Reassessing Pearl Harbor: Scapegoats, a False Hero and the Myth of Surprise Attack

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Reassessing Pearl Harbor: Scapegoats, a False Hero and the Myth of Surprise Attack Page 37

by James Johns


  Chapter 10

  1. Layton, And I Was There, 331.

  2. Ibid., 331.

  3. Toland, Infamy, 23.

  4. Ibid., 23.

  5. Ibid., 23.

  6. Ibid., 336.

  7. Ibid., 336.

  8. Ibid., 336.

  9. John Flynn, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor (Published privately, 1945), para. 32.

  10. Ibid., para. 32.

  11. Toland, Infamy, 30.

  12. Theobald, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor, 155.

  13. Ibid., 156.

  14. Kimmel, Admiral Kimmel’s Story, 149–150.

  15. Toland, Infamy, 42.

  16. Ibid., 42.

  17. Ibid., 42.

  18. Ibid., 38.

  19. Ibid., 199.

  20. Layton, And I Was There, 339.

  21. Toland, Infamy, 85.

  22. Ibid., 85.

  23. Ibid., 85–86.

  24. Ibid., 75.

  25. Kimmel, Admiral Kimmel’s Story, 164.

  26. Ibid., 162–163.

  27. Ibid., 163–164.

  28. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39, 24.

  29. Layton, And I Was There, 514.

  30. Ibid., 514.

  31. Toland, Infamy, 111.

  32. Ibid., 113–114.

  33. Ibid., 133.

  34. Ibid., 129.

  35. Ibid., 139.

  36. Ibid., 140.

  37. Ibid., 140.

  38. Ibid., 153.

  39. Kimmel, Admiral Kimmel’s Story, 56–57.

  40. Toland, Infamy, l93–l94.

  41. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 1942.

  42. Ibid., 570.

  43. Toland, Infamy, 244.

  44. Ibid., 254.

  45. Jim Warren, “$500,000 From Philippine Leader May Have Influenced MacArthur” (The Ledger, January 30, 1980), 12-A.

  46. Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines, 218.

  Bibliography

  Books

  Arakaki, Leatrice R., and John R. Kuborn. 7 December 1941: The Air Force Story. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.

  Bachrach, Deborah. Pearl Harbor: Great Mysteries, Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

  Bartsch, William. December 8, 1941: MacArthur’s Pearl Harbor. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.

  Beard, Charles A. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948.

  Berg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. New York: Berkley, 1999.

  Black, Conrad. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. New York: PublicAffairs, 2003.

  Brands, H.W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Anchor Books, 2008.

  Brereton, Lewis H. The Brereton Diaries: The War in the Pacific, Middle East and Europe, October 3, 1941 to May 8, 1945. New York: William Morrow, 1946.

  Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York: Basic Books, 1997.

  Connaughton, Richard. MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines. New York: Overlook Press, 2001.

  Costello, John. Days of Infamy: MacArthur, Roosevelt, Churchill—The Shocking Truth Revealed. New York: Pocket Books, 1994.

  Cressman, Robert J., and J. Michael Wenger. Steady Nerves and Stout Hearts: The Enterprise (CV6) Air Group and Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1990.

  Cull, Brian. Buffaloes Over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action Over Malaya and the East Indies 1941–42. London: Grub Street, 2003.

  Department of Defense, United States of America. The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor, vols. 1, 3, 4, 5, and vol. 4 Appendix. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

  Department of the Army. American Military History 1607–1958. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959.

  Douglas, Gregory. The Interrogation of Heinrich Muller, vol. 1. San Jose, California: James Bender, 1999.

  Duffy, James P. Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America. New York: MJF Books, 2010.

  Edmonds, Walter D. They Fought with What They Had: The Story of the Army Air Force in the Southwest Pacific, 1941–1942. Washington, D.C.: Zenger, 1982.

  Flynn, John. The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor. Published privately, 1945.

  Greenfield, Kent Roberts, ed. Command Decisions. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2000.

  Hill, Jim Dan. The Minute Man in Peace and War: A History of the National Guard. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1964.

  Holley, Irving Brinton, Jr. Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Army Air Forces (U.S. Army in World War II, Special Studies). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1964.

  Jasper, Joy Waldron, James P. Delgado, and Jim Adams. The USS Arizona: The Ship, the Men, the Pearl Harbor Attack, and the Symbol That Aroused America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

  Kimmel, Husband E. Admiral Kimmel’s Story. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1955.

  Lambert, John W. The Long Campaign: The History of the 15th Fighter Group in World War II. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University Press, 1982.

  Layton, Edwin T. And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets. New York: William Morrow, 1985.

  Leasor, James. Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968.

  McComas, Terence. Pearl Harbor: Fact and Reference Book, Everything to Know About December 7, 1941. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1991.

  Millis, Walter. This Is Pearl! The United States and Japan—1941. New York: William Morrow, 1947.

  Mollo, Andrew. The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia, and Organization. New York: Military Press, 1987.

  Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942: History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2001.

  Morton, Louis. The Fall of the Philippines (United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific). Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1985.

  Mosley, Leonard. Marshall: Hero for Our Times. New York: Hearst Books, 1982.

  Olson, Lynne. Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America’s Fight Over World War II. New York: Random House, 2013.

  Parrish, Thomas, ed. The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978.

  Prange, Gordon. At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.

  Puleston, W.D. The Armed Forces of the Pacific. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1941.

  Schultz, Duane. Hero of Bataan: The Story of General Jonathan M. Wainwright. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981.

  Smith, Carl. Pearl Harbor. Oxford: Osprey, 2001.

  Smith, George W. MacArthur’s Escape: John “Wild Man” Bulkeley and the Rescue of an American Hero. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI, 2005.

  Sommerville, Donald. World War II: Day by Day—An Illustrated Almanac 1939–1945. Greenwich, CT: Dorset Press, 1991.

  Stinnett, Robert B. Day of Deceit. New York: Free Press, 2000.

  Theobald, Robert A. The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor. New York: Devin-Adair, 1954.

  Toland, John. Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath. New York: Berkley, 1983.

  Tolley, Kemp. The Cruise of the Lanikai: Incitement to War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1973.

  Truman, Harry S. Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions, vol. 1. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955.

  Tuchman, Barbara W. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

  Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, Stephen Pope, and James Taylor. The Meridian Encyclopedia of the Second World War. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1992.

  Government
Documents

  Dorn, Edwin. Advancement of Rear Admiral Kimmel and Major General Short on the Retired List. Washington, D.C.: Undersecretary of Defense, 1995.

  Jackson, Robert H. Opinion on Exchange of Over-Age Destroyers for Naval and Air Bases. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Attorney General, 1940.

  Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States. Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946.

  Knox, Frank. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1941. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941.

  Nye, Joseph P. Can the United States Be Neutral?—Yes; If It Minds Its Own Business. 76th Cong., 1 sess. CR, 84, pt. 14 (18 July 1939): Apex. 3327–3328.

  Roberts Commission. Attack Upon Pearl Harbor by Japanese Armed Forces. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate, 1942.

  United States Department of State, Publication 1983. Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943.

  Articles

  “The Library.” Flying Magazine 44, vol. 1 (January 1949): p. 58.

  “Roll of Honor.” Life Magazine 12, vol. 16 (1942): p. 79.

  Vandercook, John W. “America’s Gibraltar of the Pacific.” Liberty Magazine (December 27, 1941): pp. 10–11, 57.

  Warren, Jim. “$500,000 From Philippine Leader May Have Influenced MacArthur.” The Ledger, January 30, 1980, p. 12A.

  Speeches

  Fish, Hamilton. “We Should Not Convoy Materials to Europe: Convoys Mean Shooting and Shooting Means War.” Washington, D.C.: American Forum of the Air, March 30, 1941.

  Lindbergh, Charles. “Address to the America First Committee.” New York City, April 23, 1941.

  Martin, Joseph W., Jr. “The Country Needs a Strong Opposition Party: We Must Preserve the American Way of Consideration.” Columbia Broadcasting System, April 3, 1941.

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. “Arsenal of Democracy.” Washington, D.C., Fireside Chat, December 29, 1940.

  _____. “Freedom of the Seas.” Washington, D.C., Fireside Chat, September 11, 1941.

  _____. “Navy and Total Defense Day.” Washington, D.C., Radio Address, October 27, 1941.

  _____. “Unlimited National Emergency.” Washington, D.C., Radio Address, May 27, 1941.

  _____. “We Are Not Yielding and We Do Not Propose to Yield.” Address to Congress, June 20, 1941.

  Taft, Robert A. “Bureaucratic Confusion at Washington: Fighting for Democracy Abroad While It Wilts at Home.” Washington, D.C.: Columbia Broadcasting System, May 2, 1941.

  Suggested Reading

  Bartsch, William H. Doomed at the Start: American Pursuit Pilots in the Philippines 1941–1942. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992.

  Beach, Edward L., Jr. Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995.

  Cannon, M. Hamlin. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific, Leyte: The Return to the Philippines. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1954.

  Casey, William. The Secret War Against Hitler. New York: Regnery Gateway, 1988.

  Devlin, Gerard M. Silent Wings: The Saga of the U.S. Army and Marine Combat Glider Pilots During World War II. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985.

  Gannon, Michael. Pearl Harbor Betrayed: The True Story of a Man and a Nation Under Attack. New York: Henry Holt, 2001.

  Michno, Gregory F. Death on the Hellships: Prisoners at Sea in the Pacific War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000.

  Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939–1943: History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 1. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1948.

  _____. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963.

  Richardson, David. C. “Pearl Harbor: What Really Happened.” American Heritage (July–August 2001): 50–57.

  Rusbridger, James, and Eric Nave. Betrayal at Pearl Harbor: How Churchill Lured Roosevelt into World War II. New York: Summit Books, 1991.

