, 127–28, 448nn
myopia, 442n
Mysteries of the Sun and Soul (Kritzinger), 427–28n
Nagasaki, Japan, 111, 263, 301, 302, 303, 474n, 505n
Naked and the Dead, The, 387
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
aerospace budget, 533n
budget, 232, 282, 289–90, 320, 345, 510n
competition with Air Force, 289
contact with China prohibited, 376
cooperation with Pentagon in Vietnam War, 290
creation of, 270, 271
critiques of non-science budget, 369–70
funding of space research, 21
mandate for Moon landings, 289
Manned Spaceflight Center (Johnson Space Center), 286
National Academy of Sciences, 231–32, 251, 267, 269
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, 270, 277, 279, 287
National Bureau of Standards, 192, 453n, 455n
National Defense Education Act, 270
National Endowment for the Arts, 289
National Nuclear Security Administration, 390
National Priorities Project, 14
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 21, 204, 225, 228, 231–32, 500n, 501n, 517n
National Science Foundation, 21, 227, 267, 271, 533n
national science laboratories, 28–29
National Security Act of 1947, 265, 481n
National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS), 13–14, 413n
National Security Council, 265, 268, 270, 276
national security, defined, 13–14, 413nn
National Space Program, The, 283
National Space Symposium, 16–20, 24–25, 26, 414n, 415n, 417n
Natural Magick (Porta), 107
Nauplius (king), 446n
Nautical Almanac (Maskelyne), 94
Navajo resistance to westward expansion, 124
navigation
by ancient mariners, 66–74
challenges in fifteenth century, 84–85, 86–87
clues used by wayfinders, 64–66, 82
dead reckoning, 77, 82, 86
defined, 65–66
ephemerides and, 82, 94
instruments and devices of early navigators, 74–75
magnetic compass development, 75–78
in the Mediterranean in 1320, 77–78
questionnaires on longitude and latitude, 90, 438n
running down the latitude, 82
see also charts, maritime
NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), 278, 332, 335–36
Nazi Germany
astrology and, 57–63, 427–28nn, 429nn
Grossdeutschland as driving vision, 64
Nostradamus used for propaganda, 59, 428–29nn
near-Earth objects (NEOs), 253–54, 255, 256
Necho (king), 73, 434n
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 351
Nelson, Horatio, 115–16, 122
Netherlands
military use of telescopes, 110–11
Twelve Years’ Truce with Spain, 104, 107
New Astronomy, The (Langley), 148
Newell, Homer, 369
New Guinea, 64, 430n
Newton, Isaac
colors and, 145, 166–67
longitude and, 93, 95
on necessity of experiments, 460–61n
on particle nature of light, 146, 169
spectrum produced from white light, 145, 166–67, 461n
telescope design, 444n
on twinkling of stars, 152
New-York Convention of August 1776, 113
New Zealand, 65, 78
NII-4 think tank, 264
Nimbus satellites, 291
1984 (Orwell), 317, 508n
Nixon, Richard, 271, 281, 473n
Noah’s use of a dove, 65
no-first-use policies, 309, 507n
noise
in CCDs, 203
cooling of telescopes to avoid, 170, 203
defined, 220
infrared noise, 170
jamming and, 260, 515n
static in radio communications, 177, 178
from Van Allen radiation belt, 216
non-financial business sector, 4
nonlethal weapons using nonvisible wavelengths, 201–2, 470–71n
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), 16, 353–54
North Atlantic Treaty, 265
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 265, 305–6, 309–10, 328
North Korea
ASAT (antisatellite weapon) program, 259
satellite surveillance of missile-launch sites, 379, 482n
Sohae Satellite Launching Station, 206
Taepodong-1 intermediate-range ballistic missile, 256
tension over missile and nuclear programs, 253, 299, 310, 356, 530n
Northrop Grumman
B-2 stealth bombers, 198, 303, 470n
campaign contributions, 412n
in Colorado Springs, 16
