Canaris
Page 45
46 See also Thun-Hohenstein, Verschwörer, and also, Thun-Hohenstein, Remedio Galeazzo Graf von, ‘Widerstand und Landesverrat am Beispiel des Generalmajors Hans Oster’, in Schmädecke and Steinbach, Widerstand, pp 751–62.
47 Ueberschär, ‘Militäropposition’, p 355.
48 Thun-Hohenstein, ‘Widerstand und Landesverrat’, p 760.
49 Raeder, Mein Leben, vol II, p 200.
50 Maier, Klaus A, and Stegemann, Bernd, ‘Die Sicherung der Europäischen Nordflanke’, in DRZW, vol II, p 196f.
51 Ibid, p 212.
52 Brammer, Uwe, Spionageabwehr und ‘Geheimer Meldedienst’. Die Abwehrstelle im WehrkreisX Hamburg 1935–194$, Einzelschriften zur Militärgeschichte 33, Freiburg, 1989, p 117.
53 Interview with Franz Liedig by Helmut Krausnick and Harold C Deutsch, IfZ, ZS 2125, folio 6.
54 Ibid.
55 Maier and Stegemann, ‘Sicherung’, p 212.
56 Thun-Hohenstein, Verschwörer, p 190.
57 Ibid.
58 Jodl diaries, entry 7 May 1940, IMG, vol XXVIII, p 428, document 1890-PS.
59 For the history and activity of the ‘Research Bureau’ – Forschungsamt – see Gellermann, Gtother W, . . . und lauschten für Hitler. Geheime Reichssache: Die Abhörzentralen des Dritten Reiches, Bonn, 1991, pp 104–11.
60 Kershaw, Hitler 1936–194$, p 399–405, quotation p 405.
61 Höhne, Canaris, p 396.
62 Copy, Huppenkothen statement, ‘Verhältnis Wehrmacht–Sicherheitspolizei, II. Teil’, p 2, IfZ, ZS 249, folio 18.
63 The assertion of Josef Müller that Canaris had sent him back to Rome as an intermediary in his own affair, where he then developed the tale that the informer came from amongst Ribbentrop’s colleagues and had passed it to Italian Foreign Minister Ciano has nothing to commend it. Müller, Konsequenz, p 151f.
64 The Jewish agent was German émigrée Gabriel Ascher, who lived and worked in Stockholm as correspondent for a Swiss newspaper. Deutsch, Verschwörung, p 175f; Müller, Konsequenz, p 153f.
65 Copy, Huppenkothen statement, ‘Verhältnis Wehrmacht–Sicherheitspolizei, II. Teil’, p 2, IfZ, ZS 249, folio 18.
22 Operation Felix
1 Schreiber, Gerhard, ‘Die politische und militärische Entwicklung im Mittelmeerraum 1939/40’, DRZW, vol III, p 178.
2 Ibid, p 179.
3 See also Halder, War Diary, vol II, pp 31 and 45, entries re conferences of 21 and 30 July 1940.
4 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 166, with n 25.
5 Ibid, p 181.
6 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 20, entry 13 July 1940.
7 Preston, Franco, p 368.
8 Burdick, Charles B, Germany’s Military Strategy and Spain in World War II, Syracuse, New York, 1968, p 24.
9 This is according to Höhne, Canaris, p 405; Burdick states that Pardo was a General Staff officer and Vigón Minister for War; the latter is definitely wrong. Höhne makes Martinez Campos a colonel and chief of the Secret Intelligence Service of the Spanish Army; Preston thinks he was not a colonel but a general and chief of the General Staff. Preston also has Vigón as Air Force Minister – which is questionable as to timing – while for Höhne he was a major-general and chief of the General Staff. As regards the mission of Canaris I have mainly followed Burdick, who bases his material on the basis of an exchange of correspondence with Mikosch, Witzig and Leissner, and an interview with Langkau. Burdick, Military Strategy, pp 25–9.
