Reber, Grote, 179, 180
reflection control, and stealth, 175, 462n
refraction, 166–67, 175, 460–61n
Regimento do astrolabio e do quadrante, 83, 84
relativity, special and general theories of, 182, 218, 336
remote-sensing satellites (Earth-observation)
commercial satellites, 206–7, 342–43
Galileo and Copernicus (EU), 160, 329, 337
Landsat, 343–44
SPOT, 343, 344
uses of, 159, 160, 206–7
see also spy satellites
Renatus, Flavius Vegetius, 172–73
Republic (Plato), 46
Resolution 1884, 285–86
resonant cavity magnetron, 188–89
Richter, Burton, 249–50
Rittenhouse, David, 145
Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, 168
Robespierre, 121
Rogalski, Antoni, 475n
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 61, 174, 188, 303, 466n
Roscosmos, 337, 352, 363–64, 370, 372
Rowe, A. P., 188, 243–44, 245
Royal Academy of Sciences (France), 93
Royal Observatory Greenwich, 89, 93, 94, 98–99
Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, 445n
r-process (nuclear physics), 403, 532n
Rudolf II, 49, 424n
Rudolph, Arthur, 262
Rumsfeld, Donald, 11, 248, 393, 395, 416n
Rumsfeld Space Commission, 11–12, 21, 323, 393, 395, 493n
running down the latitude, 82
Rusk, Dean, 292
Russia
American astronauts ferried to ISS by, 27–28, 356–57
annexation of Crimea, 370, 389
ASATs (antisatellite weapons), 259
economy after Soviet Union collapse, 361–62
GLONASS global positioning system, 160, 337–38, 362, 363, 516n
inflation in 1990s, 361
joint ventures and foreign support in space, 363, 364, 368, 371
military spending, 353, 519n
rocket engine ban by United States, 371–72
rocket engine sales to United States, 363, 364, 371
Roscosmos, 337, 352, 363–64, 370, 372
space spending, 362, 364
strained US–Russia relations, 357, 521n
Ukrainian incursions, 389
Western sanctions against, 364, 370, 389
Rutherfurd, Lewis, 98
Sacred Games (Chandra), 54–55
Sagan, Carl, 250, 251–52, 254, 255, 360, 388
Sagdeev, Roald, 360–61
Sahul, 64
Sambrook, Stephen, 134, 452n
SAMOS (Satellite and Missile Observation System), 278, 471n
sandglasses, 77, 93
Santa Ana sinking, 110
SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System, 391
Sapphire satellite (Canada), 354
Sarabhai, Vikram, 352
Sarpi, Paolo, 442n
Sassoon, Siegfried, 387
satellites
debris from destruction of, 3, 32, 235, 258
development by Soviet Union, 262, 264, 268
development by United States, 262, 267–68, 487n, 488–89n
disruption of, 259–60
dual-use satellites, 159, 207, 256, 278, 321
growing dependence on, 235, 257, 339–40, 478n
number in orbit, 235, 458n
as potential targets in space war, 235, 257
see also specific types
Saturn
astrology and, 50, 52, 56, 79
rings (companions), 21, 52, 103, 110, 165
Saxton, Jim, 412n
Schott AG, 132
Schott & Associates Glass Technology Laboratory, 132, 135, 138, 139, 452nn
Schott, Otto, 132
Schriever Air Force Base, 16, 337
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz, 61–62
Science, The Endless Frontier, 270–71
Scilly Isles, 95
scintillators, 213–14, 216
SCORE communication satellite, 278
Scud missiles, 341
scurvy, 85
Sea Launch partnership, 363
search receivers, 196
security, meanings of, 13–15, 413nn
Seeger, Hans, 454n
Selenographia (Hevelius), 455n
Selin, Ivan, 485n
Seller, John, 66, 431n
September 11, 2001, attacks
Nostradamus “prophecy” and, 53
reaction to, 11, 12–13, 328, 412n
Sessions, Jeff, 412n
seven, mystical significance of, 166, 460n
seventeenth-century wars, nature and frequency of, 108, 443n
Shangshu, or The Book of History, 66–67, 431n
