Arthur Ashe

by Raymond Arsenault

  11 Jim Memmott, “ASHE: A Symbol of Hope,” Alliance (Fall 1994): 9–10, copy in folder 4, box 28, AAP; NYT, March 9, 24, July 10, 12 (q), 1993; Newport Daily News, February 8, 1993; “International Tennis Community Rallies to Support the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS, Inc.,” press release, July 1993, copy in Arthur Ashe Vertical File, ITHOF.

  12 Richard Sandomir, “HBO Must Carry On Without Ashe,” NYT, June 21, 1993; Abraham int. On September 27, 1993, many of Arthur’s Wimbledon friends attended “an evening at Grosvenor House, Park Lane, to honour the life of one of sport’s greatest ambassadors.” Donald Dell and Charlie Pasarell served as the honorary co-chairmen, and Jeanne was the “guest of honour.” See “Arthur Ashe: A Tribute,” twenty-nine-page program, Arthur Ashe Vertical File, ITHF.

  13 Charlie Pasarell, “Unforgettable Arthur Ashe,” Reader’s Digest (September 1993): 35, 36 (second q), 40 (first q); Pasarell int.

  14 NYT, December 2, 1993 (qs); JMA int; Claudia Glen Dowling, and Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, “Daddy and Me,” Life (November 1993): 61–64, 66, 68–69; Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Daddy and Me: A Photo Story of Arthur Ashe and His Daughter Camera (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1993); Randolph, “On Love, Loss and Life After Arthur,” 27–28, 30, 32, 34. For drafts, galleys, clippings, and correspondence related to Daddy and Me, see folders 12 and 13, box 26, AAP.

  15 NYT, August 26–27, 2005; BATN, 66; Robert Lipsyte, “Are Four Jock Heroes So Saintly After All?,” NYT, December 5, 1993 (qs).

  16 Arthur Ashe: Citizen of the World; Abraham int.

  17 Doug Smith, “Ashe’s Work, Legacy Live On in His Family, Foundation,” USA Today, August 5, 1997; JMA, Turner, Schragis, Mandeville, Murray, Dell, and Pasarell ints; “Artists and Athletes for Arthur,” 1995 typescript, in folder 7, box 32, AAP; Mayor James Sharpe to JMA, February 10, 1993, in folder 8, box 32, AAP; Odom Fanney, “NIH’s Hail to a Hero,” WP, 1995, copy in folder 10, box 35, AAP; NYT, May 23, August 9, 18, 30, September 5, 9, 1993; IRAA, 150; www.arthurashe.org. See also Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe (photographs) and Petra Richterova (Preface), Arthur Ashe: Out of the Shadow (New York: Arthur Ashe Learning Center, 2011). In 2017, the AALC changed its name to the Arthur Ashe Legacy Center and moved its headquarters to UCLA.

  18 Robinson, Karin Buchholz, Hartman, Dowdell, Desdunes, Wilkerson, Willis Thomas, Chewning, Dell, and Pasarell ints; Michael Kimmelman, “In the Bronx, Tennis for Everyone,” NYT, April 29, 2017. See also the following online sites: transafrica.org; aptworldtour.com; ustafoundation.com/njtl; safepassageyouthtennis.com; Richmond.com/news/local/city-of-richmond/photos-years-of-virginia-heroes/collection; and arthurashe.org/blog/lasting-legacy-virginiaheroes-continues-to-achieve.

  19 Dowdell int; Williams, Ahead of the Game, 174–75.

  20 A. L. Nellum to Douglas Wilder, February 19, 1993, in folder 2, box 28, AAP; “Implementation Strategy for the Hard Road to Glory Project, March 1993,” in folder 3, box 28, AAP; Harrison Wilson to JMA, February 29, 1996, in folder 8, box 28, AAP. See also the correspondence in folder 2, box 29, AAP. On the Ashe statue controversy that complicated and transformed Richmond’s racial politics from 1993 to 1996, see Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage,” 437–53; Barbee, “Race, Memory, and Communal Belonging in Narrative and Art”; Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory; and Tyler-McGraw, “Southern Comfort Levels,” 151–67.

