Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

by Peter Watson

  40. Kaye, Op. cit., pages 91–92.

  41. See, for example: Christopher Hill, Change and Continuity in Seventeenth Century England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975, pages 205fr

  42. Christopher Hill, The English Revolution 1640, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1955, page 6. See also Kaye, Op. cit., page 106.

  43. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Classes, London: Gollancz, 1963, especially Part 2: The Curse of Adam, and page 12 for the ‘Condescension’ reference.

  44. Ibid., pages 807ff. See also Kaye, Op. cit., pages 173ff

  45. Colin Renfrew, Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe, London: Jonathan Cape, 1973; Pimlico paperback, 1999.

  46. Ibid., pages 32ff.

  47. Ibid., page 93.

  48. Ibid., page 133.

  49. Ibid., pages 161 and 170.

  50. Ibid., page 222.

  51. Ibid., page 273.

  CHAPTER 32: HEAVEN AND EARTH

  1. If that makes it sound easy, see Young, Silcock et al., Journey to the Sea of Tranquility. Op. cit., pages 306–320 for the exciting preamble.

  2. Peter Fairley, Man on the Moon, London: Mayflower, 1969, pages 33–34. Peter Fairley was ITN’s science correspondent at the time. His account is by far the most vivid I have read. It is the primary source for this section. But see also Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 321.

  3. Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 629.

  4. John M. Mansfield, Man on the Moon, London: Constable, 1969, pages 80ff.

  5. Fairley, Op. cit., page 73.

  6. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 71ff. Fairley, Op. cit., page 74.

  7. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 81–83.

  8. Ibid., page 99.

  9. Ibid., pages 101–102.

  10. A space task force was set up at Langley. See: Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 120–122. See also: Fairley, Op. cit., page 104.

  11. Though there were lurid accounts as well. See: Young, Silcock, et al. Op. cit., page 167. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 101.

  12. Fairley, Op. cit., page 139.

  13. Ibid., pages 141, 142 and 152.

  14. Ibid., pages 152–153.

  15. Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 275; and Fairley, Op. cit., page 177–178.

  16. There were certain medical problems the crew faced. See: P. J. Bocker, G. C. Freud and G. K. C. Pardoe, Project Apollo: The Way to the Moon, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, page 190. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 190.

  17. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 326. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 38ff.

  18. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, New York: Basic Books, 1977, page 47.

  19. Ibid., pages 49 and 124.

  20. Ibid., pages 126–127.

  21. John Gribbin, The Birth of Time, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, pages 177–179.

  22. Weinberg, Op. cit., page 52.

  23. Ibid., chapter 5 in essence, pages 101ff.

  24. See: John D. Barrow, The Origin of the Universe, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994, page 48, for a diagram of how the four forces fit into the developing chronology of the universe.

  25. See also: Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 353–354.

  26. Ibid., page 401; but see also Barrow, Op. cit., pages 134–135 for some problems with black holes.

  27. Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 343 and 387.

  28. Ibid., page 388.

  29. Ibid., page 344.

  30. Barrow, Op. cit., page 10.

  31. See also: Gribbin, The Birth of Time, Op. cit., pages 50–52 for another synthesis and more recent astronomical observation. And Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 457–459.

  32. Fairley, Op. cit., page 194.

  33. There are several accounts. See, for example: John Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956.

  34. Géza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London: Collins, 1977, pages 87ff.

  35. Allegro, Op. cit., page 104.

  36. Vermes, Op. cit., page 118–119.

  37. The New Catholic Encyclopaedia, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 215.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Ibid.

  40. John Heywood Thomas, Paul Tillich: An Appraisal, London: SCM Press, 1963, pages 13–14.

  41. He also thought there were bound to be different ways of approaching God. See for example, Theology and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, especially chapters IX on Einstein, XIII on Russia and America, and XIV on Jewish thought.

  42. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology I, London: Nisbet, 1953, pages 140–142. Thomas, Op. cit., page 50.

  43. John Macquarrie, The Scope of Demythologising: Bultmann and His Critics, London: SCM Press, 1960, page 13. I have relied heavily on this work.

