by Edward Ball
12. Frederick Boas, Modern English Biography, vol. 2 (Truro, UK: Netherland and Worth, 1897), 1018; Saturday Review, Aug. 7, 1858, p. 143, and Dec. 15, 1855, p. 124 (about the Bank of London).
13. E. C. G. Muggeridge to Robert Haas, June 16, 1968, Robert Haas Papers, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service.
14. Among the richest estates in probate during the 1860s—those that left more than £500,000 to heirs—more than half belonged to bankers. W. D. Rubinstein, Men of Property: The Very Wealthy in Britain Since the Industrial Revolution (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
15. “What happened to the money?” blog posting, Dec. 1, 2007, Stephen Herbert website, The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muy%20blog.htm.
16. The London Review, Nov. 25, 1865, invitation to investors.
17. Stephen Herbert, Muy Blog, “Edwd. J. Muybridge—Venture Capitalist?” blog posting, Apr. 21, 2009, http://ejmuybridge.wordpress.com/.
18. Manchester Guardian, June 24, 1865; London Gazette, July 10, 1866.
CHAPTER 17: VERDICTS
1. “Mrs. Muybridge’s Divorce Suit,” San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 10, 1875.
2. “Flora Muybridge Again,” San Francisco Chronicle, Apr. 1, 1875.
3. San Francisco Daily Examiner, May 1, 1875.
4. Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011), 166.
5. San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 19, 1875; San Francisco Daily Examiner, July 19, 1875.
6. Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 79–82.
7. Philip Brookman et al., Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change (Göttingen, Germany: Steidl / Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 2010), 70, fn.
CHAPTER 18: THE HORSE LOVERS
1. San Francisco Chronicle, May 19, 1875.
2. Bertha Berner, Mrs. Leland Stanford: An Intimate Account (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1935), 18–20.
3. Stanford’s secretary Frank Shay, cited in Robert Haas, “Eadweard Muybridge, 1830–1904,” in Anita Ventura Mozley, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 1872–1882 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 29.
4. Reporter Olive Logan sent a dispatch to the Philadephia Times in 1882 after seeing Muybridge that year in London. Cited by Mozley in Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 9.
5. “Judge Thomas Stoney’s Remarks on the Life and Death of William Wirt Pendegast,” Napa County Bar Association memorial service, ca. March 1876 (transcript, 5 pp.), in Janet Leigh to H. Cross, Oct. 8, 1931, Robert Haas papers, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service (enclosure in a personal letter).
6. Edward Muybridge to Mrs. W. W. Pendegast, May 23, 1876, Walter Miles Research Concerning Eadweard Muybridge, 1928–32, Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries.
7. Berner, Mrs. Leland Stanford, 20.
8. Gunther W. Nagel and Jane Lathrop Stanford, Jane Stanford, Her Life and Letters (Palo Alto: Stanford Alumni Association, 1975), 15; Norman E. Tutorow, The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford, a California Colossus, vol. 1 (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2004), 402–6.
9. Tutorow, The Governor, 427–50.
10. “List of employees of Palo Alto Department and supposed amount of salaries for same during the month of September,” 1878, LSP.
11. Collis Huntington to Charles Crocker, 1871, quoted in Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011), 99.
12. Tutorow, The Governor, 442–44.
13. Archibald Treat, “The Stanfords and Their Golden Key,” typescript, 1937, Stanford Family Collection, Special Collections, Stanford University, 7–8.
14. Leland Stanford to Robert Bonner, Feb. 1, 1890, LSP.
15. Philip Brookman et al., Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change (Göttingen, Germany: Steidl / Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 2010), 74–76.
16. Edward Muybridge, letter to the editor, La Nature (Paris), Feb. 17, 1879, cited in Laurent Mannoni, The Great Art of Light and Shadow: Archaeology of the Cinema, trans. Richard Crangle (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2000), 305.
17. “The Paces of the Horse,” Popular Science, Dec. 4, 1874.