  21 DiPasquale, John Charles Thomas, Chewning, and Einwick ints; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, February 16, 1993, folder 2, box 28; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, April 1, 1993, folder 4, box 28; JMA to Paul DiPasquale, March 15, 1993, folder 3, box 28; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, March 31, 1995, folder 5, box 28; all in AAP.

  22 Chewning, DiPasquale, and Einwick ints; RFP, December 8–10, 1994; RTD, December 6, 1994; “In Steel and Stone,” ed., RTD, December 15, 1994; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, December 16, 1994, in folder 4, box 28, AAP; NYT, June 18, 1995 (q).

  23 JMA and DiPasquale ints. Paul DiPasquale to JMA, February 13, 27, July 20, 1995; JMA to Paul DiPasquale, February 27, 1995, in folder 5, box 28, AAP; “Hard Road Not Over for Ashe,” Chicago Sun-Times, February 5, 1995; Cassandra Cossitt, “Ashe Statue Near Expressway on Monument Avenue,” Style Weekly, June 17, 1995; “On Street Where Confederates Reign, Arthur Ashe May, Too,” NYT, June 18, 1995; “Ashe Joining Dixie Heroes,” NYT, June 20, 1995; Peter Baker, “Landmark Decision in Richmond,” WP, June 20, 1995; “Race-Tinged Furor Stalls Arthur Ashe Memorial,” NYT, July 9, 1995; Mike Allen, “Return to Square One,” RTD, June 28, 1995; Gordon Hickey, “Panel Asserts Ashe Site Authority,” RTD, July 4, 1995; Michael Paul Williams, “Ashe Monument Could Be Symbol of Reconciliation,” RTD, June 26, 1995; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, July 26, 1995 (q), all in folder 5, box 28, AAP; Harrison Wilson to JMA, May 29, 1996, in folder 1, box 29, AAP

  24 John Charles Thomas (last q) int; Michael Paul Williams, “Arthur Ashe Deserves Place on Monument,” RTD, December 12, 1994; WP, December 9, 1994; Robert A. Carter to Councilwoman Viola Baskerville, July 17, 1995, in folder 5, box 28, AAP. See also the clippings in folder 5, box 28, AAP. See especially RTD, June 28, 29, July 1, 11, 16–19, 1995; Margaret Edds, “Clashing Views on Ashe Memorial, RFP, July 13–15, 1995; and John Maloney, “We Can Do This: Finding Common Ground in Honoring Arthur Ashe,” Style Weekly, July 19, 1995.

  25 DiPasquale, Einwick, and Chewning ints; Tom Chewning to JMA, January 24, 1996, in folder 7, box 28, AAP; Paul DiPasquale to JMA, July 26, 1995, in folder 5, box 28, AAP; Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage,” 446 (second q), 447 (first q), 448; John Bryan, “The Aesthetics of DiPasquale’s Ashe,” Style Weekly, January 30, 1996, copy in folder 8, box 28, AAP. See also Michael Kammen, Visual Shock: A History of Art Controversies in American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 335–37.

  26 Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, “A ‘New Year’s Wish for Richmond: Accept Gift of Arthur’s Vision,” RTD, January 1, 1996 (qs). See also a preliminary draft of the op-ed in folder 7, box 28, AAP. JMA int; “Arthur Ashe’s Widow Says She Is Not in Accord with Husband’s Statue Being Erected Among Civil War Heroes,” Jet (January 22, 1996): 34–35.

  27 Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage,” 448; RTD, January 3–6, 9, 14, February 11, 20, 24, 1996; RFP, January 4–6, February 28–March 2, 1996; Harrison Wilson to JMA, January 4, 1996, and Tom Chewning to JMA, January 8, 23, 1996, all in folder 7, box 28, AAP; Tom Chewning to JMA, February 2, 1996, and Jay Poole to Harrison Wilson, February 9, 1996, both in folder 8, box 28, AAP; Tom Chewning to JMA, May 14, 28, 1996, in folder 1, box 29, AAP; Mike Allen, “Integration Must Wait on Dixie Heroes Avenue,” NYT, January 4, 1996; “Honoring Arthur Ashe,” ed., Christian Science Monitor, January 12, 1996; Frank Deford, “Arthur Ashe’s Dream of Hall Lives On,” National Public Radio Morning Edition, January 5, 1996, transcript, in folder 7, box 28, AAP; Harrison Wilson, “Richmond Will Benefit by Making Ashe’s Dream a Reality,” RTD, March 29, 1996, op-ed. See also correspondence in folder 9, box 28, AAP.