10 Ibid, p 25 and Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 182. See also the report of the Italian Navy Secret Service chief, Alberto Lais, following a visit by Canaris to Rome on 22 July 1939; this was after Canaris had spoken with Franco in Spain on the Gibraltar problem and the setting up of German bases for the event of war: DDI, series VIII, vol XII, no 638, p 485ff.
11 Burdick, Military Strategy, p 25.
12 Ibid, n 30.
13 Ibid, p 26.
14 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 182; Burdick, Military Strategy, p 27. Abwehr-Hauptmann Hans-Jochen Rudloff was supposedly making a reconnaissance in Spain at the beginning of July (Höhne, Canaris, p 409), or perhaps at the same time as Canaris’s mission, although independent of it (Burdick, Military Strategy, p 29), or perhaps in common with Canaris’s troops (Buchheit, Geheimdienst, p 375), the purpose being to see if it would be possible to siphon a Brandenburger unit through Spain without anybody noticing, and to ship artillery round to Tarifa and Ceuta at the same time. The accounts seem to go back to Rudloff and Oscar Reile, Geheime Westfront. Die Abwehr 1935–1945, Munich, 1962, p 283ff. The idea of a secret one-man operation in parallel to Canaris has little to commend it.
15 Halder, War Diary, vol II, pp 46–50, entry 31 July 1940; Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 184f.
16 Burdick, Military Strategy, p 35, OKW War Diary, vol I.
17 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 185f.
18 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 60, entry 9 August 1940.
19 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 187f, with corresponding references to the OKW War Diary.
20 Ibid, p 187, n 31; OKW War Diary, vol I, p 22 (12 August 1940).
21 Lahousen diaries, p 90, entries 16–24 August 1940, IfZ F 23/1, folio 93.
22 Burdick, Military Strategy, p 41.
23 Preston, Franco, p 372.
24 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 188, n 136.
25 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 86, entry 3 September 1940.
26 Ibid, p 100, entry 14 September 1940. But soon Canaris and the chief of the Operational Division at General Staff, General Hans von Greiffenberg, could report that the preparations for the capture of Gibraltar were in hand, see ibid, p 104, entry 17 September 1940.
27 Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945, p 440.
28 Ibid, p 441.
29 Preston, Franco, p 387.
30 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 128, entry 7 October 1940.
31 Ibid, p 137, entry 15 October 1940.
32 See ibid, p 134, entry 13 October 1940.
33 Ibid, p 140, entry 16 October 1940. Alcazar was the old Moorish fortification in the centre of Toledo that Franco dallied to liberate on the road to Madrid.
34 Picker, Henry (ed), Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier, ungekürzte Neuausgabe, Berlin, 1999, p 614 (7 July 1942).
35 Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945, p 442.
36 Hill, Weizsäcker-Papiere 1933–1950, p 221, entry 21 October 1940.
37 Full coverage of the negotiations is in Schmidt, Statist, pp 500–3; also Preston, Franco, p 395ff.
38 Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945, p 444.
39 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 158, entry 1 November 1940.
40 Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945, p 445.
41 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 157, entry 1 November 1940.
42 Ibid, p 159, entry 2 November 1940.
43 Burdick, Military Strateggy, p 67.
44 Halder, War Diary, vol II, pp 164–8, entries 4–6 November 1940.
45 Lahousen diaries, p 98f, entries 5 and 6 November 1940, IfZ F 23/1, folio 101f.
46 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 175, entry ii November 1940; Burdick, Military Strategy, pp 76 and 80ff.
47 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 1192, entry 25 November 1940; Burdick, Military Strategy, p 80.
48 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 213.
49 Burdick, Military Strategy, p 81ff.
50 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 209f, entry 5 December 1940 (square brackets in original).
