by Odd Westad
Chinese conception of, 3, 13–14, 107–108
Qing, 7, 8–9
regulatory role in economy, 445–446
Stennes, Walter, 196
Stern, Manfred (Emilio Kléber), 199
Stilwell, Joseph, 267–268
Stravinsky, Igor, 203
Strikes, 157, 161
Strong, Anna Louise, 199–200
Studd, C. T., 190
Sukarno, 320, 351
Sun Mei, 240–241
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese revolution and, 139, 140, 141, 142
as Christian, 190
Communists and, 159
final days and death of, 160–161
as foreign-trained student, 72
Germany and, 134
Japan and, 114, 116
on Japan and China, 119
life abroad and, 240–241
martyrdom of, 161–162
Nanyang Chinese and, 218
republicanism and, 108
return to China, 154–156
Zhongshan suit and, 179
Sun Zi, 6
Suvorov, Alexander, 34
Taiping Rebellion, 84, 189
Taiping Tianguo, 47–48
Taisho era, 93
Taiwan
foreigners and, 172–173
Fujianese emigration to, 217
government control of economy in, 445–446
Japan and, 87, 92–93, 103, 112–114
PRC and, 321, 325, 358–359, 370, 373, 375, 376, 389–393, 441, 443–444
Russia and, 428
Taiwan aboriginals, 70
Taiwan Relations Act, 391
Taiwan Straits crisis, 337
Tajikistan, 430
Taliban, 401, 436
Tan Cheng Lock (Chen Zhenlu), 221
Tang Shaoyi, 72
Tang Wensheng (Nancy Tang), 244
Tan Kah Kee (Chen Jiageng), 221
Taylor, Bayard, 224
Technological advancement, military and, 307–308
Technology transfers, from US to China, 372–373, 395
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 190
Thailand, 418
Chinese emigration to, 27, 213, 217, 219–220
reorganization of tribute trade, 80–81
as tributary state, 21, 35–36
Thatcher, Margaret, 381
Third Line, 358
Third World, China and, 320–321, 325–326, 333, 334, 341–343, 346, 350–353
US and, 369–370
Three Principles of the People, 155
Tian’anmen Square crackdown, 382–383, 384, 393–394, 415
Tianjin, 60, 62, 173
Tianjin Convention, 98–99
Tibet
China and, 146, 148–149, 342, 396, 400, 429, 451–452, 463
civil war and, 291
Cultural Revolution and, 359
Qianlong and, 22
semi-autonomous status of, 253
Tibetans, 29
The Times (newspaper), 135, 235
Tito, Josip Broz, 303
Tokutomi Soho, 109
Tolstoy, Leo, 201
Tong, Anote, 229
Tonghak, 99
Tongmenghui (League of Common Alliance), 108, 109
Tongxianghui, 64–65, 215
Tongzhi Restoration, 54, 89, 90–91
Trade, 35–41, 65–68
Asia and Western, 55
attacks against China to force concessions in, 50–51, 56–57
between China and Central Asia, 431–432
between China and India, 434, 435
between China and Japan, 88, 414–415
between China and US, 369
China and Western, 49–50, 173
concessions and, 60–63
intra-Asian, 459
in Qing China, 35–41
with Russia, 429
Trading houses, 59, 65–66
Translations, 201–202
Transnationalism, 220–221
Treaty of Friendship, between China and Soviet Union, 293
Treaty of Ganghwa, 97
Treaty of Nanjing, 43–44
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 10–11, 33
Treaty of Shimonoseki, 103, 104
Treaty of St. Petersburg, 84
Treaty ports, 60, 173
Triads, 215
Tributary states, 10, 20–21, 35–36
reorientation to West, 79–81
Tropics, Chinese emigrants to, 226
Trotsky, Lev, 160
True Jesus Church, 192
Truman, Harry, 284, 289, 294
Turgenev, Ivan, 201
Turkmenistan, 431–432
Twenty-One Demands, 115–116, 193
Tyrrell, William, 165, 166
Uigurs, 451
U Nu, 321
United States
as ally with China, 264–265, 266–269, 373–377
CCP and, 279, 319, 321
China and, 130, 131–133
China’s strategic rivalry with US in Asia, 412, 413
Chinese civil war and, 290, 291
Chinese economic reform and, 378–379
Chinese embassy bombing and American spy plane incidents, 396–398
Chinese immigrants in, 27, 223–226
Chinese relations with, 365–367
Chinese students in, 72, 237, 239
Chinese travelers to, 77–78
condemnation of Japanese war with China, 257–258
contemporary Chinese view of, 395, 399–400, 403–404, 457, 463–464
future treatment of China, 462–464
Indonesia and, 424–425
