Sixth Century BCE to Seventeenth Century
Page 75
bei (dried grain food), 111
merchants, 240–242; dualistic
bei (food cup), 112
principles in, 260–264, 307–310;
being ( you), 148–150
ethics and capitalism, 208–219,
being (you)/nonbeing (wu) duality, 148–150
258–259, 312–313; examination system,
Berling, Judith, 328–329
242–244, 251, 291–292; gentleman
Betti, Emilio, 192, 204n56
merchant class, 252; greed, 238–239;
birds (as food), 93, 94, 96, 97, 103
gudao (merchant way, way of business)
black dragon symbolism, 243
of Ming-Qing culture, 255–259;
Bloom, Irene (on philosophy of qi in the
immortality anxiety in, 216–218;
Qing), 350
merchant games, 237–238; networks/
bo (erudition) vs. yue (essentialism), 182,
empires, 247–248; philanthropy,
189
255–256, 297–298, 307, 313; politics of
bo (offi
ce in charge of the dead), 75
merchant class, 224–225, 237,
Bohu tongde lun (White Tiger Hall
239–242; popular literature and,
Discussions), 135
259–260; prejudice against merchant
Bo Juyi ( Changhen ge), 244–245
class, 240, 254–255, 264, 311; qualities
bookkeeping (rational bookkeeping),
of businessmen, 216, 221n29, 248,
218–219, 257
249, 269n101, 297; scholar-merchant
inde x 385
movement, 214–216, 243, 246–254,
“Chiao Hung (Jiao Hong) and the Revolt
292–297. See also market economy
Against Ch’eng-Chu (Cheng-Zhu)
busi zhi yao (drugs of no death), 25–26, 28
Orthodoxy” (Ch’ien), 355, 364–366
Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of
Cai Yong, 104, 147, 161n61
Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming,
Calvinism, 17, 169, 208, 212, 216
321–324; biographical inaccuracies in,
Canons and Explanations of Mohism,
324–328; criticism of evidential
233–234
research in, 335–340, 345–350, 346;
cao (department) of celestial government,
criticism of “synthesis” in, 341–346; on
69–70, 82n69
Sanjiao heyi movement, 321, 328–335
Cao Cao, 141
chicken, 93, 94, 97, 103, 109. See also meat
Cao Pi, 141, 142
Ch’ien, Edward T., 321, 364–365. See also
Cao Zhi, 140–142
Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of
capitalism and ethics, 208–219, 257–258,
Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming
312–313. See also market economy
Chin Yueh-lin Jin Yuelin, 2
celestial concepts. See Heavenly Principle
Chi Songzi, 26–27, 41, 53n115
Chan (Zen) Buddhism, 15–16, 167–171,
Chu, Prince of Jing, 25
173–178, 212, 333, 369–370. See also
chuan Dao (transmission of the Dao), 173
Buddhism
Chuci ( Elegies of Chu, Songs of the South),
Changes, Classic of. See Yijing
64, 65, 69, 72
Chan Yuan qinggui (Pure Rules of Chan
“Chu-hung (Zhuhong) and Lay
Yuan), 178
Buddhism in the Late Ming”
characterology, 140–141, 146
(Greenblatt), 355, 368, 369
chastity, 23–24
Commentary on the Classic of Changes. See
Cheng Chung-ying, 355, 357–359
Chengshi Yizhuan
Cheng Hao, 174, 175, 177, 275
commodity principles, 214, 218, 226–230,
Chengshi Yizhuan (Commentary on the
233, 235, 256–258, 293. See also market
Classic of Changes), 190
economy
Cheng Yi, 174–177, 194, 195, 196, 275–277;
common good vs. self-interest duality. See
on self-cultivation, 183–186, 188, 195
si-gong duality
Cheng Yunzhang, 259
Comprehensive Study of Ordering the
Cheng-Zhu school, 174, 277–280, 283,
World, A. See Jingshi tong
326, 344, 346, 347–348, 355, 358, 359,
Confucian ethics and capitalism, 208–221
360, 364, 365–366
Confucianism, 6, 8, 11, 16, 21; and
Chen Ju, 325
Buddhism contrasted, 174–176; on Dao,
Chen Longzheng (Donglin scholar), 288
