Animal Weapons
Page 29
25. For a fantastic and authoritative treatment of the strategic bombing campaign over Europe during WWII, including in-depth descriptions of crew experiences during bombing runs, see Donald L. Miller, Masters of the Air: America’s Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007).
26. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
27. Ibid.
28. Wikipedia, s.v. “List of countries by GDP (nominal)”
29. Robert E. Looney and Stephen L. Mehay, “United States Defense Spending: Trends and Analysis,” in The Economics of Defense Spending: An International Survey, eds. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990); Philip D. Winters, “Discretionary Spending: Prospects and Future,” Congressional Research Service, report prepared for Congress (2005): RS-22128; D. Andrew Austin and Mindy R. Levit, “Trends in Discretionary Spending,” Congressional Research Service, report prepared for Congress (2010): RL-34424.
30. This analogy works at another level as well. Just as luxury items such as yachts cost poor people more, and big weapons such as crab claws and antlers cost poor-quality males more, so, too, big-ticket weapons cost more to build in poor nations than they do in rich ones. An F-5 fighter costs more to produce in Spain or South Korea, for example, than it does in the United States, and still more for nations such as Ecuador. We can afford to mass-produce the planes in larger volumes, cutting the per-plane production cost enormously. We can afford to support a larger research and development program, giving us a head start on new innovations to fighter technology. We can afford to train a larger workforce skilled in the necessary technologies—everything from pilots to fly the plane to mechanics to repair it. All of these factors mean that rich nations pay an awful lot less per weapon for state-of-the-art things such as aircraft, submarines, missiles, and carriers than poorer nations do, exacerbating the differences between the haves and have-nots. For a discussion of these issues, see Michael Brsoska, “The Impact of Arms Production in the Third World,” Armed Forces and Society 4 (1989): 507–30.
31. There are a great many books devoted to the Cold War. I particularly recommend R. E. Powaski, March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); P. Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box: Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the Cold War (New York: Basic Books, 1992); R. Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race (New York: Vintage Books, 2008); D. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy (New York: Doubleday, 2009); and James R. Arnold and Roberta Wiener, eds., Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012). In addition, for clear, concise discussions of the arms race, I recommend Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; and O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
32. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
33. Ibid.; see also Dildy and Thompson, F-86 Sabre vs MiG-15.
34. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
35. Ibid.; see also Kenneth Macksey, Tank Versus Tank: The Illustrated Story of Armored Battlefield Conflict in the Twentieth Century (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1999); and Stephen Hart, ed., Atlas of Armored Warfare from 1916 to the Present Day (New York: Metro Books, 2012).
36. Ibid.
37. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare; R. E. Powaski, March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword; Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly; Hoffman, Dead Hand; Arnold and Wiener, Cold War.
38. Ibid.
39. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
40. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare; Powaski, March to Armageddon; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword; Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly; Hoffman, Dead Hand; Arnold and Wiener, Cold War.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
44. Hoffman, Dead Hand.
45. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
46. B. M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? The Burdens of National Defense (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970).
47. O’ Connell, of Arms and Men; Glynn, Closing Pandora’s Box; O’ Connell, Soul of the Sword.
48. For example, Russett, What Price Vigilance?; and Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr., “Consequences of the Cold War,” in Arnold and Wiener, Cold War.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.; see also O’Connell, Soul of the Sword.
52. Ibid.
14. Mass Destruction
1. A number of accounts of this incident, and the events leading up to it, have now been published. I recommend Stephen J. Cimbala, “Year of Maximum Danger? The 1983 ‘War Scare’ and US-Soviet Deterrence,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13 (2000): 1–24; Arnav Manchanda, “When Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction: The Able Archer Incident,” Cold War History 9 (2009): 111–33; D. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy (New York: Doubleday, 2009); and especially the Ph.D. dissertation of Andrew Russell Garland, “1983: The Most Dangerous Year” (University of Nevada Las Vegas, 2011). I should also point out that not all scholars agree that this incident came as close as it did to the end; for an alternative view, see Vojtech Mastny, “How Able Was ‘Able Archer’?: Nuclear Trigger and Intelligence in Perspective,” Journal of Cold War Studies 11 (2009): 108–23.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. For examples, see Charles A. Kupchan, “Life After Pax Americana,” World Policy Journal 16 (1999): 20–27; Evan Feigenbaum, “China’s Challenge to Pax Americana,” Washington Quarterly 24 (2001): 31–43.
5. For vivid and frightening coverage of the destructive power of nuclear weapons, and the risk of accidental detonation, I recommend Eric Schlosser’s Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety (New York: The Penguin Press, 2013).
6. Jeanne Guillemin, Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005); Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando, Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006); Hoffman, Dead Hand.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
aardvarks
Able Archer 83, Operation
Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
Aesop
Afghanistan
Agincourt, Battle of
aircraft
biplanes
bombers
Cold War and
fighter
reconnaissance
stealth
transport
Aircraft in Warfare (Lanchester)
airfoil theory
AK-47 rifle
Albatros C.I plane
Allen, Bengt
Allerød period
Allosaurus
al-Qaeda
ambush predators
sit-and-wait
stalking
American colonial forts
American Revolution
Anancus
Andean cities
Andropov, Yuri
anglerfish
humpback
animal weapons. See also specific species and types of weapons
comparing, w
ith human weapons
female, vs. male
females attracted to
growth of, vs. other body parts
number of species wielding
proportion and
types of
ankylosaurs
antelopes
pronghorn
antennae, horn size vs.
