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Karrow, Robert W. Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps. Chicago: Orbis Press, 1992.
Lestringant, Frank. Mapping the Renaissance World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Boston: 1942. (Describes Columbus believing he had met Chinese.)
Rae, John. “On the Naming of America.” American Speech 39, no. 1 (Feb. 1964). Viewable on JSTOR. (This article argues that “America” was not the name given by Waldseemüller but was given by Native Americans who lived in Nicaragua. They used “Amerrique Mountains,” which Columbus misheard.
Randles, W. G. L. “South-East Africa as Shown on Selected Printed Maps of the Sixteenth Century.” Imago Mundi 13 (1956). Viewable on JSTOR.
Ravenstein E. G., “Waldseemüller’s Globe of 1507.” Geographical Journal 20, no. 4. Viewable on JSTOR.
Shirley, Rodney W. The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps 1472–1700. London: Holland Press, 1983.
Soulsby, Basil H. “The First Map Containing the Name America.” Geographical Journal 19 (1902). Viewable on JSTOR.
Stevenson, E. L. “Martin Waldseemüller and the Early Lusitano-Germanic Cartography of the New World.” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 36.
Waldseemüller, Martin. Cosmographiae introductio.
Amerigo Vespucci
Levillier, Roberto. “New Light on Vespucci’s Third Voyage.” Imago Mundi 11 (1954). Viewable on JSTOR.
Markham, C., ed., Vespucci: The Letters and Other Documents Illustrative of His Career.
Sarnow, E. and Frubenbach, K. “Mundus Novus,” Strasbourg, 1903, subtitle “Ein Bericht Amerigo Vespucci an Lorenzo de Medici Über Seine Reise Nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1501 / 1502.”
Thacher, J. Boyd. The Continent of America: Its Discovery; It’s Baptism. New York: William Evarts Benjamin, 1896.
Part 2—Schoener Johannes Schöner
Cooke, Charles H., ed. Johan Schoner. London: Henry Stevens, 1888.
Correr, Ambassador Francesco. Letter to Signoria of Venice. July 16, 1508. In Raccolta Columbiana, p. 115. The letter followed Correr’s interview with Vespucci; Vespucci had not found the strait leading from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Nordenskiöld, A. E. “Remarkable Global Map of the Sixteenth Century.” Journal of the American Geography Society 16 (1884).
Nunn, George E. “The Lost Globe Gores of Johann Schöner, 1523–1524: A Review.” Geographical Review 17, no. 3 (July 1927). Viewable on JSTOR.
Ronsin, Albert. “Découverte et baptême de l’Amérique.” Edited by Georges le Pope. Montreal: Editions Georges Le Pape, 1979.
———. Schöner, Johannes. Luculentissima Quoeda¯ Terra Totius Descriptio. Nuremberg, 1515. Describes the Strait of Magellan.
Settlement of Santa Fe. [Agreement between Catholic Monarchs and Christopher Columbus.] April 17, 1492. Held at Dirección General de Archivos y Bibliotecas. Capitulaciones del Almirante Don Cristóbal Colon y Salvo Conductos Para El Descubrimento de Nuevo Mundo. Madrid, 1970.
Gadol, Joan. Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man of the Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Wang, Tai Peng.
———. “Zheng He’s Delegation to the Papal Court of Florence, 1433.” Research paper. Available on 1434 website.
———. “Zheng He, Wang Dayuan and Zheng Yijun: Some Insights.” Asian Culture. Singapore, June 2004: 54–62.
Zinner, Ernst. Regiomontanus: His Life and Work. Translated by Ezra Brown. Leiden: Elsevier, 1990.
Bedini, Silvio A., ed. The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. 2 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
Davies, Arthur. “Behain, Martellus and Columbus.” RGS. Geographical Journal, vol. 143.
Lambert, William. “Abstract of the Calculations to Ascertain the Longitude of the Capitol in the City of Washington from Greenwich Observatory, in England.” Transactions of the American Historical Society. New series. Vol. 1. Viewable on JSTOR.
Libbrecht, Ulrich. Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1973.
Menzies, Gavin. 1421: The Year China Discovered America. New York: William Morrow, 2002.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. Vols. 30 Section. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
Zinner, Ernst. Regiomontanus: His Life and Work. Translated by Ezra Brown. Leiden: Elsevier, 1990.
