The Inventor and the Tycoon
Page 41
3. Quoted in George Thomas Clark, Leland Stanford, War Governor of California, Railroad Builder and Founder of Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931), 310.
4. Richard White, “Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded Age,” Journal of American History 90, no. 1 (June 2003): 19–43.
5. Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011), 64–67, 83–90.
6. Leland Stanford to Charles Crocker, Jan. 15, 1869, Stanford papers, Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries.
7. Collis Huntington to Mark Hopkins, Dec. 23, 1872, Hopkins correspondence, Timothy Hopkins Transportation Collection, 1816–1942, Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries.
8. Richard Rayner, The Associates: Four Capitalists Who Created California (New York: Norton, 2008), 160–62.
9. The California King: His Conquests, Crimes, Confederates, Counselors, Courtiers and Vassals: Stanford’s Post-Prandial New-Year’s Day Soliloquy, pamphlet (San Francisco: San Francisco News Company, January 1876).
10. Alfred A. Cohen, The Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Alfred A. Cohen and The Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Alfred A. Cohen: Argument of Defendant on Motion of Plaintiff to Strike Out Portions of Defendant’s Answer, pamphlets (San Francisco, 1876); “Cohen’s Camera,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 11, 1876; White, Railroaded, 179–84.
11. Norman E. Tutorow, The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford, a California Colossus, vol. 1 (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2004), 361–68; Archibald Treat, “The Stanfords and Their Golden Key,” typescript (1937), Stanford Family Collection, Special Collections, Stanford University.
12. Item on purchase of land at 901 California Street (“Brief Mention”), San Francisco Daily Bulletin, Jan. 8, 1874; Diana Strazdes, “The Millionaire’s Palace: Leland Stanford’s Commission for Pottier & Stymus in San Francisco,” Winterthur Portfolio 36, no. 4 (2001): 213–43.
13. “Famous Spite Fence Has Outlived Its Purpose,” San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 1, 1902; “ ‘Spite Fence’ Now Useless,” New York Times, Jan. 20, 1904.
14. The story of an unnamed businessman’s dinner with Stanford appears in Oscar Lewis, The Big Four: The Story of Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker, and of the Building of the Central Pacific (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1938), 158–59.
CHAPTER 10: LITTLE HARRY
1. Flora Muybridge to Susan Smith, July 11, 1874, quoted in Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 66.
2. Harry Larkyns, death notices, San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 20, 1874; “Major Harry Larkyns,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 19, 1874.
3. “John Wilson, 1829–85,” biographical entry, http://www.circushistory.org/Clipper/Clipper1860s.htm, July 9, 2012.
4. Harry Larkyns to Susan Smith, n.d. [July 1874], in “The Muybridge Trial,” San Francisco Call, Feb. 5, 1875.
5. Harry Larkyns to L——, Aug. 29, 1874: quoted in “A Startling Tragedy,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 19, 1874.
6. “Major Larkins’ Fate,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 20, 1874; “The Fatal Amour,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 21, 1874; “The Trial of Muybridge,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 5, 1875.
7. “The Trial of Muybridge,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 21, 1874.
8. “The Depth of Infamy,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 20, 1874.
9. “Harry Larkyns,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 19, 1874.
10. “Examples of Infamy,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 20, 1874.
11. “The Ellis-Darcy Troubles,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 21, 1874.
12. “Contempt of the Dead,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 22, 1874.
13. Henry Edwards, A Mingled Yarn: Sketches on Various Subjects (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1883), 151–53; “Major Larkyns’s Funeral,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 20, 1874.
14. “Muybridge in Jail,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 21, 1874; “The Fatal Amour,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 21, 1874.
15. Alta California, Nov. 1, 1874.
16. Janet Leigh to H. Cross, Oct. 8, 1931, MC.
17. Stanford solicited a pardon for railroad worker Timothy Lynch, serving time at San Quentin for assault: Leland Stanford to Governor George C. Perkins, Sacramento, CA, Sept. 27, 1882, Leland Stanford Correspondence & Papers, C-B 644, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
CHAPTER 11: KING EADWEARD
1. Maybanke Anderson, Maybanke, a Woman’s Voice: The Collected Works of Maybanke Selfe-Wolstenholme-Anderson, 1845–1927, ed. Beverley Kingston and Jan Roberts (Avalon, New South Wales, Australia: Ruskin Rowe Press, 2001), 15–31.