51 Burdick, Military Strategy, p 103ff, who sets the date of the journey three days too early; Preston, Franco, p 412f; Crozier, Franco, p 336; the script of the ensuing conversation between Canaris and Franco is reproduced in: Detwiler, Donald S, Hitler, Franco und Gibraltar, Wiesbaden, 1962, pp 123–5; Höhne, Canaris, p 420f; ADAP, series D, vol XII, no 500, p 852f.
52 ADAP, series D, vol XII, no 500, p 852f; Detwiler, Hitler, Franco und Gibraltar, p 124, quoted here from Höhne, Canaris, p 420.
53 Schreiber, ‘Entwicklung’, p 213; OKW War Diary, vol I, p 222 (10 December 1940).
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54 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 218, entry 8 December 1940.
55 See additionally Klink, Ernst, ‘Die militärische Konzeption des Krieges gegen die Sowjetunion’, in DRZW, vol 4, part IV, p 238.
56 Preston, Franco, p 412.
57 Papeleux, Léon, Ľadmiral Canaris entre Franco et Hitler – Le role de Canaris dans les Relationsgermano-espagnoles 1915–1944, Casterman, 1977, p 138.
58 Weizsäcker, Erinnerungen, p 297.
59 Hill, Weizsäcker-Papiere 1933–1950, p 228, n 13 December 1940.
60 Ibid, p 229, n 18. 12. 1940.
61 Hassell diaries, p 216.
62 Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p 213.
63 Thus is the inclination of Colvin, Chief of Intelligence, p 12/ff, who relies on conversations with Lahousen and Canaris’s adjutant Jenke. Stefanie Lahousen quotes her husband as saying after the war that the final report on the negotiations with Franco had already been dictated by Canaris before the talks had concluded, which strengthens the suspicion that Canaris was working towards a Spanish ‘No’. Statement by Stefanie Lahousen to the author, 3 January 2006. That Lahousen accompanied Canaris to Spain is not corroborated by the service diary; Lahousen seems to have been at Besanjon in France between 6 and 9 December 1940 on Operation Felix business. Lahousen diaries, p 106, IfZ, F 23/1, folio 109.
64 Ibid, p 128.
65 Quoted from ibid; and the same words in Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p 214. The work of the German emigrant Werner Emil Hart (actually Aron), who returned to Germany from exile in Britain in 1951, offering his services and a batch of material on the Abwehr to the publishing project Europäische Publikationen, corresponds in detail to Colvin’s account. Ausarbeitung Werner Emil Hart Dezember 1953, IfZ, ZS 1984, folio 131ff. As was apparent for accompanying correspondence, those involved were not fully sure about Hart’s manuscript. It is extraordinarily precise in many details but it is quite possible that Hart had seen Colvin’s book. Bassett relies extensively on Hart: Bassett, ‘Canaris’, p 198ff.
PART V: THE TRIUMPH OF THE BARBARIANS
23 The War of Extermination – Act Two
1 Schreiber, Gerhard, ‘Politik und Kriegffihrung 1941’, in DRZW, vol 3, part IV, p 540.
2 Lahousen diaries, p 112, entry 19 February 1941, IfZ F 23Α, folio Π5.
3 Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 282, entry 21 Feburary 1941.
4 Lahousen diaries, p 113, entry 25 Feburary 1941, IfZ F 23Α, folio 116. At the end of 1940 a dispute arose regarding the cooperation of the Abwehr with leaders of the Ukraine Nationalist Movement (OUN), who worked as Abwehr agents. Hitler had ordered that anything that might irritate or warn the Soviet Union was to be stifled. Canaris had therefore decided that he should abandon his support for OUN, of which Lahousen advised Melnyk on 3 December 1940. Gestapo Chief Müller even ordered the arrest of a leader of one of the nationalist groups, and an Abwehr man, Ryko Jary, but Canaris intervened to prevent this. In mid-December Lahousen infomed Jary that cooperation had been broken off because of the foreign policy situation. See ibid, p 105ff, entries 30 November, 3 and 14 December 1940.