F. Bibliography for Chapters 13–14
Selected Works of Leon Battista Alberti:
De pictura, 1435
Della pittura, 1436
De re aedificatoria, 1452
De statua, ca. 1446
Descriptio urbis Romae, 1447
Ludi matematici, ca. 1450
De componendris cifris, 1467
Gadol, Joan. Leon Battista Alberti: Universal Man of the Early Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. There are many excellent books on Alberti. Joan Gadol’s is written for people who are neither mathematicians nor knowledgeable about the use of perspective or cryptanalysis. She writes in a beautiful, clear style, and I have used her book extensively.
Grayson, Cecil. “ed Bari Laterza” 1973 “Opere Volgari, Vol Terzo: Trattati D’arte, Ludi Rerum Mathematicarum, Grammatica della Lingua Toscana, Opuscol, Amatori, Lettere.”
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. 30 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
Zinner, Ernst: Regiomontanus: His Life and Work. Translated by Ezra Brown. Leiden: Elsevier, 1990.
G. Bibliography for Chapters 15–16
Paolo Galluzzi. The Art of Invention: Leonardo and the Renaissance Engineers (London: Giunti, 1996). This has become the bible for the 1421 team. Galluzzi’s book is lavishly illustrated, making it very simple to compare Taccola and Francesco’s machines and see the evolution from Taccola to Francesco to Leonardo. We have studied Galluzzi’s books with great care, then compared the drawings with Chinese books existing before 1430.
Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci. Rev. ed. Introduction by Martin Kemp. London: Penguin Books, 1993.
Cianchi, Marco. Leonardo’s Machines. Florence: Becocci Editore, 1984. This is a very clear and concise summary produced using the Leonardian Library of Vinci.
“Sur les pas de Léonard de Vinci.” Gonzague Saint Bris—Presses de la Renaissance. Gonzague’s family the Saint Bris owned the château of Clos-Lucé for three centuries.
Cooper, Margaret Rice. The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Deng Yinke. Ancient Chinese Inventions. Hong Kong: China Intercontinental Press, 2005.
Galdi G. P., Leonardo’s Helicopter and Archimedes’ Screw: The Principle of Action and Reaction. Florence: Accademia Leonardo da Vinci, 1991.
Galluzzi, Paolo. Leonardo, Engineer and Architect. Montreal, 1987.
Hart, Ivor B. The World of Leonardo da Vinci, Man of Science, Engineer and Dreamer of Flight. London: Macdonald, 1961.
Heydenreich, Ludwig, Bern Dibner, and Ladislao Reti. Leonardo the Inventor. London: Hutchinson, 1980.
“Parc Leonardo da Vinci—Château du Clos-Lucé—Amboise”—Beaux Arts (Leonardo’s home 1516 to 1519, the last 3 years of his life)
Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment and Design. London: V&A Publishing, 2006. This is lavishly illustrated and very readable.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956–.
Pedretti Carlo, and Augusto Marinoni. Codex Atlanticus. Milan: Giunti, 2000.
Pedretti, Carlo. “L’elicottero.” In Studi Vinciani. Geneva, Studi Vinciani: 1957.
Peers, Chris. Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662.
Reti, Ladislao. “Helicopters and Whirligigs.” Raccolta Vinciana 20 (1964): 331–38.
Rosheim, Mark Elling. Leonardo’s Lost Robots. Heidelberg: Springer, 2006.
Saint Bris-Clos-Lucé, Jean. “Leonardo da Vinci’s Fabulous Machines
at Clos-Lucé in Amboise,” Beaux Arts, 1995.
Taddei, Mario, and Edoardo Zanon, eds. Leonardo’s Machines: Da Vinci’s Inventions Revealed. Text by Domenico Laurenza. Cincinnati: David and Charles, 2006. This provides a very clear array of illustrations from pp. 18–25.
Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention. London: Prion, 1998.
Wray, William. Leonardo da Vinci in His Own Words. New York: Gramercy Books, 2005.
Zollner, Frank, and Johannes Nathan. Leonardo da Vinci. Comprehensive, fully illustrated catalogue. Cologne, 2003.
Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Trattato di architetura. Presented in Biblioteca Comunale, Siena (first draft); Biblioteca Nazionale Siena; and Laurenziana Library, Florence (Leonardo’s copy).
