Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

by Peter Watson

  44. Alasdair Maclntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, London: Duckworth, 1988.

  45. Ibid., page 140.

  46. Ibid., page 301.

  47. Ibid., page 302.

  48. Ibid., page 304.

  49. Ibid., page 339.

  50. Ibid., page 500.

  51. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980, paperback 1990.

  52. Ibid., pages 8–9.

  53. Ibid., page 3.

  54. Ibid., page 135.

  55. Ibid., page 137.

  56. Ibid., page 136.

  57. Ibid., page 140.

  58. Ibid., page 147.

  59. Ibid., page 156.

  60. Ibid., page 351.

  61. Ibid., page 350.

  62. Ibid., page 328.

  CHAPTER 39: ‘THE BEST IDEA EVER’

  1. Bodmer and McKie, The Book of Man, Op. cit., page 259.

  2. Colin Tudge, The Engineer in the Garden, Op. cit., pages 257–260.

  3. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 257.

  4. Ibid., page 259.

  5. Ibid., page 261.

  6. A. G. Cairns-Smith, Seven Clues to the Origin of Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

  7. Ibid., page 47.

  8. Ibid., page 74.

  9. Ibid., page 80.

  10. Richard Fortey, Life: An Unauthorised Biography, London: HarperCollins, 1997; Flamingo paperback, 1998, pages 44 and 54ff.

  11. Ibid., pages 55–56, where the calculation for bacterial production of oxygen is given.

  12. J. D. MacDougall, A Short History of Planet Earth, New York: Wiley, 1996, pages 34–36. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 59–61.

  13. Ibid., page 52. See also: Tudge, Op. cit., pages 331 and 334–335 for a discussion of the implications of Margulis’s idea for the notion of co-operation. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 68–69.

  14. For slimes, see: Fortey, Op. cit., pages 81ff; for Ediacara see ibid., pages 86ff. The Ediacara are named after Ediacara Hill in South Australia, where they were first discovered. In March 2000, in a lecture at the Royal Institution in London, Dr Andrew Parker, a zoologist and Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford, attributed the Cambrian explosion to the evolution of vision, arguing that organisms had to develop rapidly to escape a predator’s line of sight. See: The (London) Times, 1 March 2000, page 41.

  15. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 102ff.

  16. MacDougall, Op. cit., pages 30–31.

  17. John Noble Wilford, The Riddle of the Dinosaurs, London and Boston: Faber, 1986, pages 221ff.

  18. Ibid., pages 226–228.

  19. Walter Alvarez, T. Rex and the Crater of Doom, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1997; Penguin paperback 1998, page 69. See also: MacDougall, Op. cit., page 158.

  20. For a traditional view of dinosaur extinction, see: Björn Kurtén, The Age of the Dinosaurs, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, pages 211ff.

  21. Alvarez, Op. cit., pages 92–93.

  22. Ibid., pages 109ff.

  23. Ibid., pages 123ff.

  24. MacDougall, Op. cit., page 160; and see chart of marine extinctions on page 162.

  25. Alvarez, Op. cit., page 133.

  26. Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Op. cit., pages 187— 188.

  27. Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy’s Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor, New York: Viking, 1990, pages 201ff.

  28. E. S. Vrba, ‘Ecological and adaptive changes associated with early hominid evolution,’ in E. Delson (editor), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, New York: Alan Liss, 1988, pages 63–71; and: E. S. Vrba, ‘Late Pleistocene climatic events and hominid evolution,’ in F. E. Grine (editor), Evolutionary History of the ‘Robust’ Australopithecines, New York: Adine de Gruyter, 1988, pages 405–426.

  29. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 197.

  30. Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, London: Thames & Hudson, 1993, pages 152–154. These interpretations in the latter part of this paragraph are doubted in many quarters.

  31. Tattersall, Op. cit., chapter 15: ‘The cave man vanishes’, pages 199ff.

  32. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218 and 232–233.

  33. Brian M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: The Peopling of Our World, London: Thames & Hudson, 1990, pages 27–28. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218–219.

  34. Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, London: Jonathan Cape, 1987, pages 9–13.

  35. J. H. Greenberg, Language in the Americas, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.

  36. Brian M. Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1987, page 186.

  37. See especially: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, New York: Helix/Addison Wesley, 1995 (first published in Italy by Arnaldo Mondadori Editore Spa, 1993), pages 156–157.

  38. Ibid., page 187.

  39. Ibid., page 185; and see a second candidate in the chart on page 186.

  40. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, Op. cit., page 205.

  41. Paul Johnson, Daily Mail (London).

  42. E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978, page 167.

  43. Ibid., page 2.

  44. Ibid., page 137; and see also the charts on page 90.

  45. E. O. Wilson, Biophilia, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.

  46. Stephen R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (editors), The Biophilia Hypothesis, Washington DC: Island Press, 1993, page 237. See also: James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; paperback 1982 and

  47. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, London: Longman, 1986; Penguin 1988.