18. Edward Muybridge to Alfred Poett, May 12, 1877, cited in Brookman et al., Helios, 78.
19. Phillip Prodger, Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement (New York: Oxford, 2003), 143–47.
20. San Francisco Bulletin, Aug. 3, 1877.
21. Kevin Starr, California: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2005), 124–29.
22. Philip Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977), 189.
23. San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Nov. 5, 1877.
24. Leland Stanford to Chief H. H. Ellis, handwritten note, n.d. [prob. Nov. 1877], LSP.
25. Edward Muybridge to Alfred Poett, n.d. [Sept. 1877?], private collection, London, cited in Brookman et al., Helios, 81.
26. Depositions of Arthur Brown and John D. Isaacs (July 18, 1883) and Frank Shay (July 23, 1883) in Stanford v. Muybridge, court records, Collis P. Huntington Collection, George Arents Research Library, Syracuse University.
27. San Francisco Morning Call, June 16, 1878, Kingston Museum scrapbook, 21.
28. Haas, “Eadweard Muybridge,” 23.
29. San Francisco Examiner, July 14, 1878, quoted in Gordon Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975), 108–9.
30. Alta California, Aug. 11, 1877, quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 101. “The right forefoot,” Stanford told one writer, “which moves in unison with the left hindfoot, having already been raised nearly twelve inches from the ground, as is shown by the third horizontal line, which is twelve inches above the track.” See Resources of California, August 1878, quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 114.
31. Photographic News (London), July 26, 1878, quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 110.
32. Scientific American, Oct. 8, 1878, cited in Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 116.
33. Haas, “Eadweard Muybridge,” 24.
34. Muybridge to Poett, Jan. 13, 1879, quoted in Brookman et al., Helios, 85.
35. Janesville Gazette (Wisconsin), Dec. 6, 1878: “Mr. Stanford has become so deeply interested in the work, that he has instructed Mr. Muybridge to purchase 12 more cameras.”
36. Philadelphia Photographer, March 1879, quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 113.
37. Prodger, Time Stands Still, 65–72.
38. Muybridge, Animal Locomotion, Preface (signed, “Muybridge, Menlo Park, May 15, 1881”).
39. W. B. Tegetmeier, “The paces of the horse,” The Field, the Country Gentleman’s Newspaper, June 28, 1879, Kingston Museum scrapbook, p. 62.
40. Tutorow, The Governor, 475.
CHAPTER 19: PRESTIDIGITATOR
1. A prolific market for visual “science toys” flourished in the cities. A concise description of them appears in Charles Musser, Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (New York: Scribner, 1990), 48–54; and Deac Rossell, Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), 18–24. An encyclopedic treatment appears in Hermann Hecht, Pre-Cinema History: An Encyclopaedia and Annotated Bibliography of the Moving Image before 1896, ed. Ann Hecht (London: Bowker, Saur / British Film Institute, 1993).
2. San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 1880.
3. “The Zoogyroscope,” New York Times, May 19, 1880.
4. “Receipt for Two Thousand Dollars received from Ariel Lathrop, on a/c of Leland Stanford,” May 30, 1881, Collis P. Huntington Papers 1856–1901, cited in Stephen Herbert, “Chronology, 1881–82,” Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm, accessed Mar. 6, 2012.
5. Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, Leland Stanford, oil on canvas, 1881. Iris
& B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University.
6. Receipt, Debut & Coulon, Jewelers, Paris, Nov. 1881, LSP.
7. Transfer of Patent, Leland Stanford to Eadweard Muybrige, July 7, 1881, Eadweard Muybridge papers, Bancroft Library, University of California.
8. Edward Muybridge to Professor Étienne-Jules Marey, July 17, 1882 (photocopy), MC.
9. Globe (Paris), Sept. 27, 1881; Alta California, Nov. 16, 1881.
10. Figaro (Paris), Nov. 27, 1881; London Standard, Nov. 28, 1881; American Register (Paris), Dec. 3, 1881; Scientific American Supplement, Jan. 28, 1882, 5058–59.