2. Census Returns of England and Wales, Kingston, Surrey, 1851 and 1861, National Archives.
3. Anderson, Maybanke, 17.
4. Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, vol. 2 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1894), 203.
5. Deaths Registered in October–December 1847, Kingston District, Surrey, England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes, General Register Office; “Irish fever,” see Creighton, Epidemics in England, 205–11.
6. Registrar-general of Shipping and Seamen, Cardiff, Wales, to Robert Haas, Los Angeles, Apr. 18, 1958, Robert Haas papers, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service. (Muybridge biographer Robert Haas found this evidence of Muggeridge apprentice work in the merchant marine.)
7. Post-Office London Directory for 1813, 1823, 1830, 1836, and 1848; Perry’s Bankrupt and Insolvent Gazette (London, 1835) (lists Muggeridge stationers going out of business); Hodson’s Booksellers, Publishers and Stationers’ Directory (London: W. H. Hodson, 1855), 47, 90; British Library General Catalogue of Printed Books to 1975, 360 vols. (London: Clive Bingley, 1979–88); “The London Book Trades 1775–1800: A Topographical Guide,” Exeter Working Papers in British Book Trade History website, Jan. 30, 2007, http://bookhistory.blogspot.com/.
8. Anderson, Maybanke, 25.
9. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820–97, Records of the U.S. Customs Service, Record Group 36, National Archives, Washington, DC.
CHAPTER 12: MARITAL RIGHTS
1. Oscar T. Shuck, History of the Bench and Bar of California (Los Angeles, 1901), 593–94; C. A. Menefee, Historical and Descriptive Sketch Book of Napa, Sonoma, Lake and Mendocino (Napa, CA: Reporter Publishing House, 1879), 349–50; Theodore R. Copeland, “Men of the Day,” Californian Illustrated Magazine, Jan. 1894, xviii–xix.
2. “The Calistoga Tragedy,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 21, 1874.
3. “The Fatal Amour,” San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 21, 1874.
4. W. F. Wallace, History of Napa County (Oakland, CA: 1901), 84–87; History of Napa and Lake Counties, California (San Francisco: Slocum, Bowen, 1881), 80–84.
5. C. A. Menefee, Historical and Descriptive Sketch Book of Napa, Sonoma, Lake and Mendocino Counties (Napa City: Reporter Publishing House, 1879), 349–50.
6. Muybridge trial: “The Larkyns-Muybridge Tragedy,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 3, 1875; “The Muybridge Trial,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 4, 1875; “Muybridge—Trial of the Man Who Shot Harry Larkyns,” Daily Morning Call, Feb. 4, 1875; “The Muybridge Case,” Alta California, Feb. 4, 1875.
CHAPTER 13: THE GROCER
1. Josiah Stanford, “Dictation of Josiah Stanford” (1889), Hubert Howe Bancroft Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (in the late 1800s, some prominent Californians gave oral histories to publisher Hubert Bancroft); George Thomas Clark, Leland Stanford, War Governor of California, Railroad Builder and Founder of Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931), chap. 1; Norman E. Tutorow, The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford, a California Colossus, vol. 1 (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2004), chap. 1; “In the Matter of the Estate of Leland Stanford, deceased,” No. 13,690, Dept. 9 [1
899], Superior Court, San Francisco County, LSP.
2. Leland Stanford to Thomas Stanford, Jan. 5, 1850, LSP.
3. Leland Stanford to Josiah Stanford, May 21, 1841, LSP.
4. Richard Eddy, Universalism in America: A History, vol. 2 (Boston: Universalist Publishing House, 1886), 417ff.
5. Leland Stanford to Josiah Stanford, Jan. 7, 1842, LSP.
6. Leland Stanford to Charles Stanford, Jan. 25, 1844, and Leland Stanford to A. P. Stanford, Feb. 13, 1844, LSP.
7. W. S. Smyth, First Fifty Years of Cazenovia Seminary, 1825–75 (New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1877), 13–26, 115–25, 134–39; John W. Barber and Henry Howe, Historical Collections of the State of New York (New York: S. Tuttle, 1842), 255–56; A Gazetteer of the State of New-York (Albany: J. Disturnell, 1842), 109.
