Figure 19 (a) Courtesy of Kris Pirozynski. (b) Courtesy of David Malloch.
Figure 20 David Beerling.
Figure 21 Leake, J.R., Cameron, D.D. & Beerling, D.J., ‘Fungal fidelity in the myco-heterotroph-to-autotroph life cycle of Lycopodiaceae: a case of parental nurture’, New Phytologist, 177, 572–576. Copyright © 2008, John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 22 Martin, F., Uroz, S. & Barker, D.G., ‘Ancestral alliances: plant mutualistic symbioses with fungi and bacteria’, Science, 356. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Figure 23 Courtesy New York State Museum, Albany, NY, USA.
Figure 24 Redrawn from Springer Nature: Nature Communications, G.L., Royer, D.L. & Lunt, D.J., ‘Future climate forcing potential y without precedent in the last 420
million years,’ doi:10.1038/ncomms14845. © 2017. Published by Springer Nature
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Figure 25 Wellcome Collection. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons At ribution 4.0 International license (ht ps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Figure 26 Reproduced with permission by Springer Nature: Nature, ‘Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities’, Myers, N. et al. Copyright © 2000, Springer Nature.
Figure 27 Courtesy of Peter H. Raven.
PLATE CREDI TS
Plate 1
De Vries, J, & Archibald, J.M., ‘Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life’, New Phytologist, 217, 1428–1434, Wiley. © 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist
© 2018 New Phytologist Trust.
Plate 2 Delwiche, C.F. & Cooper, E.D., The evolutionary origin of a land flora. Current Biology, 25, R899–R910. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.
Plate 3 Delwiche, C.F. & Timme, R.E., Plants. Current Biology, 21, R417–R422. © 2011
Elsevier Inc.
Plate 4 Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature : Nature Plants, ‘Newton and the ascent of water in plants,’ Beerling, D.J. © 2015 Macmil an Publishers Limited,
part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
Plate 5 Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Nature, Nature Plants, 2, ‘Origin and function of stomata in the moss Physcomitrel a patens’, Chater, C.C. et al.
© 2016.
Plate 6 Remy, W. et al., ‘Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 11841–11843.
© 1994, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Courtesy of Hans Kerp (Münster,
Germany).
Plate 7 David Beerling.
Plate 8 © 2012 Victor O. Leshyk.
Plate 9 David Beerling.
Plate 10 (a) David Beerling. (b) Morris, J.L. et al., Investigating Devonian trees as geo-engineers of past climates: linking palaeosols to palaeobotany and experimental
geobiology. Palaeontology, 58, 787–801. © 2015 The Authors. Palaeontology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Palaeontological Association.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International license. (https://creativecommonsorg/licenses/
by/4.0/).
Timescale: Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostrati-graphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, http:// www.stratigraphy.
org (last accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 5–10 August 2012.)
Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale
2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4.
PUBLISHER’ S ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS
We are grateful for permission to include the following copyright material in this book.
Extract from Lone Frank, My Beautiful Genome, OneWorld Publications, 2011.
© 2010, Lone Frank. Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.
Extract from Winifred Goldring, ‘The Oldest Known Petrified Forest’, The
Scientific Monthly, Vol. 24, No. 6 (Jun., 1927), pp. 514–29.
Extract republished with permission of Hachette Books Group, from Symbiotic
Planet: A New Look at Evolution, Lynn Margulis, 1998; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Extract from Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. © 1955 J.R.R. Tolkien
Extract reprinted from Current Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 21, Keiko Torii, ‘Q & A with Keiko U. Torii’, R943–4. © 2013, with permission from Elsevier.
Extract reprinted by permission from Springer Nature, Nature, Multiple personal genomes await, J. Craig Venter, 2010. © 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part
of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
The publisher and author have made every effort to trace and contact all copy-
right holders before publication. If notified, the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.