James Webb Space Telescope, 23
military-related projects and sales, 18, 23
overview, 22–23
prosperity after September 11, 2001, 11, 12
Starshade screen, 21
Nostradamus, 53, 59, 428–29nn
NSC 162/2, 304–5, 506n
NSC 68, “A Report to the National Security Council,” 266, 314, 499n
nuclear accidents, 255–60, 484–85n
nuclear explosions
damage from, 302
gamma-ray bursts, 215, 473–74n
peaceful (PNEs), 499n
see also atomic bombs; fusion bombs; nuclear tests
Nuclear Operations doctrine document, 308, 311
“nuclear Pearl Harbor,” 411n
Nuclear Posture Review Report, 308
nuclear tests
Bikini Atoll nuclear bomb tests, 402–3
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 313–14, 508n
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 215, 273, 285, 287, 293, 313, 498n
moratorium under Eisenhower, 307
problems from, 284–85, 302, 496–97n
as “psychosis,” 302–4
Sedan, 496n
Starfish Prime, 302, 496–97n, 505n
Tsar Bomba, 307, 505–6n
unclassified data from, 402
yields of, 303–4, 505–6n
Obama, Barack
national security strategy, 323
nuclear policy, 308
space budget, 510n
space policy, 503n
summit with Hu Jintao, 376
UN General Assembly speech, 387–88, 528n
Wall Street speech, 4–5
obelisks, 40
Obering, Trey, 481n
Oberkochen, Germany, 132
“October effect” in stock market, 56
Odysseus, 45, 67
Oliver, Bernard, 470n
Olson, Roy, 217
On the Ocean (Pytheas), 71–72, 434n
On the Sphere of the World (Sacrobosco), 77, 83
On War (Clausewitz), 238
Operation Desert Shield, 340
see also Gulf War
Operation Desert Storm
absence of moonlight, 7, 79
aircraft used, 7, 332, 512n, 514n
bomb hit rates, 332, 514n
casualties due to fratricide, 334
news coverage and public reaction, 7–8, 341
shortage of GPS receivers, 333–34
stealth aircraft, 7, 197, 332, 514n
see also Gulf War
Operation Fishbowl, 290–91
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 16–17, 19, 24, 197, 346–47
see also Iraq War
Operation Overcast, 262
Operation Paperclip, 262, 468n
optical glass
about, 130–31
British production in World War I, 135–36
cost, 131, 451n
demand in World War I, 134–36, 139–40, 452n
fuel used in production, 131, 450–51n
US production in World War I, 139–40, 454–55n
optical munitions, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140
optical telegraphs, 118–19, 120–28, 446–47nn
see also telescopes
Opticks (Newton), 166–67
Order of Christ, 79
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 327
Orient and Occident, 68
Orion Nebula, 103, 203
Orkney Islands, 71
Orwell, George, 317
Ostara, 421n
Outer Space Treaty
negotiations and diplomacy, 274, 313, 382, 503n
omissions and limitations, 313, 314
provisions of, 273, 286, 287, 296–97, 313–14, 486n, 493n
signing and ratification of, 292–93, 295–96, 314, 501n, 503n
US space doctrine and, 296–97, 503–4n
Owen, Wilfred, 387
ozone, 214, 225
Pakistan, 206, 310
Panama, 331, 499n
Paris Agreement, 388, 528–29n
Paris Observatory, 93, 94, 98, 133, 142
Parker, Hyde, 115–16
PAROS (Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space), 293–94
Parra Mantois et Cie. (Paris), 131, 452n
Parry, John Horace, 34–35, 84, 439n
particle accelerators, 28–29
Pave Low helicopters, 332
peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs), 499n
Pearl Harbor attack by Japan, 189, 466–67n
Pearson, Lester, 497n
Pendulum Institute, 59
Pentland Firth, 71
periplus, 71–72
Perle, Richard, 251, 307
Perot, H. Ross, 362
Perry, William, 411n
Perseus cluster, 398–99
Pesticide Control Act, 287
Phelps, Edmund, 4, 6
Phoenicians, 70, 72–73, 433n
photography, overview and history, 140, 141–44, 202
photons, 169
Picasso, Pablo, 142, 174, 381
Pigafetta, Antonio, 88–89
pilot books, 77, 82
Pioneer 1, 212, 270
Pioneer 3, 211
Pioneer 5, 212–13
pixels, 202–3
P & J Dollond Instrument Makers, 130