Sheehan, Michael J., 151, 367, 373, 376–77
Shelby, Richard, 412n
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 307
Shovell, Cloudesley, 95
Siddiqi, Asif A., 486–7nn, 489–90nn
Sidereus Nuncius (Galileo), 52–53, 141, 455n
sighting tubes, 101, 119
Signal Corps (US Army Signal Corps)
adaptability after Civil War, 128
casualties, 126, 448–49n
in Civil War, 123, 124, 125, 447n, 448–49nn
Pearl Harbor attack and, 189, 466–67n
radar and, 189, 191
radio waves bounced off Moon surface, 191
Scientific and Study Division, 128
during World War I, 128, 450n
silver chloride, 143, 168
Simes, Dimitri, 252
Simon, Scott, 30
Singh, Khushwant, 54
Siracusa, Joseph M., 306
Sirius (Dog Star), 39, 40
situational awareness, 155, 157, 162, 329, 396, 397
Skunk Works (Lockheed Aircraft), 198, 276, 469n
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 224–25
Smith, John, 436n
Snowden, Edward, 14, 413n
Sobel, Dava, 73, 95
Socrates, 46
sodium, spectroscopy of, 145, 146
Sorrows of Empire, The (Johnson), 35
Sotheby’s, 361–62
Soviet Union
atomic and nuclear bomb development, 263
Berlin blockade, 266, 303
collapse of, 357–59
intent to dominate the world, 304–5
Luna (Lunik) probes, 211, 271, 473n
Mir space station, 359–60, 362, 522n
missile defense program, 250, 252
political purges, 266
rocket development, 262, 263–64, 269, 486–87n, 490n
satellite development, 262, 264, 268
science education in, 270
Soviet Star Wars (Skif and Kaskad), 359–60, 522n
space program in 1980s, 359–61
US–Soviet cooperation in space, 357
Venera probes, 211
vilification by the West, 265
see also Sputnik
Soyuz, 357, 363, 370, 372, 389, 521n
space control, 157, 396, 530–31nn
space debris
from asteroid deflection, 255
monitoring by Sapphire satellite, 354
overview of space junk, 237–38
from satellite destruction, 3, 32, 235, 258, 393
“Star Drek” (Maher), 392
United Nations concerns about, 260, 486n
space diplomacy, 260–61, 312–13, 531n
space economy worldwide, overview, 349–50, 518n
Space Foundation
charter of, 15
National Space Symposium, 16–20, 24–25, 26, 414n, 415n, 417n
Space Foundation Index, 15–16
Space Report: The Authoritative Guide to Global Space Activity, The, 15, 21, 510n, 520n
Space Technology and Investment Forum, 414n
Strategic Space Symposium, 414n
Space Handbook, The (Buchhe
im), 248
Space Operations: Air Force Doctrine Document, 297, 321, 324, 503n
“Space Pearl Harbor,” 12, 393, 411n
space power
China and, 5, 26, 32–33, 318–19, 372–73
competition and, 324–25
European approach to, 325–30
in first Gulf War, 330–36, 340–44
Five D’s: deception, disruption, denial, degradation, and destruction, 322
in future wars, 348–49
in Iraq War, 344–48
Kennedy’s strategy, 319–20
leadership and, 318, 323–25
nature of, 317–18, 379–80
and space economy, 349–56
see also space superiority
space programs of various countries, 32
see also specific countries
Space Report: The Authoritative Guide to Global Space Activity, The (Space Foundation), 15, 21
space science, links to military technology, 20–21
Space Security Index, 397
space shuttle
Challenger disaster, 357
shrinking workforce, 27
termination of program, 27, 363, 370
viewed as possible ASAT, 258
space superiority, 236–37, 302, 321–22, 324, 366, 396, 479n, 530–31nn
see also space power
Space Surveillance Network, 238
Space Technology and Investment Forum, 414n
space war
cyberwar and, 235
Gulf War as first space war, 330–31
preparing plans for, 235–36, 238, 321–22, 478n
remote possibility of, 312, 349, 392–96
