The Land Grabbers: The New Fight over Who Owns the Earth
Page 36
The quotes from Liz Alden Wily come from “The Law Is to Blame: The Vulnerable Status of Common Property Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa” (Development and Change, Vol. 42, pp. 733–757) at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com; “Whose Land Are We Giving Away, Mr. President?” http://siteresources.worldbank.org (2010); and her Brighton conference paper “Nothing New under the Sun or a New Battle Joined?” On possible soy farming in Mozambique, see “Mozambique Offers Brazilian Farmers Land to Plant,” http://farmlandgrab.org/ (2011).
Chapter 27: London, England
Beddington is quoted from “Report: Urgent Action Needed to Avert Global Hunger,” http://www.bbc.co.uk (2011). His “Foresight Project on Global Food and Farming Futures” can be found at http://www.bis.gov.uk. Also see Collier’s “Food Shortages: Think Big,” at http://www.timesonline.co.uk (2008). Ferguson’s 2008 report is at http://farmlandgrab.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/20081027-agriculture-richard-ferguson.pdf. Tapp’s response to the Beddington report can be accessed at http://www.bidwells.co.uk. For Watson’s analysis, see “International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development,” http://www.agassessment.org (2008).
Collier complains of romanticism among his critics in “The Politics of Hunger,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com (2008). Raj Patel’s article, “Can the World Feed 10 Billion People?” is at http://www.foreignpolicy.com (2011). See also “Awaking Africa’s Sleeping Giant,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org (2009), and Hunt and Lipton’s “Green Revolutions for sub-Saharan Africa?” at http://www.chathamhouse.org (2011). Hazell’s “The Future of Small Farms for Poverty Reduction and Growth,” is online at http://www.ifpri.org (2007), and ILRI’s report, “Back to the Future,” can be found at http://mahider.ilri.org (2010).
For the Malawi experiment, see “The Malawi Agricultural Inputs Subsidy Programme, 2005/6 to 2008/9,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org (2011), and “The Malawi Fertiliser Programme: Politics and Pragmatism,” http://www.future-agricultures.org (2008). Also read “Push-pull Technology: A Conservation Agriculture Approach” in the International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ (2011). Reij’s stories of Sahel regreening appear at http://africa-regreening.blogspot.com.
Mortimore, Tiffen, and Gichuki’s book on Machakos, More People, Less Erosion (John Wiley, 1994) is updated at http://www.drylandsresearch.org.uk. I have written about it in “Out of the Demographic Trap: Hope for Feeding the World,” at http://e360.yale.edu (2010), and “Desert Harvest,” http://www.newscientist.com (2001). I wrote about Jitbhai Chowdhury in “Earth: The Parched Planet,” http://www.newscientist.com (2006), and in When the Rivers Run Dry. Smit has written on urban agriculture at http://www.jacsmit.com. Pretty’s “Sustainable Intensification in Africa” appears in the International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ (2011).
Index
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, King, 32, 34
Abir, Chris, 54, 58, 63
Abraaj Capital, 34
Abu Dhabi, 34–35, 37, 47–48
Adams, Warren, 153–4
Addax Bioenergy, 240
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4, 12, 15, 16, 248, 286, 300
Adecoagro, 120. See also Soros, George
African Parks Foundation, 227
African Wildlife Foundation, 215
Afrikaner. See Boer