planetarium projectors, 132, 139, 451n
plano-concave lenses, 129
plano-convex lenses, 129
Plato, 40, 46
Pleiades, 103, 457n
Plutarch, 78, 435n
Pluto, 62–63, 304, 344
PNT (position/navigation/timing) system, 337, 350
Polaris, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 82, 431–32n
Politics of Space Security, The (Moltz), 359
Pöllner, Otto, 424n
Polo, Marco, 75
Polybius, 46–47, 119, 423–24n
Polynesians, 65, 78, 339
Porta, Giovanbattista Della, 107
Portugal and the Portuguese
Cape St. Vincent, 89
colonies, 82
conquest linked to astronomy, 80, 81, 83, 436n
Henry the Navigator, 79–81, 83
knowledge gained from voyages, 85
motives for conquest, 83–84
Treaty of Saragossa, 88
Treaty of Tordesillas, 88
potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs), 190, 253
Powell, Colin, 340
power
as its own excuse, 315
nature of, 508–9n
see also space power
PPWT treaty proposal, 294–95
Pratt & Whitney, 363
precession of the equinoxes, 67
Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, 248
President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, 323
President’s National Medal of Science, 226–27
Prettanikē (“Britannia”), 71
Price, Stephan, 222, 223
prime meridian, 87, 89, 98–99
printing press invention, 442n
Project Defender, 181, 271, 278
Project Excalibur, 246, 252
Project Plowshare, 287, 499n
Project RAND, 192, 262
see also RAND Corporation
Project Vanguard, 237, 26
7–68, 270, 488n, 489n, 490n
protoplanets, 384, 385
Ptolemy, Claudius
Almagest, 50
astrology, 49–51, 425n
distance to Sun estimated, 440n
eclipse prediction, 49
Geographike Hyphegesis, 50, 78, 85, 86, 87
Tetrabiblos, 50, 51, 425n
Pulham, Elliot, 25
Putin, Vladimir, 337, 363, 365, 507n
Pytheas, 70–72, 433–34nn
qianxingban, 75
Qian Xuesen, 264–65, 487–88n
quadrants, 74, 82, 84, 436n
quantum efficiency, 203
quantum physics (quantum mechanics), 169, 245, 401
quantum satellites, 236, 259, 351
QUESS (Quantum Experiments at Space Scale), 351
Question of General and Complete Disarmament, 285–86
radar
asteroid tracking, 184, 190
astronomy, 191–92
Chain Home network in Britain, 187–88, 467n
cooperation in postwar research, 190–91, 467–68n
countermeasures, 194–96
cross-section, 196, 197
development of, 183–89, 463–64n, 465–66nn
ionosphere and, 183, 187, 190, 191–92, 465n
Kriegsmarine’s Seetakt, 186
Luftwaffe’s Freya, 186
meteor detection, 191
microwave radar, 188–89
name origin, 183, 463n
origin of concept, 244–45
and Pearl Harbor attack by Japan, 189, 466–67n
secrecy about development, 186, 188–89, 190, 465n
spoofing, 195
women as radar operators, 187, 467n
in World War II, 184–90
Würzburg targeting radar, 186
Radar History of World War II, A (Brown), 185
radioactivity, 400
radio astronomy, 151, 179
Radio Research Board (UK), 187, 465n
radio telescopes, 179–83, 209, 212–13, 268, 400, 472–73nn
radio waves
discovery of, 171, 176, 461n
Earth as radio source, 194
reflection by ionosphere, 176–77, 187
transmission and reception, 177
Raleigh, Walter, 102
Raman, Bangalore Venkata, 425n
RAND Corporation, 246–48, 255, 262, 297, 299–300
ranging, defined, 184
rare earth elements, 383–5
Rationalia, 383
Raytheon
Active Denial/Silent Guardian System, 201, 470–71n
in Colorado Springs, 16
magnetrons manufactured in World War II, 189, 466n
prosperity after September 11, 2001, 11, 12
weapons manufactured by, 18
Reagan, Nancy, 53
Reagan, Ronald
astrology and, 53
Hollywood actor, 250
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 307
International Space Station and, 365, 367
“morning again in America,” 8
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), 12, 156, 248–48–9, 411n
summit with Gorbachev, 251, 307, 359
Superconducting Super Collider (SSD), 29
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