satellites as potential targets, 235, 257
Spacewatch debate, 251–52
space weapons, 256–60, 286, 297–301, 312–13, 397, 485n
Space Weapons Earth Wars, 297–301, 504n
space weather, 160–61
SpaceX, 21, 300, 337
Spain
Treaty of Saragossa, 88
Treaty of Tordesillas, 88
Twelve Years’ Truce with Netherlands, 104, 107
special theory of relativity, 218, 336
spectacle lenses, 102, 442n
spectroscopy, overview and history, 140, 144–48
Spektr-RG orbital X-ray observatory, 364
Spencer, Percy, 189
sphaera of Posidonius, 422n
Spinola, Ambrogio, 107
Spitzer, Lyman, 262, 487n
Spitzer Space Telescope (NASA), 199, 487n
SPOT, 343, 344
Sputnik
booster rocket, 32–33, 210, 237, 269, 271
and “freedom of space” issue, 268–69, 301, 505n
launch date, 32, 158, 210, 268, 269
radio transmitter, 33, 269
Sputnik 2, 269, 279
Sputnik 3, 271
tracking by Jodrell Bank, 210
spy satellites, 204–7, 228, 342–45, 471n, 517n
see also remote-sensing satellites; specific types
Square Kilometre Array, 183
Sri Lanka, 32, 64, 69, 430n
Stalin, Josef, 263–64, 266, 282, 303
Standard Inscription of Ashurnasirpal, 33–34, 420n
“Star Drek” (Maher), 392
Starsem, 363
stars, twinkling of, 152–54, 300
Star Trek (TV series), 175, 241
Star Wars (movie), 241, 249
static (noise), 177, 178
stealth aircraft
albedo and, 197
B-2 stealth bombers, 198, 303, 470n
control of reflection, 175, 196
development of, 197–98, 469–70n
F-117A stealth fighter, 197, 198, 332, 470n, 514n
Operation Desert Storm, 7, 197, 332, 514n
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 197
stellar nurseries, 199
Stiglitz, Joseph E., 416n
Stone, I. F., 298–99
stone “passage tombs” of County Meath, Ireland, 41–42
Strachey, R., 98
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 304, 305, 481n
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)
and aerospace industry campaign contributions, 12, 411–12n
announced by Ronald Reagan, 12, 156, 248–49, 258, 411n
Brilliant Pebbles, 250, 271
end of Cold War and, 250, 252
laser use in airborne antimissile defense, 156, 253
opposition to, 250–52
Project Excalibur, 246, 252
research and development, 250
spending on, 12, 250, 411n
technical challenges, 249–50, 482n
Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, 26, 250, 251
Strategic Space Symposium, 414n
Strong, Ian, 217
Suhail (Canopus), 67, 73–74, 434n
Sulbār (Achernar), 74
Sumerians, 40, 69
sundials, 40, 44
Sun
distance from Earth estimated, 440n
use in navigation, 67
Sun Tzu, 172, 238
supercomputers, 390, 391
Superconducting Super Collider (SSD) project, 28, 29–30, 418–19n
supernovas in 1572 and 1604, 52, 171
superpowers
goal of American preeminence, 31, 419n
science, technology, and education importance of, 31
space programs, 5, 25
survivability of nuclear war, 306–7
Suskind, Ron, 35
Sylvester II (pope), 101, 441n
Syracuse, Greece, 45, 47
Syria, civilian deaths in air strikes, 514–15n
Szalay, Alexander S., 224
tachygraphe, 120, 446n
Tahiti, 91
Tartessos, tin mines, 70, 433n
tasimeter, 220, 221
Taurus, 41, 66, 422n
Taylor, E. G. R., 91
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr., 182
telescopes
about, 101–2
in American Revolution, 111–12
astronomical telescope development, 109
deformable telescope mirrors, 154
Galileo and patronage, 105–6, 160, 173, 442–43n
Galileo construction of, 102, 107, 110, 441–42n
Galileo’s discoveries with, 52, 103, 109–10
introduced at The Hague in 1608, 103–4, 107
invention and early development, 102–3
lenses and mirrors in refracting telescopes, 109, 110, 444n