5 Heinz, Canaris, p 158; Fleischhauer, Ingeborg, Die Chancedes Sonderfriedens. Deutsch-sowjetische Geheimgespräche 1941–194$, Berlin, 1986, p 27f.
6 Also Klink, ‘Konzeption’, p 194ff.
7 Heinz, Canaris, p 158f.
8 From Halder, War Diary, vol II, p 337, entry 30 March 1941; similarly Kershaw, Hitler 19j6–ì94$, p 473.
9 Angrick, Andrej, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der sddlichen Sowjetunion 1441–1443, Hamburg, 2003, p 42; see also, Angrick, Andrej, ‘Zur Rolle der Militärverwaltung bei der Ermordung der sowjetischen Juden’, in Quinkert, Babette (ed), ‘Wir sind die Herren dieses Landes.’ Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen des deutschen Uberfalls auf die Sowjetunion, Hamburg, 2002, p 108.
10 From Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, p 42k This account relies on his basic research.
11 Ibid, p 49.
12 Ibid, p 46, with n 49.
13 Kershaw, Hitler 1/436–1/445, p 480.
14 Schramm von Thadden, Ehrengard, Griechenland und die Großmãchte im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Wiesbaden, 1955; Höhne, Canaris, pp 414–16 and 421–6.
15 Lahousen diaries, pp 130–2, entries 15–17 April 1941, IfZ, F 23 /1, o.P.
16 See Krausnick, Helmut, ‘Kommissarbefehl und
17 ‘Aktennotiz über die Besprechung mit dem Reichsleiter Rosenberg am 30. Mai 1941’, Berlin, 31 May 1941, signed Canaris, BA-MA, RW 4/760.
18 Conference note, Chef A Ausl/Abw, Berlin, 4 June 1941, BA-MA, RW 4/578, folios 29–32.
19 Lahousen diaries, p 148, entry 6 June 1941, IfZ, F 23/1, o.P.; Höhne, Canaris, p 443, refers to the file note of Hauptmann Keunes regarding this meeting, which had set down the respective tasks of the Wehrmacht (‘defeating the enemy’) and Reichsführer SS (‘political police combat against the enemy’) as well as the duty of all GFP, SD and SP offices ‘to provide the broadest support on a mutual basis’.
20 Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, p 105.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid, p iiif.
23 Klink, ‘Konzeption’, p 276.
24 Information AST Romania to Abt II Ausl/Abw regarding sabotage and diversionary tactics for Melnyk and Bandera OUN groups in the event of war of the 12 June 1941; Instruction from Lahousen to Abw II liaison officer, Army Groups and armies, to support the non-Russian peoples of the USSR, especially those collaborating with K-Organisations, 19 June 1941; Instruction of Chief Ausl/Abw to AST Romania for the fomenting of an insurrection in Georgia in connection with securing the Caucasian oilfields (‘Tamara I and II’), 20 June 1941; Plan of Abw II liaison officer to commanding officer, ii.Armee for the formation of a Ukrainian unit to support German troops (‘Organisation Roland’), 27 June 1941, all BA-MA, RH 20-И/48, reproduced in: Das Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Eine Dokumentation, bearbeitet von Norbert Müller unter Mitwirkung von Helma Kaden, Gerlinde Grahn und Brün Meyer, Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, vol XVI, Bremerhaven, 2005; see also the numerous entries in Lahousen’s diaries on this theme, IfZ, F 23Α.