  44. See also: Rudolf Bultmann, ‘The Question of Natural Revolution,’ in Rudolf Bultmann: Essays – Philosophy and Theology, London: SCM Press, 1955, pages 104–106. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 12–13.

  45. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 88–89.

  46. Ibid., page 84.

  47. Ibid., page 181.

  48. Bultmann, Essays, Op. cit., pages 305ff.

  49. Claude Cuénot, Teilhard de Chardin: A Biographical Study, London: Burns & Oates, 1965, page 5.

  50. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, London: Collins, 1971, pages 76 and 138; translated by Renée Hague.

  51. Teilhard de Chardin, Op. cit., page 301.

  52. In fact, there were two books: The Phenomenon of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1959, revised 1965; and The Appearance of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1965.

  53. Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, Op. cit., page 258.

  54. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Godly and the Ungodly, London: Faber, 1959.

  55. Ibid., pages 22–23.

  56. Ibid., page 131.

  57. Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ‘Reinhold Niebuhr’s role in American political thought and life,’ in Charles W. Kegley and Robert W Bretall (editors), Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social and Political Thought, London: Macmillan, 1956, page 125.

  58. There are several accounts of the council, by no means all of them written by Catholics. I have used the two indicated. See: Robert Kaiser, Inside the Council: The Story of Vatican II, London: Burns & Oates, 1963, pages 12–15.

  59. Ibid., page 236.

  60. Ibid., page 179.

  61. Paul Blanshard, Paul Blanshard on Vatican II, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967, page 340.

  62. Ibid., pages 288–289.

  63. Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the Twentieth Century: A History, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989, pages 40–41.

  64. Ibid., pages 132–134.

  65. Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, London: Allen Lane, 1998.

  66. Ibid., pages 191ff.

  67. Ibid., pages 365–369.

  68. Richard Doll, ‘The first reports on smoking and lung cancer,’ in S. Lock, L. A. Reynolds, and E. M. Tansey (editors), Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998, pages 130–142.

  69. See: Carol B. Gartner, Rachel Carson, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983, pages 98–99 for a discussion of Carson’s language in the book.

  70. For the long-term fate of DDT see Bill McKibben, The End of Nature, London: Viking, 1990.

  71. Lear, Op. cit., pages 358–360.

  72. Ibid., pages 409–414.

  73. Some thought she exaggerated the risk. See: Gartner, Op. cit., page 103.

  74. Lear, Op. cit., page 419.

  75. D. H. Meallows, D. L. Meallows, J. Randen and W. W. Behrens, The Limits to Growth, Rome: Potomac, 1972.

  76. Barbara Ward and Renée Dubos, Only One Earth, London: André Deutsch, 1972.

  77. Charles Reich, The Greening of America, New York: Random House, 1970, page 11.

  78. Ibid., page 108.

  79. Ibid., page 129.
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br />   80. Ibid., pages 145–146.

  81. Fritz Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, London: Anthony Blond, 1973; A Guide for the Perplexed, London: Jonathan Cape, 1977.

  82. Barbara Wood, Alias Papa: A Life of Fritz Schumacher, London: Jonathan Cape, 1984, pages 349–350.

  83. Ibid., page 355.

  84. Ibid., pages 353ff.

  85. Ibid., page 364.

  CHAPTER 33: A NEW SENSIBILITY

  1. Martin Gilbert, The Arab-Israel Conflict, London: Collins, 1974, page 97. Quoted in Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 669.

  2. Johnson, Op. cit., page 669.

  3. Ibid., pages 663–665.

  4. J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial Estate, London: Deutsch, 1967.

  5. Ibid., pages 180–188.

  6. Ibid., pages 59 and 208–209.

  7. Ibid., page 223.

  8. Ibid., page 234.

  9. Ibid., page 347.

  10. Ibid., page 393.

  11. Ibid., page 389.

  12. Ibid., page 362.

  13. Waters, Op. cit., page 108.

  14. Daniel Bell, The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, New York: Basic Books, 1975, page 119. Waters, Op. cit., page 109.