ant farms
antimissile defenses
antlers
beetle
caribou
costs of
deer
elk
fly
Irish elk
moose
sexual selection and
as signal
ants
African army
army
big-headed
bullet
castes and
trap-jaw
Archimedes
armadillos
armies
new weapons and change in tactics
siege warfare and
sneak attacks and
armor
costs vs. benefits
curling-up posture and
evolution of
fish and
human soldiers and
knights and
sticklebacks and
arms races
Cold War
collapse of
competition and
deterrence and
duels and
humans and
fortifications and
ingredients of
naval
political, between states
sneak attacks and
sneaky males and
stages of
vehicular
arrowheads
arrows
arsinotheres
artificial selection experiments
artillery
Art of War (Sun Tzu)
Askut
assessment, sequential
Assyrians
atlatl
attrition
Aztecs
B-17 flying fortress
B-29 superfortress
Backwell, Patricia
bacteria
ballistas
bamboo bugs
barracuda
battering rams
battles. See also duels
choosing
duels vs. scrambles
Lanchester’s laws and
battleships. See ships
beaver dams
bees
big-headed
cuckoo
beetles
bombardier
desert
dung
flower
forelimbs
frog-legged leaf
harlequin
horns
knobby fungus
nutrition and
rhinoceros
stag
tortoise
underground behavior of
Belarus
Bell, Michael
Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)
biological vs. cultural evolution
biological weapons
bird nests
birds of paradise
Bison
antiquus
bison
bluefish
Bolnick, Dan
bombs
bone
Boone and Crockett Club
branches
Britain
Britain, Battle of
British Royal Navy
brontotheres
buffalo
bunkers
Burkhardt, Dietrich
burrows
caiman
calcium and phosphorus
Caldwell, Roy
calls and songs
camels
camouflage
cuttlefish and
mice and
snowshoe hares and
soldiers and
canine teeth
cannons
car bombs
caribou
carnivore teeth and jaws
Carnotaurus
Carthaginians
castles
catapults
caterpillars
cats
cavitation bubbles
chameleons
Chauchat rifle
cheating. See sneaky tactics
chemical weapons
Cheyenne Mountain bunker
China
Chinese hackers
chitin
choke points
Christy, John
circulation theory of lift
clades
claspers
claws
crabs
predator
shrimp
“click” mechanism
Clovis points
coats of arms
cockroaches
Cohen, Yosef
Cold War
Cole, USS (destroyer)
common ancestor
competition. See also duels
African elephants and
big-headed flies and
duels vs. scrambles and
dung beetles and
economic defensibility and
harlequin beetles and
jacanas and
manufactured weapons and
sexual selection and
vehicular arms races and
computerized technology
costs vs. benefits (cost effectiveness)
antlers and
arms races and
balance point and
beetle horn size and
Cold War and
crab claw size and
energy needs and
fortifications and
human weapons and
resource trade-offs and
sexual selection and
signals and
ships and
spines and
variation within species and
weapons of mass destruction and
Cotton, Sam
coursers
crabs
claw waving and deterrence
human warfare and
fiddler
ghost
spiny
Crécy, Battle of
creodonts
crocodiles
crossbows
Crusades
Cuba
missile crisis
cultural vs. biological evolution
cuttlefish, Australian
cyberattacks
dances
Darwin, Charles
da Vinci, Leonardo
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
“dead hand” launch system
deer
antlers
clades
fallow
red
DEFCON 1
defensive weapons
camouflage
chemical
curling-up posture
genetics and
human soldiers and
spikes and spines
stickleback
de la Motte, Ingrid
deterrence
arms races reinforced by
bamboo bugs and
Cold War and
conditions for success of
fiddler crabs and
ibex and
political arms races and
signals and
weapons of mass destruction and
dinosaurs
dirk-toothed cat
displays
division of labor
DNA
dogs
dolphins
Dreadnought, HMS (warship)
drones
duels
arms race collapse and
branches and
burrows and
clades and
deterrence and
fair fights and
fighter planes and
flies and
habitat and
linear laws of combat and
political arms races and
scrambles vs.
ships and
sneaking vs.
vehicular arms races and
dung beetles
artificial selection and
ball rollers
costs and
dimorphic
duels and
environmental change and
horn diversity and
sneaky males and
tunnelers
earwigs
economic defensibility. See also costs vs. benefits; resources
Edward III, King of England
eels, umbrella 42
eggs
Egyptians
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
elephants
African
clades and
elk. See also Irish elk
environmental changes
EPK rifle
Estonia
evolution. See also natural selection; sexual selection
armor and
camouflage and
carnivore teeth and
competition and
defensive traits and
sexual vs. natural selection and
social insects and independent
eyes, dung beetle
F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter plane
F-22 Raptor planes
F-35 joint strike fighter
F-86 Sabre fighter planes
F-100 and F-106 supersonic fighter planes
Fabre, Jean-Henri
faeders
fangtooth
Fedorov Avtomat assault rifle
female-mimic males
females vs. males
attraction to weapon size and
competition and sexual selection and
female choice selection and
human sexual selection and
sexual vs. natural selection and
Fertile Crescent
finches, zebra
firearms
fish
lake vs. marine
speed and body shape
teeth and jaws
flies
antlers
clades
females vs. males and
New Guinean moose
stalk-eyed
vinegar
flint blades
flu
fly-by-wire systems
Folsom points
force effectiveness
force multipliers
force strength
forelimbs
cats
harlequin beetles
mantis shrimp
praying mantises
sabertooth
fortifications
animal vs. human
human
termite
fossils
Fowler, Kevin
France
frogs
Asian
poison-dart
túngara
gametes
gar, alligator
GDP
genetic variation. See also DNA
Germany
Gibraltar
giraffes
Global Hawk unarmed aerial vehicle
glyptodonts
gopher, horned