25 Notes of an address by Reichsleiter Rosenberg, 20 June 1941 (probably written up by Canaris or Lahousen, partially burnt and illegible), copy IfZ, FD 47 (formerly FO Library 1959), folios 29–32. This collection entitled ‘ Canaris-Lahousen Fragments’ contains mainly notes by Lahousen copied from his own and Canaris’s diaries, and the ‘Rarities Folder’ compiled by Dohnanyi and Oster, and given to Marogna-Redwitz in 1943. After the war they were discovered by US Intelligence, acting on information from former Abwehrstelle Munich officers, in the safe of an attorney known to Marogna-Redwitz. See Lahousen’s letter to Dr Anton Hoch, 12 November 1953, IfZ, F 23/1. For another version of Rosenberg’s address in which he spoke of a certain autonomy for White Russia see Gerlach, Christian, Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941–1944, Hamburg, 1999, p 94, n 351, here pointing to BA-MA, FPF 01/7855, folios 1040–51.
26 Ibid.
27 Lahousen diaries, p 151, entry 21 June 1941, IfZ F 23/1, o.P.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid, entry 28 February 1941, IfZ F 23/1, o.P.
30 Ibid, p 154, entry 29 February 1941, IfZ F 23/1, o.P.
31 ‘Vortragsnotiz fuer Chef OKW ueber bisher vorliegende Ergebnisse des Einsatzes des Amtes Ausland/Abwehr im Kampf gegen Sowjet-Rußland’; Komandos Abw II/Chief, Berlin July 1941; IfZ, FD 47, folios 39–42.
32 Lahousen diaries, p 160, entry 7 July 1941, IfZ F 23/1, o.P. Hitler, who had no interest in an independent Ukraine, refused to support the nationalist leaders, and they were brought to Germany for questioning, including Bandera.
33 Lahousen diaries, p 159, entry 5 July 1941, IfZ F 23/1, o.P.
34 Lahousen’s deputy
Oberst Erwin Stolze stated that he had given the instruction to Melnyk and Bandera personally to foment insurrection immediately after the German invasion. In addition to weakening the Red Army, this would have influenced international opinion that an ‘apparently total break-up of the Soviet hinterland’ was in progress. Statement of Erwin Stolze introduced into evidence by Soviet prosecutor at Nuremberg, 25 December 1945, IMG, vol VII, p 303.
35 Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, p 137.
36 Ibid, p 138.
37 Ibid, pp 141–5, especially p 145, with n 59.
38 See Streit, Christian, ‘Die Behandlung der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen und völkerrechtliche Probleme des Krieges gegen die Sowjetunion’, in Ueberschär, Gerd, and Wette, Wolfram (eds), Der deutsche Uberfall auf die Sowjetunion. Unternehmen Barbarossa’ 1941, Frankfurt am Main, 1991, pp 159–89, Order reproduced in ibid, pp 297–300, following quotation here at p 297.
39 Lahousen, statement, IMG, vol II, p 501; Lahousen, affidavit, 8 January 1948, IfZ, ZS 658, folios 22–7.
40 Ibid, IMG, vol II, p 503.
41 Ibid, p 505; Lahousen, affidavit, 8 January 1948, IfZ, ZS 658, folios 22–7.
42 Conference note: ‘Betr.: Anordnung fiar die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener, Berlin, 15.9. 1941’, signed Canaris, reproduced in Ueberschär and Wette, Uberfall, pp 301–5 (with appendix showing Soviet order regarding PoWs), p 301.
43 Ibid, p 302, see also IMG, vol XXII, p 539f.
44 Anonymous document (author probably Lahousen) 20 July 1941, IfZ, FD 47, folio 38.
45 Lahousen, declaration, 23 January 1953, p 2, IfZ, ZS 658, folio 5.
46 Meyer, Unternehmen Sieben, p 27.
47 Lahousen, declaration, 23 January 1953, p 2, IfZ, ZS 658, folio 5.
48 Copy, ‘Auf einer Fahrt in das Operationsgebiet im Osten geMächte Beobachtungen und Feststellungen’ (author very probably Lahousen) Berlin, 23 October 1941, IfZ, FD 47, folios 54–9. As there is a gap in the Abwehr service diary before the period, and a little later similar terminology appears in another fragment of his diary, it is very probable that Lahousen was the author of this report
49 Ibid, p 3, folio 56.
50 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p 585.