  28 Chewning (first q), John Charles Thomas, and DiPasquale ints; NYT, July 5, 7, 11, 1996; Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage,” 436, 448–49; Gordon Hickey, “Council Again Gives OK to Ashe Statue Site,” RTD, February 27, 1996; Dedication Program, “Virginia Heroes Inc. and Dominion Resources Inc. Celebrate the Life of Arthur Ashe,” July 10, 1996, Arthur Ashe Vertical File, ITHF; RTD, July 11, 1996; Doug Smith, “Statue Saluting Ashe Unveiled on Historic Avenue in Hometown,” USA Today, July 11, 1996 (second, third, and fourth qs); John Charles Thomas, Poetry on the Wings of the Morning (Richmond: privately printed, 2013), 28–29 (fifth q).

  29 DiPasquale (q), Chewning, Einwick, John Charles Thomas, Carrico, and Irby ints; RTD, July 11, 1996; Tyler-McGraw, “Southern Comfort Levels,” 159–67; Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage,” 449–51; Josh Sanburn, “A Confederate Monument Solution, with Context,” Time (July 3, 2017): 17–18.

  30 Bill Simons int; William G. Simons, “A Call from the Heart,” and “The People’s Choice—Ashe Stadium,” Inside Tennis
(March 1997): 6–10; William G. Simons, “Arthur Ashe: The True Test,” Inside Tennis (September 1997): 10–11; Dwight Chapin, “Ashe Gets His Due in Drive to Rename U.S. Open Stadium,” San Francisco Examiner, August 17, 1997; Doug Smith, “USTA Rethinks Naming of New U.S. Open Stadium,” USA Today, February 14, 1997; Doug Smith, “USTA Names Open Stadium After Ashe,” USA Today, February 19, 1997; Dave Anderson, “Ashe’s Name on Stadium Is an Ace,” NYT, February 20, 1997; Michael Hiestand, “Sport Counts on USTA Center for Lift,” USA Today, August 21, 1997; George Vecsey, “Ashe’s Image Well Served at New Joint,” NYT, August 24, 1997; Doug Smith, “Stadium Dedication Tonight Culminates Ashe Celebrations,” USA Today, August 25, 1997; Lisa Olson, “Thinking-Man’s Champ,” New York Daily News, August 22, 1997, all in folder 10, box 35, AAP; JMA, Dell, and DiPasquale ints; NYT, December 30, 1933, January 9, 1934; September 23, 1935; July 8, 1936, April 11, 1966; February 19, 1997, August 30, 2000, August 28–31, 2006; IRAA, 167 (q); Vincent F. Seyfried, Corona: From Farmland to Suburb, 1650–1935 (New York: n.p., 1986); F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925), 28; ericfischl.com/arthur-ashe-memorial; J. A. Adande, “It’s Art, but It’s Sure Not Arthur,” LAT, August 30, 2000; Jerry Magee, “It May Be Art, but It’s Not Arthur,” San Diego Union-Tribune, February 24, 2004; Ron Turner, “Fans Don’t Like Naked Arthur Ashe Statue,” September 1, 2000, available online at groups.google.com; BATN, 66; Koger int; Kammen, Visual Shock, 337.

  31 JMA int; BATN, 66; NYT, April 30, 1993; espn.go.com/espys/arthurasheaward.

  32 Allen, McNeil, Garrison, and Washington ints; Khoe Dominguez, “Yannick Noah pour les 20 ans de ‘fete le mur’: ‘la lute continue,’ ” Paris Match, November 11, 2016; fetelemur.com; enfantsdelaterre.com; “Zina Garrison: Conscious Leader, Humanitarian,” entry on arthurashe.org notes the creation of the Zina Garrison Foundation for the Homeless in 1988 and the Houston-based Zina Garrison All-Court Tennis Program; zinagarrison.org/programs; lorimcneiltennisfoundation.org; jamesblaketennis.com/foundation; malwashington.com/youthfoundation; NYT, August 18, 22, 1993; Lisa Harris, “A Friend Recalls a Legend,” RTD, February 5, 1995.