8. Leland Stanford to Charles Stanford, Mar. 23, 1844, and Leland Stanford to A. P. Stanford, Feb. 13, 1844, LSP.
9. “Striving after something higher”: Leland Stanford to Charles Stanford, Mar. 23, 1844, and Leland Stanford to Dewitt Stanford, Jan. 25, 1845, LSP.
10. Leland Stanford to A. P. Stanford, Oct. 11, 1844, LSP.
11. Leland Stanford to Josiah Stanford, May 31, 1844.
12. Clark, Leland Stanford, 39.
13. Clark, 35–43; Tutorow, The Governor, 9–15.
14. Leland Stanford to Mr. and Mrs. Stanford, Apr. 1, 1852, LSP.
15. Stanford, “Dictation of Josiah Stanford.”
16. Tutorow, The Governor, 45–46.
17. Alta California, Mar. 16, 1853.
18. Tutorow, The Governor, 53ff.
19. Leland Stanford to Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Stanford, May 4, 1856, LSP.
20. Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), chaps. 1 and 2.
21. Auburn [CA] Placer Herald, July 30, 1859, cited in Tutorow, The Governor, 105.
22. Leland Stanford, quoted in Tutorow, The Governor, 98.
23. Leland Stanford in the Sacramento Union, June 8, 1859, cited in Tutorow, The Governor, 101–2.
CHAPTER 14: THE IMMIGRANT
1. Maybanke Anderson, Maybanke, a Woman’s Voice: The Collected Works of Maybanke Selfe-Wolstenholme-Anderson, 1845–1927, ed. Beverley Kingston and Jan Roberts (Avalon, New South Wales, Australia: Ruskin Rowe Press, 2001), 25.
2. Trow’s New York City Directory, comp. by H. Wilson (New York: John F. Trow, 1856), 497.
3. Database of American Libraries before 1876, the Davies Project at Princeton University, http://www.princeton.edu/~davpro/databases/index.html, accessed Nov. 25, 2011.
4. Doggett’s New-York City Directory 1848–49 (New York: John Doggett, 1849), 60; Beaumont Newhall, The Daguerreotype in America, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Dover Publications, 1976), 57; Mary Panzer et al., Mathew Brady and the Image of History (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press for the National Portrait Gallery, 1997), xvff.
5. The Knickerbocker, Aug. 1850, 175.
6. The Knickerbocker, June 1850, 546.
7. Alta California, Oct. 1, 1853, p. 1.
8. Sacramento Union, Feb. 5, 1875, quoted in Rebecca Solnit, River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West (New York: Viking, 2003), 28; Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 7.
9. Advertisement, San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, Apr. 28, 1856.
10. Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Introduction, Chapter 1.
11. Gunther Paul Barth, Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), Chapters 3–4.
12. “San Francisco Gold Rush Chronology 1855–56,” Virtual Museum of City of San Francisco, http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist/chron4.html, accessed Mar. 26, 2010; according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2011 Statistical Abstract of the United States, there were 5.8 homicides per 100,000 in California in 2008.
13. Advertisement, Daily Evening Bulletin, July 28, 1859.
14. San Francisco Bulletin, Aug. 25 and 26, Sept. 1 and 25, Oct. 6, 13, 14, and 30, 1856.
15. E. Muygridge, application for citizenship, Nov. 7, 1856, Index to Declarations of Intention for Citizenship, 1851–1906, Selected Indexes to Naturalization Records of the U.S. Circuit and District Courts, Northern District of California, 1852–1928, Series T1220, Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685–2004, National Archives, Washington, DC.
16. Gordon Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975), 8.
17. H. Cross and F. J. Owen, “Eadweard Muybridge: Information Abstracted from Muybridge Files,” memorandum, 1972, MC. The brothers’ name change: “List of Pony Express Letters,” including one to “T.S. Muygridge,” San Francisco Bulletin, June 26, 1861; death notice of “George Muygridge,” Sacramento Bee, Apr. 23, 1859.
18. “Brunel’s mammoth ship … the Great Eastern,” pamphlet (San Francisco: E. J. Muygridge, 1857), Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
19. San Francisco Bulletin, Dec. 16, 18, and 22, 1857. 163 Clay Street: Handbill, “E. J. Muygridge … To Gentlemen Furnishing Libraries” (1858), Eadweard Muybridge materials, California Historical Society, San Francisco; Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 8.
