Of Wolves and Men
Page 33
lupa, as term, 219, 226, 242
Lupton, Richard, 221, 222
Lupus (constellation), 277
Lupus erythematosus, 216m
lycanthropy, 232, 243-44. See also shapeshifting; werewolves
Lycaon, 231-32
Lyceum, 271
lynx, 67
McCulloch, Florence, 218
mai-cob, 123
Maine, 14
Mainz, archbishop of (A.D. 870), 239
Makah Wolf Ritual, 129-32
male wolves, 3, 28, 29, 32, 44, 49, 52, 66, 103, 193
Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches), 206, 219, 239-40
man as prey, 4, 69-70, 123, 240
attacked by wolves, 69-71, 149, 176-77, 177m, 221, 268, 281
dead on battlefields, 144, 150, 208, 232, 273
verification of, 70
Managarm, 275
Mandan, 114
maned wolf, 17
mange, scarcoptic, 183
Manifest Destiny, 142, 184
Manitoba, 71m
Marie de France, 235-36, 254
markings, 24, 45-47, 47
Mars, 210, 242
masks, wolf, 129-31, 131
Mather, Cotton, 142
mating, 26, 32-33, 36
Maturin, Charles Robert, 268
Maupassant, Guy de, 267
Maximilian of Wied, 175
“meat drunk,” 53
Mech, L. David, 57, 62, 65, 67-68, 72
medicine, wolf parts as, 105-6, 108, 110-12, 213, 222
medicine animal, wolf as, 105
Mekiana, Justus, 81
Mexican wolf, 13m, 195
Mexico, 13, 195-96
Michigan, 13, 72
Middle Ages, 205, 206-11, 254
enemies of Church in, 238-41
medicine in, 213, 215
werewolves in, 226, 227-30, 238–41
wild man in, 228-30
Minnesota, 13, 21, 100, 101, 139, 150, 151, 156-57
Mokoshan, 90
Montaigne, Michel de, 258
Montana, 13, 168, 197
cattle industry in, 181-83
Montana Stock Growers’ Association, 190 moon, 38
“Moonlight, Wolf,” 174
Moore, Edward, 253
moose, 55-56, 57
mortality, 29-30. See also pups
Mount McKinley National Park, 26, 66, 72
Mowat, Farley, 38
Mowgli, 267
Munro, H. H. (Saki), 268
Murie, Adolph, 25, 26, 37, 38, 39, 63, 72, 224, 290
music and wolves, 221
My Antonia (Cather), 268
mythology, Teutonic, 210, 221, 234
names derived from wolf animal, 17-18, 209m
disease, 216m
game, 113
native American, 106, 118, 119, 120, 120m, 121
Norse, 273-74
plant, 113, 208
Nash, Roderick, 141, 143
Naskapi, 88-93, 95, 113, 123
Naskapi/wolf correspondences, 89-90
Natalis, Saint, 236m
native Americans
correspondences with, 99-101, 103-4, 104-5, 169-71, 191
cosmology of, 102
and death, 95, 119
elusiveness among, 100
fear of wolves by, 123
identification with wolf by, 101, 105, 112, 118, 129-30, 132-34
integration into environment of, 104-5 killed by wolves, 4
killing of wolves by, 108-9
names for wolf among, 106, 118, 119, 120, 120m, 121
rituals of, 109, 120-21, 128-32, 169. See also individual names
stock lost to strychnine by, 179
tales of, 92m, l10m-111m, 121-22, 133m, 210, 262, 269
view of animals by, 86, 102, 104 warriors among, 114-20
wolf parts used by, 104, 105-6, 108, 109-12, 114-15, 120-21, 172
women and wolves among, 120-21
See also individual tribes
natural histories, 213-15, 257
development of, 215-21
Navajo werewolves, 123-24
Neurians, 233
Newfoundland wolf, 14
Newhouse, Sewell, 190
Newhouse traps, 189-90, 190
New England, 290
New Mexico, 192, 290
New York, 290
Nez Perce, 105, 288
Nitaina, 124-28
Nivordus of Ghent, 259
