We Were Feminists Once
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The Blank Slate (Steven Pinker), 207
Blay, Zeba, 101, 103, 104–105
blood-diamond scourge, 12–13
Bloomer, Amelia, 61
bloomers, 61
Boal, Mark, 11
body
acceptance, 228, 244
anxiety in girls, 231
imperatives, 229–230
pubic hair, 233–238
See also beauty
The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls (Brumberg), 230
Bolotin, Susan, 144, 153
Boone Isaacs, Cheryl, 47–48
Bordo, Susan, 238
Bow, Clara, 33
Boxer, Barbara, 213
branding
empowerment, 247
feminist, 71, 72–74, 76–77, 125, 132–137
overview, 71–72
social movements, 72
See also advertising
Breen, Joseph, 36
Breslin, Susannah, 161
Bride Wars, 57
Bridesmaids (movie), 48–51, 53
Brizendine, Louann, 206, 207
Broadcast News (movie), 147
Brooklyn Museum’s Sackler Center for Feminist Art, First Award, xiii
Brown, Lyn Mikel, 15, 178
Brown, Tina, 196
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 230
Bruni, Frank, 53
Brzezinski, Mika, 197
Buchanan, Pat, 100
Burning Love (television show), 96–97
Bush, George W., 13, 66–67
BUST magazine, 67, 71, 169
“Our Outfits, Ourselves” fashion spread, 69, 70
on postfeminism, 161
Cagney and Lacy (television show), 86
Campaign for Real Beauty, Dove’s, 238–245
Cannes Film Festival, 46–47, 52
Cannon, Kay, 50
capitalism, 3, 15, 19, 179, 185, 202, 256
Carey, Maggie, 50
celebrities
politics and, 116–117
social movements and, 115, 124
celebrity feminism
analysis of, 126–127
backlash, 120, 133–135
Beyoncé and, xi, 111–114, 118, 123, 127, 132
brand-name, 132–137
competition, 122, 123
empowerment and, 170
as hindrance, 131–133
as identity, not substance, 135–137
listicles, 123, 124
Ms. magazine and, 115, 116, 118
overview, 111–138
race and, 112, 113, 121, 131, 133
as self-defeating, 125–126
Watson and, xi, 122–126, 135–136
young female, 119–123
Celluloid Ceiling Report, 45, 47
Champ, Janet, 14
Chanel, xi, 64
Chapman, Tracy, 217
Charlie perfume advertising, 8–10
Charney, Dov, 225
Cher, 141
child care, 251–252
chocolate ads, 21–22, 23
choice
equality and, 180
looks and, 228–229, 236, 237
marketplace feminism and, 237
rights and, 181–182, 187
choice feminism, 18–19, 184
beauty and, 231–233
empowerment and, 171, 187, 228
gender equality and, 180, 183, 185–187
postfeminism and, 186
Clarke, Edward, 199
Clinton, Bill, 89, 173
Clinton, Hillary, 116, 212–215
Clooney, George, 135
CNN, 91, 92
Cole, Nicki Lisa, 72
college campuses, 111
political correctness and, 156
rape, 157–161, 251
safe space, 250
college enrollment, and gender, 201–202
Collins, Gail, 251
commodification, of feminism, ix
See also marketplace feminism
Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood (LaSalle), 35
Comprehensive Child Care Bill, 251
The Confidence Code: The Science and Art of Self-Assurance (Kay and Shipman), 209–210
consumer empowerment, 179–180, 185, 192
consumer feminism, 76
consumption
feminism and, 18–23, 76, 185
as liberation, 18–23
Cosby, Bill, 249
cosmetic surgery, 228–232
Cosmopolitan, xii, xiii, 170
Cover Girl, 246–247
Crawford, Joan, 37, 38
credit cards, 3–4
Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams, 152
Crews, Terry, 118