  Tillman, Barrett. “Pearl Harbor: The Sleeping Giant Awakens.” Flight (June 2001): 36–43.

  List of Names and Terms

  A6M, Mitsubishi Zero fighter

  ABCD powers

  ABDA Command

  Abwehr Dienst

  Acheson, Dean

  Air Mail Scandal

  Air War Plans Division

  Akagi, carrier

  Alamo

  Alaska

  Albania

  alert system, Pearl Harbor

  Aleutians

  USS Allen, destroyer

  Allen, Bruce

  Alley, Norman

  ambassadors, Japanese

  America First Committee

  American Civil Liberties Union

  American Federation of Labor

  American Red Cross

  Anderson, Walter Stratton

  Andrews, Adolphus

  USS Antares, cargo ship

  Anti-Comintern Pact

  USS Arizona, battleship

  HMS Ark Royal, carrier

  army intelligence

  Army Pearl Harbor Board

  Army Signal Intelligence Service

  Arnold, Henry “Hap”

  Associated Press

  Atlantic Charter

  Atlantic Fleet

  Atlantis, cruiser

  Attack Upon Pearl Harbor by Japanese Armed Forces

  Australia

  Austria

  SS Automedon, passenger and cargo steamer

  Azores

  B5N, Nakajima Kate torpedo bomber

  B-10, Martin bomber

  B-17, Boeing heavy bomber

  B-18, Douglas bomber

  B-24, Consolidated heavy bomber

  Baguio

  Bahamas

  Baltic

  Bandoeng

  Bangkok

  Barbers Point

  Barkley, Alben

  barrage balloons

  Barthelmess, Karl

  Bataan

  Batavia

  Battle of Bataan

  Battle of Britain

  Battle of Coral Sea

  Battle of Midway

  Battle of Rabaul

  Battle of Rennell Island

  Battle of Santa Cruz

  Battleship Row

  Beardall, John

  Beebe, Lewis

  Belgium

  Bellinger, Patrick

  Bellows Airfield

  USS Benham, destroyer

  Bergquist, Kenneth

  Berlin

  Bermuda

  Bicknell, George

  Bishop, Max

  Bishop, Samuel

  Bishop Point Relay Station

  Bissell, John

  Bletchley Park

  Bloch, Claude C.

  Bloom, Sol

  Bode, Howard

  bomb plot

  Bond, James

  Bonus March

  Borneo

  Bostrom, Frank

  Boxer Protocol of 1901

  Brandon, Harry

  Bratton, Rufus

  Brazil

  Brereton, Lewis

  Brett, George

  Briggs, Ralph

  Britain

  British Far East command

  British Guiana

  British House of Commons

  British Purchasing Mission

  British Security Service

  British War Office

  Brooke-Popham, Robert

  USS Broome, destroyer

  Brown, Harry

  Brown, Wilson

  Buenos Aires

  Bulgaria

  Burdick, Usher

  Bureau of Ordnance

  Burma

  Burma Road

  Byrd, Harry

  Cadogan, Alexander

  Caio Dullio, battleship

 
USS California, battleship

  Camranh Bay

  Carmichael, Richard

  Caroline Islands

  Carter, John Franklin

  Casey, Richard

  Casey, William

  USS Cassin, destroyer

  Census Bureau

  Central Intelligence Agency

  Ceylon

  Chaffin, Harold

  Chamberlain, Neville

  Chase National Bank of New York

  Cheltenham

  Chennault, Claire

  USS Chew, destroyer

  Chiang Kai–Shek

  USS Chicago, cruiser

  Chicago Tribune

  China

  China Area Fleet

  Christian Science Monitor

  Chungking

  Churchill, Winston

  Ciano, Galeazzo

  Civil War

  Civil Works Administration

  Civilian Conservation Corp

  Clagett, Henry

  Clark, Bennett Champ

  Clark Field

  Clarke, Carter

  Clarke Investigation

  Clausen, Henry

  Clausen Investigation

  Clear, Warren

  “Climb Mount Niitaka”

  Coast Artillery

  USS Cole, destroyer

  SS Columbus, passenger ship

  Combined Cipher Machine

  Combined Fleet

  Combined Fleet Top Secret Operation Order #1

  Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

  Communism

  USS Condor, minesweeper

  Congress of Industrial Organizations

  Connally, Tom

  Conte di Cavour, battleship

  Convoy SC-48

  convoying

  Cook, James

  Cooper, Earl

  Coral Sea, Battle of

  Corregidor

  COS Far Eastern Appreciation

  Costa Rica

  court-martial

  Creighton, John

  Crete

  Czechoslovakia

  D3A, Aichi Val dive bomber

  Daehne, Wilhelm

  Dains, John

  Darwin

  Del Monte Airfield

  Democratic National Convention

  Denmark

  the Depression

  DeShazer, Jacob

  USS Detroit, cruiser

  Dewey, Thomas

 

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