6, 171–172, 210, 214–215, 359–363; Han,
Chen Que, 260, 309, 357
135, 155, 166; and Heaven and Earth,
Chen Xianzhang, 279, 280, 303, 359
46n18; rationalism and, 209, 210,
Chen Yinke (and Chen Yinque), 48,
213–215, 218; ritualism vs. Daoist
50n78, 151, 153; on barbarian merchants,
individualism, 155–158; and Sanjiao heyi
240–241; on Han Yu, 172; reaction to
movement, 212, 321, 328–335, 351n26,
works of Yü on, xiii–xv, xixnn11–12; on
365. See also Buddhism; Daoism;
teaching of names, 151
dualities in Chinese tradition;
Chen Yuan, 370
Neo-Confucianism; social thought and
Chen Zilong, 362, 364
reorientation movement; specifi c
Cherniack, Susan, 246
principles and scholars
386 inde x
“Confucianism and Buddhism in the
148, 166; ritualism in, 8; tianzun
Late Ming” (Araki), 355, 356, 368–369
(venerable celestial deities), in, 14. See
Confucius: Axial Age contributions, 4,
also Buddhism; Confucianism; Laozi
6–14; immortality and, 217; on life, 20,
and Laozi Daodejing; Neo-Daoism; xian
21; on the marketplace, 231–232; on
immortality; specifi c principles and
tianming, 8–9, 11–12. See also Analects
scholars
( Lunyu, Confucius); ren; yi
Daoist immortals, 30, 31, 39, 42
cooking and preserving methods, 94, 103,
daoli (cosmological principles), 146
110–111, 113. See also food and eating in
daoshi (Daoist priests), 40, 52n103,
Han dynasty
56n143, 242
couches ( ta), 98, 117n25
Dao- Shi zhi Ru (Daoist- or Buddhist-
Cui Shi, 109, 111
oriented Confucians), 331
culinary arts, xv; in Han dynasty, 92–121
daoshu (the art of the Way), 18n4, 52n103
Daoti (substance of the Way), 335
Dageng (Grand [meat] Stew), 94, 116n5
daotong: (tradition of the Dao vs.
Dahu Ting mural-painted tomb, 95–99,
zhengtong, tradition of political power),
127
xiv, 288; (transmission of the Dao), 172
Dai, Countess of, 60–61, 85, 92
dao wenxue (following the path of inquiry
Dai, Prince of, 124–125
and study), 181–183, 184, 194, 202n1,
Dai Liang, 139, 153
366–369. See also zun dexing
Dai Zhen, 197, 260, 336–337, 346–350
Daoxue (Learning of the Dao), 288
Dao (the Way): breakup of the primeval,
dati (parts of greater importance) vs.
4–5, 166, 330; as “golden past,” 210;
xiaoti (parts
of smaller importance),
Han Yu on the Confucian Dao, 171–173;
79n30
and history, xv–xvii, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15,
Daxue (Great Learning), 171, 187, 197,
16, 21–23, 27, 35, 37, 39, 41, 73, 149–151,
200; (Zhu Xi’s emendation to), 203n30,
166, 168, 176, 214, 217, 250–253, 273,
295
280, 283, 286, 290, 293, 295, 296,
De (virtue), 9, 12, 13, 18n14, 21–23, 37,
304, 334, 336, 338, 349, 358–363, 366,
52n103, 138, 175. See also Daoism
370, 378, 380–381; merchant class and,
De Bary, William Theodore, 356, 358,
214–215; and rites, 8; 17th c. conceptual
368–369. See also Unfolding of
transitions of, 359–363; simin and, 214,
Neo-Confucianism, The (de Bary)
246–247, 252–253, 289, 293, 297,
dejun xingdao (bringing Dao to the world
299–300; as symbol in transcendental
with the support of the throne), 273,
world, 6, 17, 210; in terms of xing
275–276, 281–286, 290–291. See also
(nature) and Ming (destiny), 330, 332; in
Confucianism; social thought and
terms of xu (vacuity) or ji (stillness),
reorientation movement
331; Yü on, xiii–xiv. See also Buddhism;
dejun xingdao, 273, 275–276, 281,
Confucianism; Daoism; Heavenly
284–291
Principle; Neo-Daoism; specifi c
Deqing (an eminent monk), 328, 355, 369
principles and scholars
Dharma (the Buddhist law or teaching).