  33 Karin Buchholz, Dowdell, Hartman, and Adams ints; BATN, 79–80, 170, 199–215; CTN, 144, 149–50, 232; “Tennis: A Great Match for Katrina Adams,” Northwestern Magazine (Winter 2004); Harvey Araton, “She Stumbled Into Tennis, but Strode Into a Top Post: Katrina Takes Helm of U.S.T.A. After Long Ascent,” NYT, January 16, 2015.

  34 Willis Thomas, Bobby Davis, Desdunes, Sands, Hartman, Abram, Dowdell, Beck, Washington, Wilkerson, Harmon, Shelton, Karin Buchholz, Koger, Pasarell, Nagler, Drysdale, McEnroe, and Stan Smith ints; Skip Hartman, “Tennis in the Nation’s Service,” November 11, 1993, typescript in folder 13, box 27, AAP; George Vecsey, “Where Are Next Gibsons And Ashes?,” NYT, August 29, 1997; IRAA, 134, 152–54, 163–64. On the foundations and related philanthropy of today’s top tennis players, see Joanna Tilley, “The Charitable Side of Tennis Stars,” November 9, 2013, available online at Aljazeera.com; rogerfedererfoundation.org; Les Roopanarine, “Roger Federer Foundation Aiming for Maximum Impact with Minimum Spin,” The Guardian (November 30, 2012); fundacionrafanadal.org; Laura Pedley, “The Charitable Giving of Andy Murray,” July 10, 2013, available online at cause4.co.uk; novakdjokovicfoundation.org; the serenawilliamsfoundation.org; and elevenbyvenuswilliams.com. The best source on Billie Jean King’s political and social activism is Ware, Game, Set, Match.

  35 “A Conversation with the President: Sports, Race, and Achievement,” ESPN Forum, October 11, 2016 (qs), available on YouTube. See also Bill Simons, “The Great Goodness of Arthur Ashe,” Inside Tennis (March 2018): 6–7.

  INDEX

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  Aaron, Hank, 46, 164, 398

  ABC, 421, 425, 445, 457, 461, 565, 574, 577, 580, 599, 696n25

  ABC Sports, 461, 465

  Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 85, 365, 459

  Aborigines, 150–51, 287

  Abraham, Seth, 279, 489, 569, 615, 693n37

  Abram, D. A., 627

  Abrams, Creighton, 89, 240

  Act Up, 579

  Adams, Katrina, 524, 626

  Addison, Tom, 156

  Adelaide, 187, 237, 417

  Advantage Ashe (Ashe), 112, 127, 160–61, 168, 172, 174–75, 179, 190–92, 202, 306, 308, 459

  Advantage International, 501

  Aetna Insurance Company, 304, 430, 442, 461, 462, 487, 495, 513, 534, 540–41, 548, 577, 595, 617

  Arthur Ashe Voice of Conscience Award, 617

  position on AIDS patients, 579–80

  Aetna World Cup, 366, 430

  of 1975, 366

  of 1976, 401–2

  affirmative action, 408, 441–43, 460, 464, 557

  Africa, 2, 7, 93–94, 155, 287, 443

  AIDS crisis, 583

  Ashe’s tours of, 273–75, 287–90, 367–68, 400–401

  See also specific countries

  African Americans, 6–7

  Ashe’s books on history of black athletes, 488–89, 501–2, 506–8, 511–12, 514, 534–35, 540–41, 551–53, 566

  celebrity, 396–99

  colleges, 22, 27, 497

  culture, 193, 419

  gradations of skin color, 6–7

  inner-city tennis programs, 193, 198, 202, 229, 285, 290, 299, 342, 399, 505, 513–14, 523, 525, 554–56, 616, 625, 626

  interracial dating, 92–93, 103–5, 306–8, 349

  Jim Crow, 5–11, 19–20, 23, 24, 28, 38–39, 43, 48, 52, 55, 57, 61–64, 68–69, 76–77, 79–80, 90, 92, 100, 105, 110, 112, 118, 131, 161–62, 189, 332, 343, 399, 608