Norns, 273
Norris, Frank, 267
Norse mythology, 273-76
North Carolina, 289
northwest coast tribes, 101, 105, 113, 128-32, 262
Northwest Territories, 194
Notable Things (Lupton), 222
Nuliayuk, 123
Nunamiut, 3, 22-23, 59, 78-86, 110m
acuteness of, 81-83
hunters among, 82
observations of wolf by, 81, 291
Nyktimos, 231
“Occurrence in Dreams of Material from
Fairy Tales, The” (Freud), 267
O’Connor, Jack, 160-61
Odin’s wolves, 273
O’Donnell, Elliot, 237
Olaus Magnus, 234
“Old Wolf in Seven Fables, The,” 262
old wolves, 3, 66-67, 86, 87-88, 89-90, 262
olfaction, 48-50
Omaha, 65, 101
omega animal, 52
Ontario, Canada, 194, 195
Opie, Iona and Peter, 264
oracle, wolf as, 103
Oregon, 287, 288-89, 291
Oregon Trail, The (Parkman), 176
Orton, Alda, 39
Osiris, 273
Oto, 107
Ouachita National Forest, 141-12
Outdoor Life magazine, 160, 187
outlaw wolves, 149-50, 188, 191-93, 193m
Owl Friend, 115-17
packs
characteristics of, 34
identity of, 36-37
size of, 26, 70, 176
structure of, 34-35
variability by season of, 36
See also social structure
paramilitary terminology, 32
parasitism, 29
Parkman, Francis, 176
“Parson’s Tale, The” (Chaucer), 225
Pattie, James O., 176
Pausanius, 231
Pawnee, 65, 101, 102, 110-13, 132-33
creation legend of, 133m
Wolf Man, 132
Wolf Star, 210
payment, wolf parts as, 147, 172, 208, 239
Peck, Robert, 179
pelage, 11, 19, 21-24.
See also black wolves; white wolves
pelts
as medicine, 222
native American uses of, 104, 105, 106-8, 109-12, 120-21, 123
as payment, 172
value of, 21, 80, 177, 179
werewolves and, 123, 233, 234
See also wolfing
Perception of the Visual World, The (Gibson), 87
Perrault, Charles, 250, 263-64
Peter and the Wolf (Prokofiev), 262
Peters, Roger, 48-50
Petronius, 233
Phaedrus (fabulist), 254
Phaedrus (Plato), 269
Physiologus, 213-14, 215, 216-19
Pimlott, Douglas, 16, 62
plants associated with wolves, 109, 112, 113, 117, 121, 208, 216, 220, 222
and werewolves, 237
Plato, 231, 269
play, 4, 11, 37, 67-68, 84
Plenty Coups, 106
Pliny, 205, 216, 218, 219, 231, 233
Plutarch, 216, 221, 242
poetry, wolves in, 252m, 259, 268-69
poisoning of wolves, 139, 194-95, 271.
See also government hunters;
strychnine populations, of wolves, 13-14, 184-85, 193-94, 195-96, 289.
See also extinct populations
postural communication, 43-48, 44, 45
body gestures, 47
facial expressions
, 44, 47
markings, 24, 45-47, 47
piloerection, 43
reassurance displays, 48
pouncing, 10, 36
Prairie (name of wolf), 279-83
predation on domestic stock. See domestic stock
predator control, 139, 141, 148m-49m, 169, 171-74, 181-83, 288. See also individual methods
predator/prey signals
announcement of availability, 58
between buffalo and wolf, 57-59
“conversation of death” in, 62, 94-95
Kruuk on, 56-57
prey, 10, 54-55, 59, 61, 289
bystander phenomenon in, 62
as factor in territory, 55, 64, 100-1
location of by wolves, 66-67
See also individual types; killing of wolves; surplus killing
prey selection, 4, 54-55, 58-59, 61-62
“conversation of death” in, 94-95
Nunamiut on, 84-85
private property, 147, 196
Prokofiev, Serge, 262