military use in eighteenth century, 111–15, 116–18
military use in nineteenth century, 115–16, 123–24, 125–26, 127, 130
military use in seventeenth century, 107, 108–11, 116–18, 444–45n
mirrors in reflecting telescopes, 133
narrow role of in war, 116–18, 445–46n
problems in large refracting telescopes, 133
resolution, 101
see also lenses; optical telegraphs
Teller, Edward, 499n
Tempel 1 (comet), 207–8
Templo Mayor in Mexico City, 42
Terra Australis Incognita, 91
Tesla, Nikola, 184, 463–64n
Tetrabiblos (Ptolemy), 50, 51, 425n
Thakur, Ramesh, 310, 507n
Thant, U, 302
Thayer, Abbott, 172
The Iliad (Homer), 239
thermonuclear fusion bombs, 304, 389, 390, 391, 474n
Thirteen Towers at Chankillo, Peru, 42
This New Ocean (Burrows), 357
threat inflation, 257–58, 485n
Three Mile Island nuclear disaster, 255
Thule, 71, 433n
Thutmose III (pharaoh), 68
Tiede, Ernst, 424n
Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 264, 487n
time as a measure of distance, 92–93
time dilation, 218
time units as units of angular measure, 93
tin, 69�
��70, 432n
TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite), 278
Titan Corporation, 412n
Tokyo, firebombing of, 301, 304
Toleta de Marteloio, 77
Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 86
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), 340, 517n
trade and commerce
and ancient navies, 68, 70
early Mediterranean maritime trade, 68–70, 432n
medieval Middle Eastern and Asian trade networks, 81–82
Ottoman tax collectors and, 81–82
in thirteenth through fifteenth centuries, 78–79, 436n
types of cargo in ancient times, 69, 432n
Transit navigation satellites, 278, 291
transmission curves, 200
transparency, 175
TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets, detection, 399
Travels of Sir John Mandeville, 86, 437n
Travels (Polo), 86
Treaty of Saragossa, 88
Treaty of Tordesillas, 88
Treaty of Versailles, 137, 138, 139
Treaty on Common Security in Outer Space, 295
Truman, Harry S., 262, 264, 265, 303, 473n
Trump, Donald J.
budget proposals, 378, 527n
on “fake news,” 509n
“fire and fury” rhetoric, 306
immigration policy, 377
inauguration, 377
on NATO, 328
nuclear arms policy, 308
Paris Agreement and, 529n
reaction against, 377–79
threats of nuclear escalation, 395, 530n
truculence, 396, 530n
Tsar Bomba, 307, 505–6n
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 263–64, 486–87n
Turnbull, David, 92
Twelve Years’ Truce, 104
Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), 222
Two-Micron Sky Survey, 221
2001: A Space Odyssey (movie), 494n
Tyson, Miranda, 8
Tyson, Neil deGrasse
Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry, 15, 318, 411n
Hayden Planetarium, 15
Natural History (magazine), 15
President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, 323
reaction to battle for Baghdad, 19–20
reaction to protestors against “weapons bazaar,” 17–18
Space Foundation board, 15–16, 20
Ufimtsev, Pyotr, 198
Uhuru satellite, 226
Ujjain, India, 94
ultraviolet radiation
discovery of, 146, 168
Earth’s atmosphere and, 199, 214
experienced by humans or animals, 169–70
United Launch Alliance, 371
United Nations
calls for peaceful use of space, 272–73, 382
concerns about space debris, 260, 486n
treaties and proposals addressing space, summary, 293–95
treaty proposed to ban nuclear weapons, 310
see also Outer Space Treaty
United States
balance-of-trade deficit with China, 372–73
demand for military production in World War I, 135
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