H. Bibliography for Chapters 17–19
Gablehouse, Charles. Helicopters and Autogiros. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1967.
Galluzzi, Paolo. The Art of Invention: Leonardo and the Renaissance Engineers. Florence: Gunti, 1996.
Jackson, Robert. The Dragonflies—The Story of Helicopters and Autogiros. Arthur Barker: London, 1971.
Leonardo da Vinci. Codex B (2173). Nell Istito di Franck I. Manoscritti e I disegni di Leonardo da Vinci. Vol. 5. Rome; and Reale Commissione Vinciana, 1941.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. 7 vols. 30 section. Cambridge University Press, 1956–. Vol IV, Pt 2. pp 580–585.
Parsons, William Barclay. Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance. The Williams and Wilkins Company: Baltimore, 1939.
Prager, Frank D., and Giustina Scaglia. Mariano Taccola and His book De Ingeneis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972.
Promis, Carlo, ed. Vita di Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Turin, 1841.
Reti, Ladislao. “Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists.” Technology and Culture 4, no. 3 (1963): 287–93. John Hopkins University Press.
———. “Helicopters and Whirligigs.” Raccolta Vinciana 20 (1964): 331–38.
Singer, Charles. A History of Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954–58. vol. 2. Taccola, Mariano di Jacopo ditto.
De Ingereis I and II (c. 1430–1433) III and IV after 1434
De Machinis after 1435 in Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence.
Wellers, Stuart. Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439–1501. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943. p 340.
White, Lynn, Jr. “Invention of the Parachute.” Technology and Culture v. 9, no. 3 (July 1968): 462–67. University of Chicago Press
———. Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962. p 86–87
Braudel, Fernand. “The Mediterranean in the time of Philip II.” Translated by Sian Reynolds Fontana. London, 1966.
Hibbert, Christopher. The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall, 1420–1440. London: Penguin Books, 1974.
Hobson, John. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Molà, Luca. “The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice.” American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (June 2001). Viewable on JSTOR. This gives a good chronological description, which I have extensively used.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. 7 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956–.
Nung Shu.—
Reti, Ladislao. “Francesco Di Giorgio Martini’s Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists.” Technology and Culture 4, no. 3 (1963): 287–93. John Hopkins University Press. Shapiro, Sheldon. “The Origin of the Suction Pump.” Technology and Culture 5, no. 4 (Autumn 1964): 566–74. Viewable on JSTOR. John Hopkins University Press
Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention. London: Prion, 1998.
Thorley, John. “The Silk Trade Between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height Circa A.D 90–130.” Greece and Rome. 2nd series, vol. 18, no. 1, (April 1971): 71–80. JSTOR.
Dixon, George Campbell. Venice, Vicenza and Verona. London: Nicholas Kaye, 1959.
Lonely Planet. ‘China’ A Travel Survival Guide. Sydney: Lonely Planet 1988.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956–.
Parsons, William Barclay. Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance. Rev. ed. Introduction by Robert S. Woodbury. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968.
This is the accepted bible. It is very useful for Renaissance engineers but ignores any Chinese input. Parsons sees the Renaissance as a quasi-religious event and Leonardo as a demigod. He ignores the question of how so many new machines managed to appear at the same time in Italy; and of how different artists drew the same entirely new machines in different parts at the same time—viz. the pumps of Taccola, Alberti, Fontana, and Pisanello. The subject of copying from earlier books is not addressed. His explanation of the development of Lombard’s canals is excellent.
Payne, Robert. The Canal Builders. New York: Macmillan, 1959.
Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science Discovery & Invention. London: Prion, 1998.
Biringuccio, Vannoccio. Pirotechnia. Translated by Cyril S. Smith and Martha T. Gnudi. New York, 1942. Viewable on article JSTOR.
Butters, Suzanne. Triumph of Vulcan—Sculptors’ Tools, Porphyry, and the Prince in Ducal Florence. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1996.
“Porphyry, and the Prince in Ducal Florence.” Sixteenth Century Journal 28, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 286–87. Viewable on JSTOR.
Clagett, Marshall. The Life and Works of Giovanni Fontana. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976. Fontana’s principal works are:
Nova compositio horologii (clocks)
Horologium aqueum (water clock)
Tractatus de pisce, cane e volvere (a treatise on measurement of depths, lengths, surface areas)
Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum figuris et fictitiis literis conscriptus (written in cipher;
(see Alberti, Compondendis cifris)
Secretum de thesauro experimentorum y imaginationis hominum
Notes on Alhazen
Tractatus de trigono balistario (An extraordinarily detailed handbook of calculating lengths and distances by trigonometry; see Alberti, De arte pictoria (ca. 1440) and De sphera solida (ca. 1440).