Crisanti, Bina, 240
criticism
movie, 54–58
television, 101, 104–108
about worth of female attention, 38–39
See also analysis
Cross, Katherine, 129
Crow, Sheryl, 217
culture wars, 100–101
Curtis, Jamie Lee, 22
Cyrus, Miley, 121, 170
D’Alessio, Kitty, 6
Daniels, Lee, 48, 134
Dannenfelser, Marjorie, 213
date rape, 157–161
Daum, Meghan, 214
Davis, Angela, 59, 68–69, 70, 144
Davis, Geena, 102–103, 195
De Beers’ diamond ads, 11, 12
Dearden, James, 148–149
DeGeneres, Ellen, 124
Deggans, Eric, 56
Denfield, Rene, 157–158
Diet Coke ad, 11
Dirt, 159
discrimination. See sex discrimination
Disney, 135
diversity, 156
Doherty, Thomas, 36
doll advertising, 16–18
Donahue, Phil, 115
Douglas, Michael, 148
Douglas, Susan J., 19, 21, 93, 247
Douthat, Ross, 53, 163
Dove, 247
Campaign for Real Beauty, 238–245
“Onslaught” video, 242
“Patches” video, 244
“Sketches” video, 242–243, 244
Dowd, Maureen, 163
Dunham, Lena, 76, 107, 123, 131
DuVernay, Ava, 53
Dykes to Watch Out For (comic strip), 54
Echols, Alice, 127
education
of black women, 201–202
gender essentialism and, 200–202, 209
Edut, Ophira, 18
EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EFFIE award, 12
Egerman, Barbara, 114
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 164
Eliot, Lise, 208
Elle magazine, 68, 72–73, 211
Ellison, Katherine, 206
Empower program, 172
empowerment, 193
banking on, 188–192
branding, 247
celebrity feminism and, 170
choice feminism and, 171, 187, 228
consumer, 179–180, 185, 192
definition, 192
entrenchment of word, 189
fatigue, 169
feminism and, 171, 219
as gendered, 192
girl power, 171–179
media and, 170
movies and, 191
overview, 169–172
popular culture and, 170, 191
power and, 170–173
race and, 171, 172
sex and, 189–191
third-wave feminism and, 172, 180
empowertising, 19–28, 246–247
See also femvertising
Enjoli perfume advertising, 9, 10
Entertainment Weekly, 43
Ephron, Nora, 49, 58
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974), 4
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 44, 81, 83, 84, 151, 152
Equal Rights Amendment, 115–116, 145, 252
equality
/>
choice and, 180
See also gender equality
equity feminism, 213
erotic capital, 221–228, 248
Erotic Capital (Hakim), 222, 223
The Essential Difference: Men, Women, and the Extreme Male Brain (Baron-Cohen), 206, 207–208
Etcoff, Nancy, 222, 225, 239, 244
Etsy, 67
Ex Machina (movie), 56
False Feminist Death syndrome, 143
Faludi, Susan, 143, 146
fame
famous feminists, 128
social movements and, 128
See also celebrity feminism
fashion
feminism and, 59–80, 160, 256
labor force, 63
as liberation, 59, 61, 63, 64
looking like feminist, 65–71
magazines, 69–71
marketplace feminism and, 60, 70, 160
models, 227
race and, 64, 68–69
shapewear, 77–80
slogan t-shirts, 65–68
underwear, 59–62, 77–80
See also beauty; branding
Fast Company, 71
fat talk, 245–246
Fatal Attraction, 141, 148–149
Fawcett Society, 68
Featherstone, Liz, 188
feel-good feminism, 15
end of, 249–258
Feig, Paul, 50, 51, 53
Feldt, Gloria, 67
The Female Brain (Brizendine), 206, 207
feminism
activist, 186
advertising and, xi, 3–28
antifeminism, 30, 162
becoming cool, xi–xiii
bizarro, 210–215