Pueblo Indians, 99, 128
Pulliainen, Erkki, 72
pups, 28, 34-35
behavior in, 28-29, 35, 280-81
communal care of, 35-36
diseases of, 27
growth of, 36
killing of, 185, 188, 191, 197, 224
learning in, 31, 33m, 35, 36, 50
mortality of, 27, 29, 51
raised in captivity, 16, 279-83
social structures of, 27, 28-29, 35, 48
vocalizations of, 40–43
purification ceremony for women, 120-21
Pythochares, legend of, 221
Quebec, 93, 195
Quimby, General, of Sandwich, 157-58
rabid wolves, 69, 71, 71m, 194-95, 208, 269
Blackfoot cure for bite of, 123
distinguished by track, 83
ravens, 3, 10, 67-68, 68, 82, 85, 105, 273
red, color of wolf, 102, 106, 118, 120, 124,
268
“Red Wolf, The,” 268
red wolves, 14, 15, 19, 25, 30, 54, 152, 279-83, 289-90
regurgitation, 35, 41, 48, 91
Remington, Frederic, 174
Remmler, F.W., 156
rendezvous sites, 33m, 36
reintroduction of wolves, 289-90, 292 resting behavior, 11
retribution, law of, 145
reward for man as wolf prey, 70
Reynard the fox, 250, 259
Reynolds, G. W. M., 267
ritual preparation for hunt, 90
River (wolf name), 279-83
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 268
Roman Church, 205, 208, 213, 214, 238-39 Romulus and Remus, 226, 242, 248, 248 Roosevelt, Theodore, 142, 153-54
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 242
Russell, Jeffrey, 227, 229
Russia, 13, 21, 53, 153-54, 155, 156, 237, 261
sacred meat, 92-93, 95-96
saints and wolves, 205, 206, 209, 212, 214, 246m
Saki. See Munro, H. H.
Salmon River, 288
Scandinavia, wolves in, 13
scapegoat, wolf as, 52, 140, 184, 226, 227, 233
scent glands, 24, 49
scent marking, 49-50
scent posts, 10, 49
scent rolling, 50, 51, 51
Schenkel, Rudolph, 44, 47, 81
Scripture, 141, 184, 210, 214, 218, 226, 240
Sea-Wolf, The (London), 269-70
“Sea Wolf, The” (Haida folktale), 92m
Seiar of Hadramaut, 236
sensory activity, 10, 11, 50, 85, 281-82
separate reality of other organisms, 285
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 69, 192-93
“Seven Little Goats, The,” 263
sexual hierarchies, 31-32, 34-35
sexual imagery associated with wolves, 219, 226, 239, 242, 251, 263, 264-67, 269
sexual maturity, 29
shadings. See markings
Shakespeare, William, 210, 252m
shapeshifting, 205-6, 230, 234, 239, 262-63, 269, 272
“Sheem,” 262-63
sheep, 59, 138, 172-73, 220-21, 273
industry, 172-73, 182
and wolf, 225
“Shepherd Boy and the Wolf, The,” 255m
“She-Wolf, The” (Saki), 268
Shoshoni, 99
Sigmund, 234
Singh, Rev. J. A. L., 245–47
Sioux, 110m, 112, 113, 116m, 121
size, 10, 18-19, 36, 263m
Skoll, 274, 275
Sleeping Wolf, 118-19
Small Ankles, 133-34
smelling. See olfaction
Snake River, 288
social structure, 31-37
among captive wolves, 32-33, 292-93
as dynamic, 33
females in, 32
Naskapi/wolf, 89-90
in pack, 34-36
sexual hierarchies, 31, 292
Solinus, 216, 219
Son of the Wolf, The (London), 269
songs, 104, 116m, 117m, 129
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School, 244
Soracte, Mount, 233
sourwood, 109
South Dakota, 192
Spain, 30
Speck, Frank, 92
speed, 11, 25m
Spirit of the Caribou, 90
sport hunting, 153-66.