Liber de omnibus rebus naturalibus (the book analyzed by Lynn Thorndike in “Unidentified Work.”
Eichstadt, Konrad Kyser von. Bellifortis (War fortifications). 1405. This describes rockets.
Foley, Vernard, and Werner Soedel. “Leonardo’s Contributions to Theoretical Mechanics.” Scientific American (1983): 255. Viewable on JSTOR
Fontana, Giovanni di. Liber bellicorum instrumentorum. Munich: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, c. 1420.
Goodrich, L. Carrington, and Fêng Chia-Shêng. “The Early Development of Firearms in China.” Isis 36, no. 2 (Jan. 1946): 114–23. Viewable on JSTOR. This has been of major value to our research and makes the following specific points:
The Wu Chung Tsung Yao, compiled in 1044 by Tsêng Kung-Liang, discusses gunpowder manufacture, bombs, trebuchets, and grenades fired by gunpowder.
Exploding arrows were used in 1126.
Mortars were used in 1268.
Exploding cannonballs were in use by 1281.
A lengthy section on Zhu Di’s weapons mentions land mines (“a nest of wasps”). Every unit of 100 men had 20 shields, 30 bows, and 40 firearms.
Every three years after 1380 the bureau of military weapons turned out 3,000 bronze Ch’ung muskets and 90,000 bullets.
The exploding weapons after 1403 were manufactured from dried copper with a mixture of refined and unrefined. Fuses were in use from the thirteenth century. The earliest cannons were dated 1356, 1357, and 1377.
Flame-throwing devices were used from 1000, and bullets since 1259.
Liu Chi. Huo Lung Ching, (Fire drake artillery manual).
Part 1. Needham, Joseph. Vol. V, Pt. 7. Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Joseph Needham, with the collaboration o
f Ho Ping-Yu [Ho Peng-Yoke], Lu Gwei-djen and Wang Ling, 1987.
For Leonardo, crossbow, and gunpowder, see arsenic sulphides added to gunpowder, p. 51; trebuchets (Leonardo and Taccola), p. 204; missiles, p. 205; “eruption,” mortar, p. 266; trebuchet, p. 281; Seven-barreled Ribaudequin (see Pisanello sketches), p. 322; rocket launcher, p. 487; machine gun, p. 164; mortars, p. 165; handguns, p. 580; aerial cars, p. 571; poisonous projectiles, p. 353; rockets and missiles, p. 516; riffling; p. 411; breechblock, p. 429.
Schubert, H. R. History of the British Iron and Steel Industry from 450 B.C. to A.D. 1775. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
Spencer, John R. “Filarete’s Description of a Fifteenth Century Italian Iron Smelter at Ferriere.” Technology and Culture 4, no. 2 (Spring 1963): 201–6. Viewable on JSTOR.
Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention. London: Prion, 1998.
Thorndike, Lynn. “An Unidentified Work by Giovanni di Fontana: Liber de Omnibus Rebus.” Lynn Thorndike, Isis 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1931): 31–46. Viewable on JSTOR. Description of America on p. 37; Australia, p. 38; Indian Ocean, p. 39; Niccolò da Conti, p. 40; gunpowder, p. 42.
A. Stuart Weller, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439–1501”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
Wertime, Theodore A. “Asian Influences on European Metallurgy.” Technology and Culture 5, no. 3 (Summer 1964): pp. 391–97. Viewable on JSTOR.
———. The Coming of the Age of Steel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
White, Lynn Jr. “Tibet, India and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology.” American Historical Review 15, no. 3 (April 1960): 520. Viewable on JSTOR.
Wu Chung Tsung Yao. Song dynasty, ca. 1044.
Allmand, Christopher. The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 7, edited by Christopher Allmand. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Bouchet, Henri. The Printed Book: Its History, Illustration and Adornment From the Days of Gutenberg to the Present Time. Translation by Edward Bigmore. New York: Scribner and Welford, 1887.
Carter, Thomas Francis. The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward. New York: Columbia University Press, 1925.