11. Eadweard Muybridge to Frank Shay, Nov. 28, 1881, quoted in Anita Ventura Mozley, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 1872–1882 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 115–16.
12. J. D. B. Stillman, The Horse in Motion, as Shown by Instantaneous Photography (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1882).
13. Muybridge’s talk on March 13, 1882, revised as an essay, appears in Notices of the Proceedings of the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 10 (1882–84): 44–56; Illustrated London News, Mar. 18, 1882; Photographic News, Mar. 17, 1882.
14. Philadelphia Times, Mar. 26, 1882.
15. On May 19, the geneticist Francis Galton wrote to the Royal Society that he was “unable to advise the Society to order Mr Muybridge’s paper to be presented.” Stephen Herbert, “Chronology, 1881–82,” Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm, accessed Mar. 6, 2012.
16. From a draft of a ten-page letter that Muybridge wrote, and perhaps did not send, ten years after the events. Eadweard Muybridge to Leland Stanford, May 2, 1892, Eadweard Muybridge papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
17. Boston Evening Transcript, Oct. 21, 1882, quoted in Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 137.
18. Letters between Muybridge’s opponents paint him as vain and deluded. See Osgood & Co. to J. D. B. Stillman, Mar. 18, 1882; Stillman to Osgood & Co., Apr. 10, 1882; Osgood & Co. to Stillman, Apr. 18, 1882; Leland Stanford to J. D. B. Stillman, Oct. 23, 1882; Stanford to Stillman, Jan. 5, 1883. All letters in Mark Hopkins papers, 1861–78, Stanford University Libraries, Division of Special Collections.
19. J. D. B. Stillman to Alfred Cohen, July 25, 1883, quoted in Mozley, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 30.
20. “Mr. Muybridge at Harvard,” Boston Daily Advertiser, Nov. 10, 1882; Boston Transcript, Oct. 21, 1882; lecture agent: Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion, 142.
21. Leland Stanford to J. D. B. Stillman, Jan. 5, 1883, Mark Hopkins papers, Stanford University Libraries, Division of Special Collections.
22. Muybridge to Professor Marey, July 17, 1882, typed transcript, MC.
CHAPTER 20: MOTION, STUDY
1. Gordon Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975), 152–54; Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 143–46.
2. Philadelphia Ledger and Transcript, Sept. 6, 1884, quoted in Sarah Gordon, “Prestige, Professionalism, and the Paradox of Eadweard Muybridge’s Animal Locomotion Nudes,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 130, no. 1 (Jan. 2006): 79–104.
3. Thomas G. Grier to George Nitzsche, Apr. 11, 1929, Eadweard Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania.
4. Quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 170.
5. Edward T. Reichert to Walter Miles, n.d. 1928, Walter Miles Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Library.
6. George Thomas Clark, Leland Stanford, War Governor of California, Railroad Builder and Founder of Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931), 380–85; Bertha Berner, Mrs. Leland Stanford: An Intimate Account (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1935), 30–35.
7. Description of the studio in Philadelphia: Beaumont Newhall, “Photography and the Development of Kinetic Visualization,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 7 (1944): 40–45; Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 146–53; Gordon Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975), 160–73.
8. Animal Locomotion prospectus (p. 12), Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
9. Evening Telegraph (Philadelphia), Aug. 13, 1885.
10. Eadweard Muybridge, Laboratory Notebook no. 2 (May 2 to Aug. 4, 1885), George Eastman House Library, Rochester, NY. Muybridge kept records amounting to some two hundred pages of who, what, when, where, and how he photographed.
11. Gordon, “Prestige, Professionalism.”
12. Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion, 153–62; Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 162.
13. The Pennsylvanian (Philadelphia), Mar. 16, 1886.
14. Erwin Faber to George Nitzsch, n.d., Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Record Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
15. Four years after Leland Jr. died, his parents still dealt with mediums, including Meary Stanton, in New York, to whom they sent a photograph of the boy and a request for a “physiognomical delineation of his character.” Meary O. Stanton to Leland Stanford, Dec. 28, 1888, LSP.