  48. Ibid., page 90.

  49. Ibid., page 158.

  50. Daniel Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, Op. cit., page 21.

  51. Ibid., page 82.

  52. Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  53. Ibid., page 220.

  54. John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford, New York and Heidelberg: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum, 1995.

  55. Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct, New York: Morrow, 1994; Penguin 1995.

  56. Ibid., page 301.

  57. N. Eldredge and S.J. Gould, ‘Punctuated equilibrium: an alternative to phyletic gradualism,’ in T. J. M. Schopf (editor), Models in Palaeobiology, San Francisco: Freeman Cooper, 1972, pages 82–115. See also: N. Eldredge, Reinventing Darwin, New York: John Wiley, 1995, pages 93ff, where the debate is updated.

  58. S.J. Gould and R. C. Lewontin, ‘The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, volume B205, 1979 pages 581–598.

  59. S.J. Gould, Wonderful Life, London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989.

  60. Simon Conway Morris, The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  61. S.J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit.

  62. Steven Rose, Leon Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes, Op. cit.

  63. R. C. Lewontin, The Doctrine of DNA: Biology as Ideology, Toronto: Anansi Press, 1991; Penguin, 1993, pages 73–74.

  64. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1994.

  65. See also: Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick and Kathryn Roeder (editors), Intelligence, Genes and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve, New York: Copernicus, 1997, page 22.

  66. Ibid., pages 269ff.

  67. Ibid., pages 167ff.

  68. Herrnstein and Murray, Op. cit., page 525.

  69. Ibid., page 444.

  70. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit., page 375.

  71. Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, Op. cit., p
age 110.

  72. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 320.

  73. Cook-Deegan, Op. cit., page 286.

  74. Ibid., page 339.

  75. Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

  76. John Maddox, What Remains to be Discovered, Op. cit., page 306.

  77. John Cornwell (editor), Consciousness and Human Identity, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, page vi.

  78. Ibid., page vii.

  79. Ibid.

  80. J. R. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, London: Granta, 1997, pages 95ff.

  81. J. R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992; and Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., page 33.

  82. Roger Penrose, Shallows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  83. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, Op. cit., pages 53ff.

  84. Ibid., page 87.

  85. Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., pages 11–12.

  86. Robert Wright, The Moral Animal, New York: Pantheon, 1994, page 321.

  87. Olaf Sporns, ‘Biological variability and brain function,’ in Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., pages 38–53.

  CHAPTER 40: THE EMPIRE WRITES BACK

  1. Marcus Cunliffe (editor), American Literature since 1900, Op. cit., page 373.

  2. Cunliffe (editor). Op. cit., page 377.

  3. Ibid., page 378.

  4. Ibid., page 373.

  5. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963; quoted in Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 386.

  6. Toni Morrison, all titles published in London by Chatto & Windus. And see also: Malcolm Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Oxford and New York, 1983, 2nd edition, 1992, page 279.

  7. Nancy J. Peterson (editor), Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1997.

  8. Alice Walker, The Color Purple, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1982. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 280.

  9. Michael Awkward, Inspiriting Influences: tradition, revision and Afro-American women’s novels, New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. See also: David Crystal, English as a Global Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 139.

  10. Crystal, Op. cit., page 130.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Jean Franco, The Modem Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist, London: Pall Mall, 1967; Penguin 1970, page 198.

  13. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The City and the Dogs, translated into English as: The Time of the Hero, New York: Harper & Row, 1979.

  14. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The Green House, London: Jonathan Cape, 1969.

  15. Keith Booker, Vargas-Llosa among the Post-Modemists, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994.

  16. Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, London: Verso, 1989, page 218.

  17. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, published in Spanish 1967, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970; Penguin 1973.

  18. D. P. Gallagher, Modem Latin American Literature, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1973, page 150.

  19. Ibid., pages 145–150.

  20. Carlos Fuentes, La nueva novela hispanoamericana, Mexico City: Joanna Mortiz, 1969; quoted in David W. and Virginia R. Foster (editors), Modem Latin American Literature, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1975, pages 380–381.

  21. R. K. Narayan, The Sweet Vendor, London: The Bodley Head, 1967. See also: William Walsh, “India and the Novel,’ in Boris Ford (editor), From Orwell to Naipaul, Penguin, 1983, pages 238–240.

  22. Anita Desai, The Village by the Sea, London: Heinemann, 1982; Penguin 1984.

  23. Anita Desai, In Custody, London: Heinemann, 1984.

  24. Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children, London: Jonathan Cape, 1982; and The Satanic Verses, London: Viking, 1988. Catherine Cundy, Salman Rushdie, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996, pages 34ff.

  25. Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Rape of Islam, London: Chatto & Windus, 1990, page 15. His book is the main source I have used.

  26. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 27.