agriculture, efficiency in, 31, 90, 100, 245, 292–93, 294–96, 300
AgriFirma, 97, 115, 119–20, 125
Agri South Africa (Agri-SA), 233–37
Agriterra, 247
AgroGeneration, 109
Al Ain National Wildlife, 47–48
Alden Wily, Liz, 287–89
Ali, Brigadier Mohamed Abdul Rahim Al, 211, 212, 214
Al-Jazeera TV, 35
Almarai, 30
Alpcot Agro, 108, 111
Al Qaeda, 287
Al Qudra Holding, 35, 37
Al-Rajhi, brothers and Bank, 29, 32, 33
Altima Partners, ix, 96, 144
Amaggi. See Maggi, Blairo
Amazon rainforest, 70, 116, 117, 120, 129, 145, 153, 231, 267
American Sugar, 193, 195, 241
Amin, President Idi, 224
Amnesty International, 41, 170
Amoudi, Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Ali Al, 5, 9, 239. See also Saudi Star
Anaya, James, UN special rapporteur, 211–12
Angola, 89, 236, 246
Anuak, 3, 4, 10–15
Apocalypse Now, 138
Arab Spring, 35, 38
Arara Abadi, 169–70
Arbenz, Jacobo, 143
ArcelorMittall, 74–75
Argentina, 27, 125, 130, 136, 138, 144, 149–54; land grabbed in, 36, 99, 120, 151, 202. See also Patagonia
Argentine Southern Land Company, 151
Asia Pacific Resources International (APRIL), 170–71, 173–77, 178
Asia Pulp and Paper (APP), 168–70, 173, 175, 177–78
Associated British Foods (ABF), 238. See also Illovo; Western family
Asuncion, Paraguay, 129, 132, 135, 138
Atama Plantation, 88
Australia, 23, 157–61, 178, 182, 192, 238, 266, 267, 272, 289; land grabbed in, 36, 37, 100, 157–61
Australian Agricultural Company, 157
Awash National Park, Ethiopia, 286
Ayoreo Indians, 131, 134–35
Badia, 283–84, 285, 289
Bahia, Brazil, 97, 115, 118–27, 202
Bahrain, 37, 38, 160
Ballve, Teo, 146–47
Bambara, 272, 281
bananas, 33, 56, 95, 188, 189, 192, 235, 272, 280; banana republics, 141–42, 147
Bangladesh, 21
banking crisis of 2008. See also credit crunch
Baro River, Ethiopia, 7, 8, 14, 15
Barreiras, Brazil, 119, 120–21, 123, 125, 127
Batwa “pygmies,” 224–25
Bayliss, Peter, 81–85, 88, 90
Beddington, John, 291, 292–95, 301
Bedford Biofuels, 248–49
Bedouin, 35, 283–84
beef, 27, 116, 118, 138, 141, 157–59, 247
Beidahuang Land Cultivation Group, 202
Beigbeder, Charles, 109
Belarus, 110
Benetton family, 149, 151–52, 154
Benin, 88, 202
Bernhard, Prince, 223, 224, 225, 226–67, 230
Bin Laden Group, 33
biodiesel. See biofuels
biofuels, x, 20, 22–23, 82, 87, 98, 110, 118–19, 144, 184, 202, 235, 238–40, 258, 267; bubble bursts, 243–52; and carbon cycle, 251–2; and food price spike, 23, 26; in Liberia, 82; in Mozambique, 243–47; in South Sudan, 45; in Ukraine, 107. See also jatropha
Birdlife International, 249
black earth, viii, 100, 108–9, 111–12, 115
Black Earth Farming, 100, 111
Blair, Tony, 79
Blattner family, 86, 89, 264
Boer, 94, 223, 227, 233–37, 260
Bolivia, 130, 131–33, 135, 144–45
Bollore Group, 88, 263–4
Boma National Park, South Sudan, 47, 49
Boone, Ronald, 54–58, 60–61
Botswana, 227, 233, 247, 259
bourgou, 271–73, 279–80
Bozo fishers, 272, 274, 281
Branson, Richard, vii, 226, 231
Brasilia, 116, 117, 124, 125
Brazil, vii, viii, 23, 27, 36, 90, 100, 115–27, 145, 147, 154, 159–61, 205, 238, 240, 250, 291, 295; Brazilians in Africa, 234, 288; Brazilians in Latin America, 129–36, 138; Forest Cod
e, 121–22, 126; and REDD, 267. See also Amazon; Bahia; cerrado
Bridges, Lucas, 150, 258
Brittingham’s Tanzania Adventures, Jack, 212
Broken Ear, The (Herge), 132
Brownell, Alfred, 76–77, 79, 85
Buchanan, Liberia, 67, 73, 81
Buchanan Renewables, 73–75, 77
Buckley, Lila, 203–4
Bulgaria, 110
Bunge, 117, 123, 125, 127, 202
Burgess, Calvin, 53–58, 60–63, 83
Burkina Faso, 21, 272, 274, 287
Burma, 35, 200, 266
Bush, President George W., 132, 250
Cabbages and Kings (O. Henry), 142