I NDE X
ABC genetic model of floral evolution 58–9, 59 f
Antheridium, mosses 34 f, 35
Abscisic acid (ABA) 112–14
Anthoceros agrestis, genome sequencing 50
Acidification 161
Anthropocene period 174
ocean acidification 170
Apatite 162
soil 154
Apiaceae (parsley), insect control and 61
Adder’s tongue (Ophioglossum) 138
Apotreubia 25
Aegithloa cautdatus (long-tailed tit) 140–1
Arabidopsis
sustainable agriculture 190
ARP gene deletion studies 74–5
Aglaophyton majus 126
genome 44, 48, 56
Agriculture 172–3
root hairs 78–9
carbon sequestration 169–70
Arbuscles 126
control of 190
ARBUSCULAR mycorrhizal fungi
improvement by genetics 191
distribution of 128
sustainable agriculture 189–91
fossil record 126–8
Algae
see also mycorrhizal fungi
brown seaweed 21
Archaeopteris 78, 156
cyanobacterium symbiosis 17, 19 f
ARCHEGONIUM, mosses 35
flagella 46
ARP gene 73–4
freshwater algae 20, 22, 48
Asia 190
multicellular algae in Triassic 46–7
Asteraceae, genome duplication 60
red algae see Rhodophytes (red algae)
Asteroxylon mackei 125 f, 126
see also green algae
root evolution 76–7, 77 f
Algeria 164 b
Atmospheric carbon dioxide 166–8
Allen Hills (Antarctica) 19
climate change 167–8
Alps 179
decreases in 167
Alternation of generations 84
forest-driven weathering 167
Amazonian biodiversity 178 b
level detection in fossil record 156
Amis, Kingsley 195
reduction of 117
Andes 167
rise of 120–1, 165–6, 180
Aneura mirabilis (ghostwort) 143
sequestration 154
Angiosperms (flowering plants) 30, 37–8
Atmospheric chemistry 11
ABC genetic model of floral evolution
Auxin 86–7
58–9, 59 f
meristems 73
diversification 38
domination of 116–17
Bacteria
evolution of 59–60
fungal gene transfer 50
gametophytes 37
photosyn
thetic bacteria 17
genome doubling 57, 58 f, 60
Balkans 179
lignin 53–4
Ballard, J G 2, 10, 196–7
origins 57, 58 f
Bangia 16
relative species richness 31 f
Bangiomorpha pubescens 16
Animals, inferiority to plants 5–6 b
Bangladesh 192
248 a Inde x
Banks, Joseph 9, 105 b
fossil record 158–9
Baragwanathia 28
root traces 158
Bardet–Biedl syndrome 46
sedimentary analysis 157
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 60–1
Calcium carbonate 154
Basalt, chemical weathering by trees 153
Californian coastal redwood (Sequoia
Becker, Burkhard 21
sempervirens) 97
Bergmann, Dominique 106
Californian Floristic Province (CFP) 185–6
Bernard, Nöel 142–3
Cambrian explosion 67, 69
Berner, Robert 152–4, 156, 159–2
Cambrian period
Berry, Chris 151–2, 162
middle Cambrian 26
Berry, Joe 103, 116–17
vertebrate evolution 63
The Bible 5
Canada 193
Bidartondo, Martin 132–4
Candide (Voltaire) 102–3
Biochemical cycles, symbiosis 159–62
Cap and trade schemes 193
Biodiversity
Cape Province (South Africa) 186–7
Amazonian biodiversity 178 b
CarbFix experiment 168
ecosystems and 187–8
Carbon capture
ethical obligations 187
crop production 169
moral imperative 187
sequestration technology 169
pattern preservation 186–7
Carbon dioxide
Bioenergy crops 169
atmosphere see atmospheric carbon dioxide
Biosphere, recovery time from extinction 184
perception of 119–20
Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) 55
power stations 168
Black pine (Pinus nigra) 66–7
Carbon dioxide Response Secreted Protease
Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) 129 b
(CRSP) 120
Borlaug, Norman 90
Carbonic anhydrase 119–20
Botanical gardens 66–7, 68 f
Carboniferous period
Botany: a blooming history (BBC) 94
clay minerals 159
Botrychium (moonworts) 138–9
forests 70
Bower, Frederick 8–9, 76
plant type and size 155
Brachypodium, MUTE gene 110–11
symbiosis evolution 146, 162
Brassicaceae
vascular tissue evolution 52
genome duplication 60
Carex 70
insect control and 61
Carpathian mountains 179
Brown seaweed 21
Cell division molecular pathways 106–7
Bryophytes 24–5
Cellular co-operation 46–7
flagella 46
Cenozoic period 38
genome sequencing 50–1
The Centaur (Updike) 116
life cycles 33–4
Ceratopteris, reproduction 84
relative species richness 31 f
Ceres 3
tree of life 44 see also hornworts; liverworts
CFP (Californian Floristic Province) 185–6
(Marchantiophyta); mosses
Chara braunii, genome 48
Burgundy (summer) truffle (Tuber aestivum) 129 b
Charales (stoneworts) 22–3
Charophytes 16, 22, 24
C photosynthesis
ethylene receptor genes 88
4 genetics 45–6