  27. Ibid., page 20.

  28. Ibid., page 17.

  29. Ibid., page 16.

  30. Ibid., pages 20–25 passim.

  31. Mehdi Mozaffari, Fatwa: Violence and Discovery, Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1998.

  32. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 114.

  33. Ibid., page 25. See also: Various authors, For Rushdie: Essays by Arab and Muslim Writers in Defence of Free Speech, New York: George Braziller, 1994, especially pages 21ff, 54ff and 255ff.

  34. V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, London: Andre Deutsch, 1961.

  35. V.S. Naipaul, The Mimic Men, London: Readers Union, 1968.

  36. Each of these books was published by André Deutsch.

  37. See the account in: Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye, London: Deutsch, 1989, pages 74ff.

  38. See Robinson, Op. cit., page 76.

  39. Thompson and Bordwell, Film History, Op. cit., pages 483–484 and 512–513. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 520.

  40. Robinson, Op. cit., page 156.

  41. Ibid., page 513.

  42. Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the African World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

  43. Ousmane Sembene, God’s Bits of Wood, London: Heinemann, 1970. See also Soyinka, Op. cit., pages 54–60 passim.

  44. Soyinka, Op. cit., page 42.

  45. Edward Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon, 1978.

  46. Ibid., page 190.

  47. Ibid., pages 317ff.

  48. Ibid., page 326.

  49. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Selected Subaltern Studies, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pages 3–32.

  50. Gayatri Spivak, In Other Words: Essays in Cultural Politics, London: Methuen, 1987; and A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.

  51. Guha and Spivak, Op. cit., passim.

  52. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, especially pages 24fr and 119ff.

  53. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

  54. Raman Seiden and Peter Widdowson, Contemporary Literary Theory, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1993, page 97.

  55. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1991.

  56. Seiden and Widdowson, Op. cit., pages 93–94. And see: Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture, London: 2000.

  57. H. Aram Veeser (editor), The Stanley Fish Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

  58. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield (editors), Political Shakespeare, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.

  59. Peter Watson, ‘Presume not that I am the thing I was,’ (London) Observer, 22 August 1993, pages 37–38.

  60. Annabel Patterson, Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. In May 2000 the director of English Studies at Cambridge University decided to discontinue the examination on Shakespeare as part of the compulsory course for a degree in English.

  61. Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 234.

  62. He also shared with Eliot ‘A sense of moral dismay’, the title of a chapter in Dennis Carroll’s 1987 biography of the playwright, David Mamet, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.

  63. Ibid., page 147.

  64. David Mamet, Make-Believe: Essays and Remembrances, London and Boston: Faber, 1996. See also Cunliffe, Op. cit., pages 159–160.

  65. Published together as: Rabbit Angstrom: a tetralogy, with an introduction by the author. London: Everyman’s Library, 1995. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 184.

  66. Judie Newman, John Upd
ike, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. Bradbury, Op. cit., page 184.

  67. The publishers of Saul Bellow’s books are as follows: Dangling Man and The Adventures of Augie March: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Henderson the Rain King, Humboldt’s Gift and The Dean’s December. Secker & Warburg; More Die of Heartbreak: Morrow.

  68. Jonathan Wilson, On Bellow’s Planet: Readings from the Dark Side, New York: Associated Universities Press, 1985.

  69. Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, London: Macmillan, 1990. And see Bradbury, Op. cit., pages 171–172 and 174.

  70. Greg Sarris, Keeping Slug Woman Alive: A Holistic Approach to American Indian Texts, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993; and Grand Avenue, New York: Hyperion 1994; Penguin 1995.

  CHAPTER 41: CULTURE WARS

  1. Allan Bloom, Giants and Dwarves: Essays 1960— 1990, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990; Touchstone paperback, 1991, pages 16–17.

  2. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987; Penguin 1988.

  3. Ibid., page 49.

  4. Ibid., page 122.

  5. Ibid., page 91.

  6. Ibid., page 141.

  7. Ibid., page 254.

  8. Ibid., page 301.

  9. Bloom, Giants and Dwarves, Op. cit., pages 24— 25.

  10. Harold Bloom, The Western Canon, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.

  11. Ibid., page 38.

  12. Ibid., page 30.

  13. Ibid., page 48.

  14. Ibid., pages 371ff.

  15. Ibid., page 41.

  16. Lawrence Levine, The Opening of the American Mind, Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.

  17. Ibid., pages 91ff.

  18. Ibid., page 16.

  19. Ibid., page 83.

  20. Ibid., page 86.

  21. Ibid., page 158.

  22. Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation, London: Free Association Books, 1987; Vintage paperback, 1991.

  23. Ibid., page 239.

  24. Ibid., pages xxiv, xxvi and xxvii.

  25. Ibid., page 18.

  26. Ibid., page 51.

  27. Ibid., page 31.

  28. Mary Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.