capitalism and, 3, 15, 19, 179, 185, 256
celebration vs. co-optation, 252–255
celebrity, 111–138
commodification of, ix
consumption and, 18–23, 76, 185
as contested, xv
definitions and interpretations, 192, 211–215
empowerment and, 171, 219
equity, 213
fashion and, 59–80, 160, 256
feel-good, 15, 249–258
forward movement under threat, xiv
gender equality and, xv, 185
grassroots, 186
happiness and, 163–164, 169
Hollywood and, 29–58, 133–135, 141–143, 147
Internet and, 161, 250, 252–254
lipstick, 62, 160
listicle, 94, 123, 124
mainstream, 76
marketplace feminism and, 27, 210–211
media and, ix–xvi, 126, 133, 137, 144–146, 156–158, 160, 163, 164, 173, 183, 185, 249–251, 253
men and, xv
middle-class white women and, 73
neoliberalism and, 75–77, 155, 178, 180, 182–184, 187, 255
in nineties, 128, 150, 156–162
as not fun, 254
pluralistic, 73
popular culture and, ix–xvi, 137, 158, 159, 173, 185, 249–256
power, 157, 182–183
pro-sex, 161–162
race and, 144, 145, 151–153
radical, 207, 214, 218
recent public attitude change towards, 249
television and, 81–109, 147–148, 151–153, 184
trickle-down, 76
uncanny valley of, 74–76
underwear and, 59–62, 77–80
usage of word, 195
victim, 157, 182
See also specific topics
feminist analysis
of movies, 54–58, 255
of television, 105–108
trashing, 129–130, 132
feminist branding, 71, 72–74, 76–77, 125, 256
celebrity, 132–137
See also femvertising
feminist fallacy, 32–39, 58
Feminist Fatale (Kamen), 150
Feminist Frequency Web site, 55
Feminist Majority, 65
feminist movements, 255, 256, 257
competition in, 130–131
current, 250, 252
Film Equality Movement, 57–58
See also women’s movements
feminists
bad, 236–238
competition, 122, 123, 130–131, 185
counter-reality, 218–219
describing oneself as, 150, 211, 257
famous, 128
sex objects and, 166–167
straw, 165, 166
femvertising, 25, 28, 245–247
See also empowertising
Ferguson, Marjorie, 32
Fey, Tina, 78, 106, 107, 134, 172
50 First Dates (movie), 38
film
independent, 39–44
See also movies
Film Equality Movement, 57–58
Findlen, Barbara, 153–154
Finke, Nikki, 51
Fiorina, Carly, 212–213, 214, 215
Fire With Fire: The New Female Power and How It Will Define the 21st Century (Wolf), 157, 182–183
Firefly (movie), 104
First USA’s Seneca Falls Mastercard, 3, 7
first-generation bias, 155
Fithian, John, 46
“Flawless” (song), xi
Fortune, 126–127
fourth-wave feminism, 128
Free to Be You and Me (album), 115, 154
Freeman, Jo, 129
Frémaux, Thierry, 46
Friedman, Ann, 243
Friend, Tad, 50
Friendly, David T., 49
Fudge, Rachel, 128
Fuller, Simon, 176
Fury Road. See Mad Max: Fury Road
Game of Thrones (television show), 105, 191
Gandy, Kim, 214
Gardenburger slogan, 21
Gay, Roxane, 136, 250–251
gender
college enrollment and, 201–202
empowerment as gendered, 192
gendered financial barriers, 42
product marketing and, 202–205
race and, 151–153
separation and music festivals, 215–218
transgender women, xii, xiv, 101
gender equality
advertising and, 27, 154–155
choice feminism and, 180, 183, 185–187
feminism and, xv, 185
Hays Code and, 35
United Nations and, xi, 122–123, 135
wages, 131, 132, 144, 188–189, 208
See also feminism; gender inequality