Daoism: on Heavenly world, 13, 14,
See Buddhism
53n106; Huang-Lao Daoism, 33–34, 42,
Discourse on protecting the Dharma
51n98, 55n141; infl uence in Han court,
( Hu-fa lun), 333–334
40–41; on life, 21, 22–24; on the
distributive justice, 305–309, 313. See also
marketplace, 234–236; overview of,
philanthropy of merchants
inde x 387
Doctrine of the Mean. See Zhongyong
“Fang I-chih (Yizhi): Western Learning
Dongfang Shuo, 75–76
and the ‘Investigation of Things’ ”
Dong Zhongshu, 1, 46n18, 149, 153,
(Peterson), 355, 364, 367–368
162n65
Fang Lin, 214, 217, 250–252, 293, 294
Dream of the Red Chamber ( Honglou
fangshi (alchemist, magicians,
meng), xv
necromancers, etc.): fengshan sacrifi ces
dualities in Chinese tradition, 182, 305;
by, 32–36, 40, 56n143; term, 52n103; on
bo-yue (erudition-essentialism), 189;
xian immortality, 25, 28–29, 33, 72
hun soul-po soul, 64–66, 76, 87; li-qi
Fang Yizhi, 351n26, 357–358, 367–368
(reason–substance, or principle–ether),
Fan Jun, 349
357–358, 361; li- qing (rituals-feelings),
Fan Shengzhi, 106, 107, 110
148, 153–154, 156–157; li-yi (profi tableness-
Fan Zeng, 99, 100, 122–123, 130, 131,
righteousness), 261–262, 310–312; li-yu
132n6
(reason–desire or principle–desire),
Fan Zhongyan, 178, 213, 275
357–358; mingjiao-ziran (teaching of
farming, 106–110, 169, 212
names vs. naturalness or spontaneity,
Fatal Conceit, The (F. A. Hayek), 223
148, 150–151, 204n48; morality-
feelings vs. rituals. See qing-li duality
knowledge, 181–186, 194–202, 205n85;
feiyi (mantle, shroud, cover; T-shaped silk
she-jian (extravagance-restraint),
painting, 61
262–264, 307–309, 313; si-gong
female infanticide, 23
(private-public), 260–261, 309–310,
Fenghuang Shan archaeological site,
313; ti-yong (substance-function), 176,
Jiangling, Hubei, 70, 87, 107
309, 363; wu-you (nonbeing-being),
fengshan, Feng and Shan sacrifi ces, 32–34,
148–150; yin-yang (cosmic principles),
36, 49n69
1, 14, 65, 89
fensi tuan, xxn16
Duanmu Ci. See Zigong (Duanmu Ci)
fi sh (as food), 93, 97, 103
Duoketuo mural-painted tomb, 97
food and eating in Han dynasty, 91–115;
dushi (transcending this world), 24,
cooking and preserving methods, 94,
26, 37
103, 110–111, 113; in everyday life, 105–113;
feast scenes and feasting, 95, 98–105,
eating. See food and eating in Han
126–127, 132n7; foodstuff s found at
dynasty
archaeological sites, 91–95, 104, 107,
e-cao (Department of Evil Deeds), 70
109, 112; Hong Men Banquet, 99–102,
erudition ( bo, boxue), 182, 189, 335, 341
122, 127–131; innovation and
ethics and capitalism, 208–219, 312–313
importation, 113–115; kitchen mural
evidential research (kaozheng), 321, 326;
paintings, 95–98, 115; in military
Ch’ien on Jiao Hong’s, 335–350,
campaigns, 108, 111; seating order, xv,
364–368, 370–371
100–101, 122–131, 132n6; vessels for, 104,
Explaining Words. See Shiming
111–113. See also specifi c types
external transcendence, 14–15, 17
Foucault, Michel, 155, 158, 323–324
Four Beginnings, 195, 205n72
Fable of the Bees or Private Vices, Public
Four Books, 187–188, 194, 203n30
Benefi ts, The (Mandeville), 262
four categories of occupations ( simin),
family relationships, 137–139, 142–143, 157
214, 246–247, 252–253, 289, 293, 297,
fan (rice, food). See grain foods and