evolution of 20–1
grasses 39
freshwater colonization 20–1
origin of 60
genome sequencing 49
Cabbage trees (Melanodendron) 54
relative species richness 31 f
Cacti 39–40
transcriptome 49–50
DNA sequencing 39
tree of life 44 see also green algae
Cairo (Green County, New York) 156–9
Chater, Caspar 108–9
clay minerals 159
Chemical messengers 85–6
Inde x a 249
China 173
Costa Rica 181
phosphorus 164 b
Creationism 8
Chlamydomonas 53
Cretaceous period 30–1
genome 46–7
flowering plant evolution 59–60
Chlorophytes (Chlorophyta) 16, 19–20
mass extinction 20 see also end-Cretaceous
ethylene receptor genes 88
mass extinction
evolution of 20–1
symbiosis evolution 146–7
land colonization failure 21
Crichton, Michael 7, 29
relative species richness 31 f
CRSP (Carbon dioxide Response Secreted
tree of life 44 see also green algae
Protease) 120
Chloroplasts 17
CRSP gene 120
origins 18 b
Cryogenian period 21
Christopher, John 2, 4
Cryptobiotic crusts 14–5
Church, Arthur C 21
Cuticle 96
Ciechanover, Aaron 89
Cyanobacteria 15
Cilia 46
algae symbiosis 18, 19 f
Cladoxylopsids 151–2
Cycads 29, 30
Clapham, Roy 80 b
Cyperaceae (sedge) 70
Clay minerals 159
Climate change 118–19, 150–71
Darlington, Cyril 80 b
atmospheric carbon dioxide 167
Darwin, Charles 7–8, 15, 54, 86, 92, 141–3
carbon sequestration 154
Darwin, Erasmus 105 b
deforestation and 173–4
Darwin, Francis 86
Devonian period 152–4, 162–3
Darwin’s Blind Spot (Ryan) 128
Europe 179–80
Darwin’s Island (Jones) 43–4
species extinction 179, 185
Date–plum tree (Diospyros lotus) 80 b
surface warming 119 f
Dawkins, Richard 12
temperature increases 193
The Death of Grass (Christopher) 2, 4
volcanoes 165–7, 166 f
de Bary, Anton 138
Climate envelope 179
Deccan Traps (India) 64
CLF gene 85
Deforestation, climate effects 117–18, 173–4
Clubmosses (Lycopodiopsida) 28
DELLAs 89–90
genome sequencing 51–2
dePamphilis, Claude 57
Coal deposits 52
Deserts 39–40
Coal mining 193
mosses 15
Coen, Enrico 58–9
Desiccation 95
Cohesion–tension theory 98
tolerance of bryophytes 24
Coleochaetales 22, 23
Determinate growth, leaves 73–4
Coleochaete 23
Devonian ‘big bang’ 91
reproduction of 32
Devonian period 28–9
transcriptomes 49
clay minerals 159
Commidendrum (gumwood) 54
climate change 152–4
Common oak (Quercus rober), genome
climate engineering 163
sequencing 91–2
land colonization by plants 67, 71
Comparative genomics 44
land organic material 101 b
Conifers 29
; land plant spread 155
life cycle 36
oxygenation 101 b
Conover, Emily 98
stomata evolution 112
Conrad, Joseph 1
symbiosis evolution 146, 162
Constanza, Robert 187
tree ferns 152
Cooksonia
Devonian Plant Hypothesis 150–6
fossil record 85
support for 158–9
stomata 96–7, 97 f
de Vries, Hugo 56
250 a Inde x
Dietary changes 191–2
EPF2 peptide 120
Dinosaurs, cycad-eating 30
EPF gene 111–12
Diospyros lotus (date–plum tree) 80 b
Epigenetics 85
Diversification of plants 6
Equisetum (horsetails) 28
Diversity of life 16
Escape pathway of mosses 88
Diversity of plants 12
Ethical obligations to biodiversity 187
green algae 15
Ethylene 88
Dixon, Henry H 98
Eucalyptus grandis 55
DNA 42–43
Eudicots 30
DNA fingerprinting 132–4
Europe 179–80
DNA repeats 43
Evo-devo 69
DNA sequencing
Evolutionary history 186
cacti 40
Evolutionary relationship of plants 9
land plant origins 23
Evolution by Gene Duplication (Ohno) 62–3
Dobzhansky, Theodosius 186
Extinction 172–97
Dolan, Liam 78, 80 b, 81–3
action lack 184–5
Donoghue, Philip 26–7
climate change 179, 185
Dormancy, seeds 182
estimation 177 f
Dosage compensation 63
figures for 183
The Drought (Ballard) 2, 196
land competition 176
The Drowned World (Ballard) 196
lessons for 182–4
Drugs 195
past vs. present 183
Duckett, Jeff 134
rates of 182
Dumb-bell shaped stomata 110
risk of 174
timescale 181–2
Eastern Europe 190
Extinction debt 181
Echinchloa polystachya 39
Extinction: the causes and consequences of the
Ecological footprint 188–9
disappearance of species (Ehrlich & Ehrlich) 188
Ecosystems
atmospheric carbon dioxide rise 180
Fabaceae 60, 146
biodiversity and 187–8
FAMA gene 106–11, 107 f
services worldwide value 187
Fern-like plants, evolution of 28
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Ferns (pteridophytes) 28
evolution 145
flagella 46
genome sequencing 146
leaf evolution 71
Making Eden Page 37