16. Clark, Leland Stanford, 383–403.
17. J. B. Lippincott to William Pepper, July 23, 1888, Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania.
18. Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion, 154.
19. Clark, Leland Stanford, 425–50.
20. “Wonders of the Camera,” New York Times, Mar. 5, 1888, 3.
21. Eadweard Muybridge to William Pepper, Dec. 27, 1887, photocopy, in Robert Haas Collection, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service.
22. Eadweard Muybridge to Jesse Burk, Feb. 7, 1888, Eadweard Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania.
23. Eadweard Muybridge to Jesse Burk, July 10, 1887, Eadweard Muybridge Papers, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania.
24. Eadweard Muybridge to Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Feb. 3, 1883, quoted in Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 149.
25. Eadweard Muybridge to Jesse Burk, June 22, 1888, Eadweard Muybridge Papers, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania; Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge, 152.
26. The Nation, Jan. 19, 1888.
CHAPTER 21: CELLULOID
1. Charles Musser, Thomas A. Edison and His Kinetographic Motion Pictures (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 5–8.
2. Orange Journal (New Jersey), Mar. 3, 1888, quoted in Musser, Thomas A. Edison, 53.
3. Eadweard Muybridge, Animals in Motion (London, 1899), 15; Musser, Thomas A. Edison, 3–7; Gordon Hendricks, The Edison Motion Picture Myth (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 6–12; Paul C. Spehr, “Edison, Dickson, and the Chronophotographers: Creating an Illusion,” in François Albéra, Marta Braun, and André Gaudreault, eds., Arrêt sur image, fragmentation du temps: aux sources de la culture visuelle moderne (Lausanne, Switzerland: Éditions Payot, 2002), 189.
4. New York World, June 3, 1888.
5. Edison’s dealings with Muybridge appear in Hendricks, Edison Motion Picture Myth, 27–35.
6. Thomas Edison, Motion Picture Caveat 1 (Oct. 8, 1888), reprinted in Hendricks, Edison Motion Picture Myth, 158.
7. Musser, Thomas A. Edison, 5–10.
8. Travels of Muybridge in the U.K. detailed in Herbert, Compleat Eadweard Muybridge Chronology, The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephen herbert.co.uk/muychron04.htm, accessed July 9, 2012; Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. 12 (London: William Clowes & Sons, 1887–89).
9. C. H. Bothamley, “Early Stages of Kinematography,” in Raymond Fielding, ed
., A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television (Berkeley: U.S. Press, 1967), 7.
10. Ernest Webster to Janet Leigh, Nov. 18, 1931, photocopy, Robert Haas papers, Kingston Museum and Heritage Service.
11. Quoted in Stephen Herbert, “Chronology, 1891.” Compleat Eadweard Muybridge, http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm, accessed Mar. 30, 2012.
12. Muybridge to Jesse Burk, July 15, 1891, Eadweard Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania.
13. “Notes on Current Science, Invention, and Discovery,” Leisure Hour (UK), Aug. 1891, 711–12.
14. Jane Stanford Papers, correspondence, Stanford University, Special Collections and University Archives.
15. Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 174.
16. Handbook of the World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1893), 216; Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion, 174–77; Hendricks, Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975), 217–19.
17. Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Leland Stanford (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894), 19–26.
18. Settlement of the will, dated Nov. 29, 1886, occurred only in 1899, after a court fight over federal loans to the railroad. Estate papers, LSP.
19. Deac Rossell, “Celluloid,” Encyclopedia of Early Cinema, Richard Abel, ed. (New York: Routledge, 2005), 106–07.
20. Hendricks, Edison Motion Picture Myth, 27–45.
21. Musser, Thomas A. Edison, 9–19; Thomas A. Edison (1891a), “Kinetographic Camera” (U.S. patent application no. 403,534) and “Apparatus for Exhibiting Photographs of Moving Objects” (U.S. patent application no. 403,536), both signed July 31, 1891, and filed August 24, 1891, in Mannoni et al., Light and Shadow, n.p.