299–300. See also social hierarchy and
drinks
divisions of labor
388 inde x
Franck, Sebastian, 170
gudao (merchant way, way of business) of
Franklin, Benjamin, 215
Ming-Qing business culture, 255–259
“From Education to Politics: The Fu She”
Gu Gongxie, 264, 308–309
(Atwell), 355, 357, 361–363
gui (ghost), 76, 80n35
fruits, 93, 95, 103, 114. See also food and
Gui Youguang, 252
eating in Han dynasty
Gu Kaizhi, 141
fu (cauldrons), 113
Guodian (texts), 13
funeral rituals, 8, 85–90
Guo Moruo, xixn12, 99–101
Fung Yu-lan (Feng Youlan), 2
guoshi (what is right for the state), 275–276
fu ritual, 59–61
Guo Tai, 140
Fu Rong, 145
Guo Xiang, 137, 150–154, 162n73, 162n77
Fu She, 357, 361–363
“ Gushi shijiu shou” (Nineteen Old
Fu Xi, 89–90
Poems), 141
Fu Yi (Han dynasty), 102, 105
Guwen Shangshu (Ancient Script Book of
Fu Yi (Tang dynasty, anti-Buddhist), 171
History), 345
fuyong fengya (parasitic on [the scholar’s]
Gu Xiancheng, 258, 300, 311–312, 361
cultural elegance), 254–255
Gu Yanwu, 68, 105, 123, 260–261, 309,
&n
bsp; 310, 313, 332, 358, 363, 366–367
Gao Di (Liu Bang), 99–101, 122, 125,
Gu Yong, 29
128–131, 132n3
Gaoli (also Haoli), 75, 83n76
Han Bangqi, 262, 291–292
Gao Panlong, 358–360, 371
Han dynasty: cultural unity vs. diversity
Gao You, 22
in, 59; individual vs. collective life,
Ge Gong, 105
134–139; life as cosmic force in, 20,
Ge Hong, 137, 138, 142
22–24; longevity and immortality in,
Ge Jian, 297, 304
25–27; on tian-ren (Heaven-man)
geng (stew), 94, 96, 104, 108, 109–110. See
polarity, 1–2; worldly transformation
also food and eating in Han dynasty
in, 27–36. See also archaeological
Geng Dingxiang, 287–288, 300, 332, 339
evidence; food and eating in Han
gewu (the investigation of things), 184,
dynasty
185, 367–368
Han Fei, 110, 229, 230. See also Legalism
gewu zhizhi (the investigation of things
Hanfeizi, 26–27, 232
and extension of knowledge), 283,
Hanshu (History of the Former Han
288–289
Dynasty), 30, 40, 43, 97–98, 107, 122,
gong (the common good) -si (self-interest)
125–126
duality, 260–261, 309–310, 313
Han Wudi. See Wudi, Han Emperor
gongsheng degrees, 251, 291
Han Wu gushi (Stories of Emperor Han
Goody, Jack, 219
Wudi), 89
Graham, A. C., 233–234
Han Yu, 167, 171–175
grain foods and drinks, 92, 103, 104,
Han Zhen, 299
105–108, 110, 113–115. See also food and
Hayek, F. A., 223
eating in Han dynasty
Heavenly Principle ( tianli), 2, 23; in
grapes and grape wine, 113–114
Buddhism, 176; celestial
Greek civilization, 5, 7, 80n31, 82n70, 141
communication and, 3–4, 7, 9–10, 13; in
Greenblatt, Kristin Yü, 355, 368, 369
Daoism, 13, 14, 53n106; four cao
Guan Zhidao, 341–342
departments of celestial government,
inde x 389
69–70, 82n69; key concept in
Huang Shou, 301–302
Neo-Confucianism, 173–176, 182,
Huang Wan, 306
210–213, 215–216, 253, 289; merchant
Huang Zongxi, 182, 202n7, 260, 279,
class and, 216. See also Dao; liangzhi
304, 309, 312, 325–326, 357, 359, 360,
hedonism, 21–22, 44n9
366–368
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 15
Huan Tan, 36, 53n115
Heibroner, Robert L., 227
Hu-fa lun (Discourse on protecting the
He Liangjun, 303–304
Dharma), 333–334
Helin-ge-er mural-painted tomb,
Huineng, Chan Buddhist Master, 15,
Suiyuan, 97