Cambodia, 32, 35, 36, 168, 187–96, 200, 201, 205; economic land concessions, 189, 194
Cambodian League for the Promotion of Human Rights (LICADHO), 192
camels, 219, 283, 285, 286
Cameroon, 21, 88–89, 204, 263–264
Campo Aberto, Brazil, 115, 119
Canada, 27, 110–11, 132, 159, 167, 289; investors in Africa, 48, 73, 90, 238, 241, 246, 248, 249
Carbon Planet, 267
Cargill, 8, 110, 117, 121, 123, 125, 159, 202, 294
Casaccia, Jose Luis, 138
Casado, Carlos, 136
Cayman Islands, 90, 97, 202
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 178, 250, 268
Central African Republic, 265
Central Equatoria Teak, 47
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 43, 143
cerrado, 112, 115–17, 129, 130, 161, 202, 205, 295; colonization since 1960s, 116–17, 123–24; indigenous people and slavery, 117, 119, 122–23; wildlife and biodiversity, 115–16, 118, 120–21, 124, 126
Chaco, 129–39, 150, 154; Brazilian ranchers, 129–31, 134–35; indigenous groups, 133, 134–35, 137–39; wildlife and conservation, 129–31, 134, 135–37, 138–39
Changhae Tapioka, 184
Chavez, President Hugo, 141
Chernobyl, Ukraine, 110
Chicago, vii, 19–20, 116
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), 19–20, 25, 27
chiefs, authority of, 11, 33, 45–46, 63, 65, 66, 99–100, 174, 235, 249–50
Chile, 150–51, 153–54
China, vii, 30, 109, 123, 133, 167–68, 170, 172, 178, 199–205, 234, 280, 292; in Africa, 75, 88, 202–4, 234, 265, 175–76, 277, 279, 280; in Asia, 110, 181, 185, 192, 199–201, 202, 205; in Australasia, 159–60; consumer demand, 22, 67, 181, 200–2; future war with West, 95, 201; land grabbing in, 202, 203; in Latin America, 126, 127, 202
China State Farms Agribusiness Corporation, 204
Cholmondeley family, 217
Chongqing Grain Group, 127, 202
Citadel Capital, 48
climate change, viii, x, 22, 95, 130, 243, 267, 291, 292
Club 21, 226–67
cocoa, 27, 84, 97
coffee, 7, 20, 25, 41, 101, 115, 118, 142, 143, 256
Collier, Paul, 291–95, 301
Colombia, vii, 142, 145–47
Coming Anarchy, The (Robert Kaplan), 43
commodity markets, 23, 26, 27, 100, 202, 293
commons, tragedy of the, x, 285
Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), 47, 101
Complant International Sugar, 202
Congo-Brazzaville, 88, 89, 227, 234, 264, 265
Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC), 85, 88, 89, 90, 203, 227
Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB), 265
Congo River, 85, 89
Conservation International (CI), 74, 117, 118, 126, 229
Conservation refugees, 229–30
Conway, Gordon, 295
corruption, 38, 45, 53, 74, 141, 144, 171, 174–75, 194, 257, 267
Costa Rica, 135, 142
Costello, Peter, 192
Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), 21, 68, 88, 89, 239, 274
Cotton, 37, 199, 202, 236, 238, 256, 265, 275; in Australia, 159–60; in Brazil, 115, 118–19, 124–25, 131; in Ethiopia, 5, 7
Crafar Farms, New Zealand, 160
Craig, David and Ian, 218–19
credit crunch, 20, 24–27, 37, 82, 101
Cuba, 142, 143
Curran, Bryan, 229–30
Daewoo, 205
dairy industry, 57, 59, 111, 126, 133, 189, 202, 224, 260, 283, 285, 298–300; in Gulf, vii, 29–32; in India, 7, 300; in New Zealand, 160, 203
Dangote, Aliko, 239
Danzer Group, 264
Defensores del Chaco, Paraguay, 131, 135
Deng, David, 42–43
Denton, Tim, 101–2
derivatives, financial, 20, 25–26, 93, 96, 100
desertification, 285, 298
Desmond Holdings, 99
Dexion Capital, 110
Dinka, 42, 49
Diouf, Jacques, 34
Doan Nguyen Duc, 200
Doe, Samuel, 66–67, 76, 78
Dominican Republic, 142
Dominion Farms, 53–63
Douglas, Howard Eugene, 44–46
drug trade, 136, 141, 143–44, 146–47, 192
Dubai, 34–35, 37, 83, 157, 211, 231
Edmonds, Phil, 97, 246–47, 258