military advisers from, 197
as model for technological needs, 372–373
policy toward China, 325
political reform in China and, 381
reaction to Communist China, 324
sanctions imposed on China, 382, 394
Southeast Asia and, 283
Taiwan and, 389–392
Tian’anmen Square crackdown and, 393–394
Vietnam War and, 347, 348
Universities, 308–309, 453–455
foreign influence on, 205
reform of, 387
University of Nottingham, in Ningbo, 455
Urbanization in China, 63–65, 145, 270
Urban life, 20th-century, 179
Urban planning, 311–315
Urban radical groups, CCP and, 158
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 434
Vakhreva, Faina (Jiang Fangliang), 209
Vattel, Emerich, 81
Vietnam
ASEAN and, 420
CCP and, 319–320
Chinese-Vietnamese in, 219
Chinese war with, 405, 407–408
France and, 57–58
relations with China, 407–409
as tributary state, 21
Vietnam War, 347, 348, 369
Violence of Maoist years, 15
Vollmer, August, 197
von Falkenhausen, Alexander, 135, 196, 199
Vo Nguyen Giap, 320
von Ketteler, Clemens, 128
von Seeckt, Hans, 134, 196
Waiwubu, 136
Walsh, James E., 326
Wang Dan, 242
Wang Ganchang, 244
Wang Guangmei, 356
Wang Hairong, 244
Wang Jiaxiang, 340
Wang Jingwei, 159, 161, 163, 274–277, 283, 440
Wang Jisi, 458
Wang Ming, 238, 241
Wang Tao, 76–77
War, China and, 15, 19. See also individual wars
Ward, Frederick Townsend, 48
Warlord Era, 142–143, 144
Wartime mistreatment, Japan and China and, 417–418
Washington Naval Conference, 132
Wavell, Archibald, 266–267
Way, Víctor Joy, 227
Wei Yuan, 46
Wen Jiabao, 447, 448
Wen Yiduo, 161–162
Western science an
d medicine, influence of, 74–76
West Lake Expo, 203–204
Wheaton, Henry, 81
White, Theodore, 270
White Lotus Society, 23
Wilson, Woodrow, 151–152
Wing On Department Store, 182, 243
Women
CCP regime and position of, 300
Christian missionaries and, 69–70
education for, 71
as emigrants, 215
female emancipation, 207–208
Wong, Moisés Sío, 228
Wong, Tommy, 234
Woods, A. S., 197
Working conditions, early Chinese industry, 68
World Trade Organization, Chinese membership in, 385, 397, 398–399
World War I, Chinese participation in, 234–235
World War II, Chinese participation in, 234
Wu Dayou, 206
Wuhan, 62, 163–164, 173–174, 259
Wu Tingfang, 77
Xie Yichu, 218
Xinjiang, 10, 57, 146, 149–150, 253, 290, 361, 436, 451
Xuangtong (emperor), 54
Xu Shou, 75
Yalta Conference, 280–281
Yan’an, 254
Yan’an University, 308
Yang, Jeffrey, 225
Yang Kuisong, 323
Yang Yibo, 176
Yang Zengxin, 149–150
Yang Zhenning, 206
Yanjing University, 73, 132, 191, 205, 309
Yan Xishan, 263
Ye Jianying, 159
Yellow River, 4
Yeltsin, Boris, 428
Ye Mingchen, 56
Yi Haeung, 96
Yihequan (Fists of United Righteousness), 126–127
Yi Jing, 77
YMCA, 181, 298–299
Yuan Shikai, 98, 116, 138–139
advisers to government of, 193
Chinese revolution and, 140, 141–142
failure of, 142–143
Mongolia and, 146
Tibet and, 148–149
Xinjiang and, 149
Yuan Weishi, 416
Yue, Mary, 209
Yugoslavia, 303–304
Yung Wing (Rong Hong), 72
Yunnan, 253
Yu Ren Sheng, 66
YWCA, 183
Zeng Guofan, 49, 71, 72, 84
Zeng Jize, 84
Zhang Aiping, 374
Zhang Binglin, 107
Zhang Changsong, 235–236
Zhang Xueliang, 167, 168, 255
Zhang Zhizhong, 257
Zhang Zuolin, 118, 119, 167
Zhao Jiuzhang, 244
Zhao Ziyang, 383
Zheng Dai (Charoen Pokphand), 419
Zheng feng (rectification), 273
Zheng Nian, 243
Zhigang, 77–78
Zhigarev, Pavel, 198
Zhongguo, 3–4
Zhongshan suit, 178–179
Zhou Enlai, 159, 327, 339
admiration for Soviet Union model, 301
African visit, 334
Cultural Revolution and, 356
India and, 341
at military academy, 200
Nixon and, 368, 369
as student abroad, 238, 255
support for Mao, 340–341, 360
Taiwan and, 321
Vietnam and, 320, 349
Zhou Fohai, 283
Zhuang Tingfu, 32
Zhu De, 233–234
Zhukov, Georgii, 258
Zongli Geguo Shiwu Yamen (Zongli Yamen), 83, 92, 128
Zong Qinghou, 244
Zou Rong, 139–140
Zungharia, 9–10
Zunghars, 33