gender essentialism, 215
biologically-based sex differences and, 206–210
black women and, 201–202, 205–206
confidence and, 209–210
education and, 200–202, 209
feminist counter-reality legacy of, 218–219
gender inequality and, 199–200
media and, 205–208, 210
overview, 199
toys and, 202–204
women’s conferences and, 199
workplace and, 209–210
gender inequality, 247
erotic capital and, 222
gender essentialism and, 199–200
in Hollywood, 41–58
in television, 101–103, 107
See also gender equality; sexism
gender roles
in movies, 147
9/11 and, 13
in television, 11, 82, 87
Getto, Gary, 27
Gevinson, Tavi, 63–64
Ghostbusters (movie), 53
Gibson, Charles Dana, 4
Gibson Girl, 4
Gilligan, Carol, 15–16, 178
Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 118
girl power
marketing, 173, 176–179
overview, 171–179
Spice Girls and, 176–179
See also Riot Grrrl
Girl Scouts of America, 24
girls
advertising sports and, 13–15, 17
Ba
rbie advertising to, 16–18
body and beauty anxiety in, 231
empowertising to, 246–247
girl crisis, 15–16, 178
marketing girls’ lib, 16
self-esteem, 16–18
GIRLS (television show), 81, 107
Girls Inc., 17–18
Girls Who Code, 24, 246
Glamour magazine, 65, 225
“The Glass Floor” report, 83
Godzilla (movie), 90
Goldstein, Marilyn, 143
Gonnerman, Jennifer, 158–159
Granik, Debra, 42
granny panties, 59, 60, 61
grassroots feminism, 186
Gravity (movie), 55
Gray, John, 205, 206, 208
Greenfield, Lauren, 23–24
Greer, Germaine, 61, 236
Guardian, 64, 77, 136, 166
Guardians of the Galaxy (movie), 57
Guy-Blaché, Alice, 33
Gyllenhaal, Maggie, 53
Hack, Shelley, 8, 10
Hager, David, 66
Hakim, Catherine, 222, 223
Hall, G. Stanley, 199
Halliwell, Geri, 178
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (movie), 33
Hanna, Kathleen, 175
“Hard Out Here” (video), 120–121
Harding, Kate, 212
Harlow, Jean, 34
Harlow, Shalom, 21
Harris, Cora, 149
Harris, Leslie, 41
Harris, Tamara Winfrey, 113, 202
Harris-Perry, Melissa, 201
Harron, Mary, 42
Harvey, Steve, 201, 202
Hathaway, Anne, 57
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 38
Hays, Will, 34
Hays Code, 34–36
HBO, 97, 192
Headland, Leslye, 50
HeForShe speech, 122–123, 125, 135
Heigl, Katherine, 38, 134
HelloFlo, 26
Henderson, J. Maureen, 135
Herman, Kristine, 161
heroines
action, 16
television antiheroines, 87, 97–100, 108
Herzigova, Eva, 19
Hill, Anita, 151–153, 173
hiring
beauty and, 221
sex discrimination in Hollywood, 44–46
See also wage equality; workplace
Hirshman, Linda, 183, 184, 186
Hoff Sommers, Christina, 213, 214
Hollywood
action movies, 51
female audiences, 48–50
female comic actors, 50
female-ensemble films, 48–51
feminism and, 29–58, 133–135, 141–143, 147
flops, 51–52
gender inequality in, 41–58
Hays Code and, 34–37
hiring discrimination in, 44–46
independent films, 39–44
male audiences, 49–50
Oscars, 48, 131, 134
postfeminism and, 147–149
pre-Code era, 34
race and, 44–45, 48, 49, 54, 56, 149, 256
silent era, 33–34
Wall Street and, 34
women’s stories and, 43–44
year-of-the-woman plaudits, 46–47, 52
Hollywood Reporter, 49
Holmes, Anna, 195–196
Holtzclaw, Daniel, xiv
“Homeward Bound” (Hirshman), 183, 184, 186
hooks, bell, 112, 145