20. Advertisement, “a large case of splendid books,” San Francisco Bulletin, Sept. 11, 1857; Watkins photos: Alta California, Dec. 13, 1858.
21. “First Report of the Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco” (1854), Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review 33, no. 3 (Sept. 1855), 317–23; Catalogue of the San Francisco Mercantile Library (San Francisco: Daily Evening News, 1854); Solnit, River of Shadows, 261.
22. Sacramento Bee, Apr. 23, 1859 (he died Dec. 13, 1858, and the death notice appeared four months later).
23. Advertisements, San Francisco Bulletin, July 28, 1859, Dec. 30, 1859, May 15, 1860; Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 8–10.
24. San Francisco Bulletin, July 2, 1860; for the Butterfield Mail murders, see San Francisco Bulletin, July 23, 1960.
25. San Francisco Bulletin, Aug. 7, 1860; for Muybridge’s later account of the accident, see “The Muybridge Trial,” Napa Daily Register, Feb. 5, 1875, and the San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 6, 1875.
26. Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 12–13.
CHAPTER 15: THE TRIAL
1. “The Larkyns-Muybridge Tragedy,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 4, 1875; “The Muybridge Trial,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 5, 1875; “The Muybridge Trial,” Daily Morning Call, Feb. 5, 1875.
2. Arizona Miner, Oct. 23, 1874; Indianapolis Sentinel, Oct. 28, 1874; New York Herald, Nov. 1, 1874; Sunday Times (Chicago), Nov. 1, 1874; Baltimore Sun, Nov. 7, 1874; Philadelphia North American, Dec. 10, 1874; Daily Critic (Washington, DC), Dec. 24, 1874; Owyhee Avalanche (Silver City, Idaho), Jan. 15, 1875.
3. Eadweard Muybridge Scrapbook, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service, Kingston, UK.
4. Burlington Weekly Hawk-Eye (Arlington, IA), Jan. 28, 1875.
5. “The Trial of Muybridge,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 5, 1875 and Feb. 6, 1875; “The Muybridge Trial,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 6, 1875; “The Higher Law,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1875; “Muybridge Cleared,” San Francisco Call, Feb. 7, 1875.
6. “Not Guilty,” Napa Daily Register, Feb. 6, 1875.
7. A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1891), 290–91.
8. “The Higher Law,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1875; “Muybridge Cleared,” San Francisco Daily Morning Call, Feb. 7, 1875; “The Trial of Muybridge,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 6, 1875.
CHAPTER 16: THE SPECULATOR
1. “Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for Washing Clothes and Other Textile Articles,” patent no. 1914, Aug. 1
, 1861, Muybridge papers, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service; Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted for the Year 1861 (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1862), 126.
2. “An improved method of an apparatus for plate printing” (Sept. 28, 1860), patent no. 2352, Alphabetical Index of Patentees and Applications for Patents (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1861), 130, cited by Stephen Herbert, The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm, accessed December 21, 2011.
3. B. Zorina Khan, “An Economic History of Patent Institutions,” March 16, 2008, EH.Net Encyclopedia, Economic History Association website, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/khan.patents, accessed Dec. 21, 2011.
4. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1861, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, U.S. House of Representatives.
5. Muygridge retrieved his patent on Jan. 27, 1862, and it was filed Jan. 31, 1862, per Stephen Herbert, webmaster, The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm, accessed Dec. 21, 2011.
6. Official Catalogue of the Industrial Department (London: Truscott, Son, & Simmons, 1862), 82 (plate printing), 33 (washing machine).
7. Muybridge to Henry Selfe, Aug. 17, 1861, in Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 10.
8. Alta California, Dec. 3, 1862.
9. Léopold Ernest Mayer and Pierre-Louis Pierson, La photographie considérée comme art et comme industrie: histoire de sa découverte, ses progrès, ses applications, son avenir (Paris: Hachette, 1862).
10. “Elevating Photography to the Condition of Art,” caricature by Honoré Daumier, published in Le Boulevard, May 25, 1862.
11. Subject-matter index of patents for inventions (brevets d’invention) granted in France from 1791 to 1876 inclusive. Comp. & trans., U.S. Patent Office (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883), 889–90. Also, Loi du 5 Mai 1844, Sur Les Brevets d’Invention. Muygridge’s French patent: Table Décennale du Bulletin des Lois, 1854–1863 (Paris: Ministry of Justice and Culture, 1865), Appendix, 645.