  15. Waters, Op. cit., page 109.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Bell, Op. cit., page 216. Waters, Op. cit., page 117.

  18. Waten, Op. cit., pages 119–120.

  19. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, New York: Basic Books, 1976; 20th anniversary issue, paperback, 1996, page 284.

  20. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.

  21. Bell, The Cultural Contradiction of Capitalism, Op. cit., pages xxvff. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.

  22. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.

  23. Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, Op. cit., page xxix; and Daniel Bell, ‘Resolving the Contradictions of Modernity and Modernism,’ Society, 27 (3; 4), 1990, pages 43–50 and 66–75, quoted in Waters Op. cit., page 132.

  24. Ibid., page 133.

  25. Bell, Op. cit., page 67.

  26. Waters, Op. cit., page 134.

  27. Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale (editors), The New Student Left, Boston: Beacon Press, 1967, revised edition, pages 12–13.

  28. Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture, New York: Doubleday, 1969, University of California Press paperback, 1995.

  29. Ibid., page xxvi.

  30. Ibid., page 50.

  31. Ibid., page 62.

  32. Ibid., page 64.

  33. Ibid., page 182.

  34. And see the discussion of Maslow in: Colin Wilson, New Pathways in Psychology: Maslow and the Post-Freudian Revolution, London: Gollancz, 1973, pages 29ff

  35. Roszak, Op. cit., page 165.

  36. Alan Watts, This Is It, and Other Essays on Spiritual Experiences, New York: Collier, 1967.

  37. Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, London: The Bodley Head, 1974; Vintage paperback, 1989.

  38. Roszak, Op. cit., pages 141–142.

  39. Steve Bruce, Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals to Cults, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pages 178–180.

  40. Ibid., pages 181–186.

  41. Tom Wolfe, The Purple Decades, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1982, page xiii.

  42. Tom Wolfe, Radical Chic, London: Michael Joseph, 1970; and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, London: Michael Joseph, 1971.

  43. Wolfe, The Me Decade, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1976.

  44. Wolfe, The Purple Decades, Op. cit., pages 292— 293.

  45. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Dimishing Expectations, New York: W. W. Norton, 1979; Warner paperback, 1979.

  46. Ibid., page 17.

  47. Ibid., pages 18–19.

  48. Ibid., page 29.

  49. Ibid., page 42.

  50. Ibid., page 259.

  51. Ibid., pages 315–316.

  52. Ibid., page 170.

  53. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971; Penguin 1991.

  54. Ibid., page 31.

  55. Ibid., page 34.

  56. Ibid., page 62.

  57. Ibid., page 153.

  58. Ibid., page 161.

  59. Ibid., page 174.

  60. Ibid., page 249.

  61. Ibid., page 384.

  62. Ibid., page 387.

  63. Ibid., pages 391–401.

  64. Ibid., pages 445 and 505.

  65. Ibid., pages 763–764.

  66. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, London: Temple Smith, 1972.

  67. Ibid., chapters 3, 6, 7 and 10.

  68. Ibid., pages 282 and 290.

  69. Ibid., chapter 15, pages 247ff.

  70. Ibid., pages 253–258.

  71. Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

  72. Ibid., chapter 5, passim.

  73. Ibid., pages 209–210.

  CHAPTER 34: GENETIC SAFARI

  1. Robert A. Hinde, ‘Konrad Lorenz (1903–89) and Niko Tinbergen (1907–88)’, in Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, Op. cit., pages 76–77 and 81–82.

  2. Niko Tinbergen, The Animal in its World, 2 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972, especially volume 1, pages 250ff

  3. Mary Leakey, Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man, Op. cit.

  4. Robert Ardrey, African Genesis, London: Collins, 1961, Fontana paperback, 1967.

  5. Adrian House, The Great Safari: The Lives of George and Joy Adamson, London: Harvill, 1993, page xiii.

  6. Joy Adamson, Born Free, London: Collins Harvill, 1960.

  7. House, Op. cit., page 227.

  8. All published by Collins/Harvill in London.

  9. The best of the other books by or about the Adamsons is: George Adamson, My Pride and Joy, London: Collins Harvill, 1986, especially Part II, ‘The Company of Lions.’ See also: House, Op. cit., pages 392–393

  10. Jane Goodall, In the Shallow of Man, London: Collins, 1971, revised edition Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.