Egypt, 21, 30, 32, 37, 48–49, 86, 240, 266
Elliott Wave theory, 95
Emergent Asset Management, 93–95, 201, 237
“empty” lands, x, 9, 11, 44, 54, 76, 103, 115–16, 134, 149, 248, 260, 288
Energem, 246
Equatorial Palm Oil (EPO), 81–85, 87, 89–90
Estonia, 109
Ethanol. See biofuels
Ethiopia, 3–16, 44, 47, 228–29, 239, 244, 248, 286, 300
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 110
European Union (EU), 26, 108, 109, 116, 250; Everything But Arms, 195–6; market for forest products, 69, 177, 185; market for sugar, 187, 195–96, 238
Evans, M.P., 158
Ex-Im Bank, 109, 204
famine, 9, 16, 22, 24, 44, 103, 291, 293
Far East Agricultural Investment, 32–33
Farm Lands of Guinea, 99
Fauna and Flora International, 217
FELDA Holdings, 157
Ferguson, Richard, 291–92, 295
Fernando Po, 66
Feronia Inc., ix, 90
Filadelfia, Paraguay, 133–34
Filer, Colin, 182–86
Finland, 47, 167, 168, 177
Firestone, 66, 69–73, 75, 77, 79, 84
Flora EcoPower, 248
Fonterra, 160, 203
food: export bans, 32, 103, 204; price of, vii, 5, 31–32, 37, 38, 75, 95, 101, 195, 238, 291, 297; 2008 price spike, 19–27, 34, 96, 293; security, 22, 34, 37, 96, 112, 280, 293–94, 296; self-sufficiency, 21, 29–30, 32, 277
Forest Peoples Programme, 229
Forest Stewardship Council, 173, 177
Formosa do Rio Preto, Brazil, 121–22, 124
Fortress conservation, 224, 228, 230
France and French, vii, 30, 103, 109, 193, 201, 217, 273, 274, 299; and timber trade, 67, 88, 263–65
Frayne, Michael, 81–82, 84, 87–88
Friends of the Earth, 176, 245
Friends of Yala Swamp, 62
Fulani, 272, 274–76, 281
Fundacion Tierra, 145
Gabon, 88, 229, 235, 263–65
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 67, 109, 277
Gambella, Ethiopia, 3–16, 44, 47, 49, 239, 244, 288, 289
Garamba National Park, DRC, 226, 227
Georgia, 237
Germany and Germans, 24, 30, 58, 78, 83
, 167, 213, 243, 259; German land grabbers, 160, 218, 264, 265; Germans in South America, 117, 131, 132, 134, 138
Getty family, 81–82, 84, 231
Gezira project, Sudan, 37
Ghana, 89, 249–50, 274, 288
Global Witness, 68
goats, 59, 159, 272, 277, 281, 284, 286, 296
Gold, Dan, 97
Golden Agri, 85, 88
Goldman Sachs, vii, 21, 24–25, 93, 97, 110, 111, 154, 158, 203, 237, 240; Goldman Sachs Commodity Index, 25
Gold Star Farms, 249
Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck), ix, 123
Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, 227, 247
Green Advocates, 76
Greenleaf Global, 98
Greenpeace, 263
Green Resources, 48
green revolution, 22, 295, 296
Greenworld BVI, 98
Groundnut Scheme, Tanganyika, 103–4
Grumeti game reserve, Tanzania, 209–210, 259
Grzimek, Bernhard, 213, 230
Guarani, 145
Guatemala, 142–44
Guinea, vii, 21, 75, 76, 99
Guinea Bissau, 204
Guinea Savannah Zone, 9
Guyra Paraguay, 130, 136–37
Haes, Charles de, 223–25
Haiti, 22, 300
Hall, Ruth, 235, 237
Hands, Guy, 97, 158
Hanks, John, 227
Hardin, Garrett, 285
Hasan, Mohamad “Bob,” 172
Hassad Food, 36, 159
Hazim Hazim Chehade, 263
Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad), ix, 85, 264
hedge funds, vii, 24, 37, 73, 90, 96, 97, 100, 109, 110, 114, 210, 245
Heilberg, Philippe, 41–45
Herakles Farms, 89
Hickey, Liam, 74–75, 77
hippo grass. See bourgou
Honduras, 142
Honest Timber, 265
Hong Lai Huat Group (HLH), 191
Horita, Walter, 124
Horlick, Nicola, 97
Hovev brothers, 248
HSBC, 117
Human Rights Watch, 12, 169
Huxley, Julian, 213, 224, 230
Hyundai Heavy Industries, 112, 205
IFFCO, 157
Illovo, 238–39, 241, 276
Il Ngwesi eco-lodge, Kenya, 219
India, 167, 190, 200, 217, 238, 240, 265, 284, 299–300; investors in Ethiopia, 6–8, 13, 16, 286; investors elsewhere, vii, 82; rice export ban, 23, 32