See also wolfing stare, 4, 62, 175, 219
starvation, 152
Stefansson, Vilhjalmer, 70
Stephenson, Robert, 79, 81-82, 83, 290
stockmen
associations, 190, 191
as avengers, 266
losses by, 182, 191, 192
stones and wolves, 219, 221, 264
“Strafing Arctic Killers,” 144
strychnine, 139, 178, 179-80, 190
Stump, Peter, 240
submissive behavior, 44-45, 47, 48
subspecies, 14m, 14-16
summer activity, 10, 13, 37
Summers, Montague, 241-42
Sun Dance ritual, 128
Superior National Forest, 50
Supernova (Lupus), 277
supracaudal gland, 24, 49
surplus killing, 4, 54, 55m, 56-57, 95
Swan’s Head, 106-8
sweet grass, 112
swimming, 25
symbol, wolf as, 142, 143, 205, 210, 226, 239
Tamworth, New Hampshire, wolf siege at, 157-58
Tasha, 105
Tasmanian wolf, 18
Taylor, J. H, 179
teeth, 25-26, 67, 222, 263m
temperature regulation, 19-21
temples of Apollo, 272
Tepehuanan Indians, 196
territory, 63-67, 292
marking of, 48-49
sharing of, 65
trespass in, 51, 65, 66
variability of, 64–65
territory, native American/wolf correspondences, 85, 99-101
Texas, 14, 152, 243m
theriophobia, 140
“Three Little Pigs, The,” 263
Three Toes of Harding County, 192
Thurber, James, 264
timber wolf, 289
Tlingit, 101
Tomarctus, 17
Topsell, Edward, 222
track, 10, 20, 20m, 83
transplanting wolves, 72
trappers, 39m, 162-63, 164, 187, 188, 192
on Great Plains, 177-78
reminiscences of, 196-99
Trapper’s Guide (Newhouse), 190
traps. See hunting
travel, 10-12, 21, 25, 66
Troilus and Cressida, 210
tse-ka, 129
Tuberville’s Booke of Hunting, 223
Turkey, 242
Twelve Days, 229-30, 234
Twenty Years on the Trapline (Taylor), 179 twilight, 209, 210
Twilight of the Gods, 275-76
Tyr, 275
Ungava Bay, 93
ungulate diseases, 58
Uses of Enchantmen
t, The (Bettelheim), 264
Vandover and the Brute (Norris), 267
Vargamors, 229
Verdun, Michel, 241
Victor of Aveyron, 244, 245, 245
Vidar, 276
vocalizations, 38-43, 42, 43. See also individual types
Volsungs, 234
Von, River, 275
Wagner the Wehrwolf (Reynolds), 267
Wallace, Dave, 168-69, 196
Washington, George, 172-73
Weasel Bear, 116m
Webster, John, 268
weight, 18-19, 36
werebeasts, 230
werewolves, 205-6, 235, 236m, 226-42
beliefs about, 124, 150, 208, 236-37
benevolent, 230
characteristics of, 233-34, 237
involuntary, 236-37
in literature, 230, 235-36, 267-68
Lycaon as, 231-32
in Malleus Maleficarum, 239
among the Navajo, 123-24
persecution of, 208, 227-28, 239-41
as projection of humans, 226, 228, 230, 232-33
voluntary, 236
cf. wild man, 228-30
women as, 229
See also lycanthropy; shapeshifting
Werwolves (O’Donnell), 237
White, T.H., 221
White Fang (London), 269
Whitehead, Alfred North, 284-85
White Sage, 121
white wolves, 21-22, 175, 176, 191, 220m, 267, 269
wilderness, 140-44
wild man, 206, 228-30
wild woman, 229
William of Parlerne, 230
Williams, O.W., 159
Williams, Roger, 142
willows, 102, 132
winter activity, 11, 36
Witchcraft in the Middle Ages (Russell), 229
“Wolf, The,” 267-68
“Wolf and the Crane, The” 256m, 260
“Wolf and the Hunter, The,” 255m
“Wolf and the Indian Dog, The,” 110m-11m
“Wolf and the Lamb, The,” 254m-55m, 256
“Wolf and the Mouse, The,” 255m
“Wolf and the Shepherds, The,” 256m
wolf bands, 105, 115-20
Wolf Belly, 119
wolf berries, 113
wolf bundle, 107, 107, 132
wolf children, 242-48, 245
of Hesse, 242
wolf cults, 232, 233
wolfers. See hunting
wolf farming, 185
“Wolf Girl” (of Texas), 243m
“Wolf Helps the Dog, The,” 256m
Wolf House, 269
wolf hunting. See killing of wolves
Wolf Hunters, The (Grinnell), 179
wolf imagery, 113, 144, 155, 206, 209, 225-27
in fable, 251
in Middle Ages, 210-11
in poetry, 268-69
sleighs pursued by wolves, 155, 257, 268
in World War II, 226
wolf management, 288-84, 290, 291-92