  11. Ibid., pages 101ff.

  12. Ibid., page 242.

  13. Dian Fossey, Gorillas in the Mist, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1983, page xvi.

  14. Ibid., pages 10–11.

  15. Harold Hayes, The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey, London: Chatto & Windus, 1991, page 321.

  16. George Schaller, The Serengeti Lion, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

  17. Ibid., pages 24ff.

  18. Ibid., page 378.

  19. Iain and Oria Douglas-Hamilton, Among the Elephants, London: Collins & Harvill, 1978, page 38.

  20. Ibid., pages 212ff.

  21. Virginia Morrell, Ancestral Passions, Op cit., page 466.

  22. Donald C. Johanson and Maitland A. Edey, The Beginnings of Humankind, London: Granada, 1981, pages 18ff. Morrell, Op. cit., page 466.

  23. Morrell, Op. cit., pages 473–475. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 145.

  24. Johanson and Edey, Op. cit., pages 255ff.

  25. Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Op cit., page 151.

  26. Morrell, Op. cit., pages 480 and 487ff.

  27. Johanson and Edey, Op. cit., pages 294–304.

  28. For a discussion of A. afarensis, see Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy’s Child, New York: Viking, 1990, pages 104–131. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 154.

  29. Walter Bodmer and Robin McKie, The Book of Man: The Quest to Discover our Genetic Heritage, London: Little, Brown, 1994; paperback Abacus, 1995, page 77. Cook-Deegan, Op. cit., page 59.

  30. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 77–78.

  31. Ibid. An alternative account is given in: Colin Tudge, The Engineer in the Garden, London: Jonathan Cape, 1993, pages 211–213.

  32. Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars: Science, Politics and the Human Genome, New York and London: W. W Norton, 1994, paperback 1995, pages 59–61.

  33.
For a good explanation by analogy of this difficult subject, see: Bruce Wallace, The Search for the Gene, Op. cit., page 90.

  34. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 73–74. See the complete list for the first genome ever sequenced (by Sanger) in Cook-Deegan, Op cit., pages 62–63.

  35. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 86–87.

  36. Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modem Biology, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971; Penguin paperback 1997. For Einstein and ‘mathematical entities’ see page 158; for the ‘primitive’ qualities of Judaeo-Christianity, see page 168; for the ‘knowledge ethic’ on which modern society is based, see page 177.

  37. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975; abridged edition 1980.

  38. Ibid., page 218.

  39. Ibid., pages 19 and 93.

  40. Ibid., page 296.

  41. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford and New York, 1976, new paperback edition, 1989.

  42. Ibid., page 71.

  43. Ibid., page 97.

  CHAPTER 35: THE FRENCH COLLECTION

  1. Nathan Silver, The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994, page 171.

  2. John Musgrove (editor), A History of Architecture, London: Butterworths, 1987, page 1352 places more significance on the building’s location than on the structure.

  3. Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), Orientations: Collected Writings of Pierre Boulez, London: Faber, 1986, pages 11–12. Translated by Martin Cooper.

  4. Various authors, History of World Architecture, London: Academy Editions, 1980, page 378.

  5. Silver, Op. cit., pages 39ff.

  6. Ibid., pages 6 and 44–47.

  7. Ibid., page 49.

  8. Ibid., page 126.

  9. See: Nattier (editor), Op. cit., page 26 for other regulars.

  10. For some of Boulez’s contacts with Messaian, see Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), The Boulez-Cage Correspondence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pages 126–128.

  11. Paul Griffiths, Modem Music, Op. cit., page 136.

  12. Ibid., pages 160–161.

  13. Ibid., page 163.

  14. Boulez was close to Cage. See: Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), The Boulez-Cage Correspondence, Op. cit., passim.