  junior tennis development programs, 23, 27–30, 34–65, 79, 81, 162, 193, 522–23

  Los Angeles, 84–87

  middle class, 21, 22, 69, 285, 523

  militancy, 176–79

  Negro status, 5, 6, 62, 96, 122, 132, 153–55, 166, 218

  racial discrimination against, see racism

  religion, 207

  slavery, 5, 6, 7, 162, 429, 495, 560

  in tennis, 20–33, 77–78, 524–26, 589–90

  travel, 111–12

  UCLA athletes, 85–87, 91–95

  voting rights, 94, 141, 143, 176

  African National Congress (ANC), 323, 328, 359, 563–64, 690n34

  African Student Aid Fund, 367

  Afrikaner Resistance Movement (ARM), 323

  Agassi, Andre, 524, 589, 591, 711n15

  Agnelli, Gianni, 704n33

  Agnew, Spiro, 318

  Agronsky, Martin, 228

  AIDS, 2, 3, 289, 503, 545–46, 571

  of Ashe, 2, 3, 542–51, 563, 567–73, 585–586, 588, 591, 593, 601–5, 612–13, 615

  Ashe’s exposure to HIV, 503–4, 546, 547–71

  blood transfusion and, 503–4, 546, 547, 571

  death rates, 504, 549, 561, 606–7

  homosexuality and, 547, 548, 561, 568, 606

  medications and treatment, 549–51, 561, 571

  popular culture of, 547–48, 574–75

  Reagan policy, 548

  right to privacy debate, 574–78

  symptoms, 546–47

  AIDS Leadership Award, 596

  Aikman, Troy, 85

  Alabama, 77, 118

  Alan King–Caesars Palace Classic, 304–6

  Albany, New York, 555

  Albert, Frankie, 201, 677n11

  Albert, Janie, 201

  Alcindor, Lew, 147, 148, 192

  Alexander, John, 267, 366, 369, 373, 401, 417, 424, 435, 487

  Ali, Muhammad, 80, 167–68, 262, 365, 399, 431, 434, 459, 531, 626, 628

  Ashe and, 167, 345

  All-American Sports, 260

  Allen, Leslie, 43, 291, 507,
524–26, 626

  Allen, Dr. Machelle, 584

  All England Club, 111, 203, 248, 312, 352, 405, 473, 484, 527, 588

  All-India Tennis Federation (AITF), 356

  All-University of California championships, 107

  Almond, J. Lindsay, Jr., 52

  Alou, Felipe, 164

  amateur tennis, 96, 97, 117, 204, 205, 221

  Ashe’s status in, 219, 224, 233–34, 245

  end of Ashe’s career in, 243–45

  Open Era and, 204–6, 233–34, 242–43

  See also specific organizations and tournaments

  Amdur, Neil, 208–9, 242, 256, 276, 285, 436, 460, 479, 483, 611–12

  American Airlines, 260, 461

  American Committee on Africa (ACOA), 211, 250, 357

  American Coordinating Committee for Equality in Sports and Society (ACCESS), 422, 426

  American Davis Cup Committee, 147–48, 185, 191, 532. See also Davis Cup; specific players and tournaments

  American Heart Association, 457

  American Lawn Tennis magazine, 32

  American Sportscasters Association, 598–99

  American Tennis Association (ATA), 1–2, 22–33, 64, 81, 158, 283, 290, 315, 343, 507, 526, 667n25

  Ashe and 44–45, 49, 51–52, 56, 59–60, 63–64, 81–82, 101

  Ashe’s statistics, 641

  Beginnings of, 22

  Carrington controversy, 315–16

  15-and-under titles, 42, 49, 51–56

  Althea Gibson and, 29–30

  Interscholastic singles titles, 51

  Dr. Johnson and, 27–30, 34–50, 51–65

  junior development programs, 27–30, 34–50, 51–65, 79, 81, 162

  National Junior titles, 42, 81

  of 1920s-30s, 22–23

  of 1940s, 24–31

  1941 National tournament, 25