by Edward Ball
22. Eadweard Muybridge, preface to The Human Figure in Motion (London: William Cloves and Sons, 1901).
23. Thomas Edison to Eadweard Muybridge, Feb. 14, 1894, quoted by Paul C. Spehr, “Edison, Dickson, and the Chronophotographers: Creating an Illusion,” in François Albéra, Marta Braun, and André Gaudreault, Arrêt sur image, fragmentation du temps: Aux sources de la culture visuelle moderne (Lausanne, Switzerland: Editions Payot, 2002), 212.
24. “Entretien avec Auguste Lumière,” L’Illustration (Paris) no. 4836, Nov. 9, 1935; Vincent Pinel, Louis Lumière: Inventeur et cinéaste (Paris: Éditions Nathan, 1994), 15–20; Stephen Neale, Cinema and Technology: Image, Sound, Color (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 43–46.
25. Musser, Thomas A. Edison, 20–30.
26. Robert Haas, Muybridge: Man in Motion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 180–85; Hendricks, Edison Motion Picture Myth, 220–23.
27. Eadweard Muybridge, Animals in Motion (London: Chapman & Hall, 1899; reprt. New York: Dover, 1957), 15; Eadweard Muybridge, The Human Figure in Motion (London: Chapman & Hall, 1901; reprint New York: Dover, 1955).
CHAPTER 22: THE FLOOD
1. E. W. Lightner, “Pittsburg Gave Birth to the Movie Theater Idea,” Pittsburg Dispatch, Nov. 16, 1919.
2. André Bazin, “The Ontology of the Photographic Image,” in What Is Cinema? vol. 1, Hugh Gray, trans. and ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
3. Sacramento Bee, Feb. 3, 1944.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Edward Muybridge’s work appears in museum exhibitions, on websites, in artworks, videos, comics, and catalogs; his life is the subject of documentaries, plays, and an opera. I’ve omitted the art, film, theater, and other nonprint material about Muybridge and Stanford to foreground the texts on which they all depend—books, libraries, and archives—and that I used to tell this story.
BOOKS
Abel, Richard. Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Albéra, François, Marta Braun, and André Gaudreault. Stop Motion, Fragmentation of Time: Exploring the Roots of Modern Visual Culture. Lausanne, Switzerland: Éditions Payot, 2002.
Altick, Richard D. The Shows of London. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Anderson, Maybanke. Maybanke, a Woman’s Voice: The Collected Works of Maybanke Selfe-Wolstenholme-Anderson, 1845–1927. Edited by Beverley Kingston and Jan Roberts. Avalon, New South Wales, Australia: Ruskin Rowe Press, 2001.
Auerbach, Jonathan. Body Shots: Early Cinema’s Incarnations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Badger, Reid. The Great American Fair: The World’s Columbian Exposition and American Culture. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of the Life of Leland Stanford: A Character Study. Oakland, CA: Biobooks, 1952.
Barnouw, Erik. The Magician and the Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Barth, Gunther Paul. Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850–1870. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. Translated by Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981.
Beebe, Lucius Morris. The Central Pacific & the Southern Pacific Railroads. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1963.
Berglund, Barbara. Making San Francisco American: Cultural Frontiers in the Urban West, 1846–1906. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Berner, Bertha. Mrs. Leland Stanford: An Intimate Account. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1935.
Braudy, Leo, and Marshall Cohen. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Braun, Marta. Eadweard Muybridge. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.
———. Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Brookman, Philip, Marta Braun, Andy Grundberg, Corey Keller, and Rebecca Solnit. Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change. Göttingen, Germany; Seidl / Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 2010.
Buckland, Gail. First Photographs: People, Places, and Phenomena as Captured for the First Time by the Camera. New York: Macmillan, 1980.
Burch, Noël, and Ben Brewster. Life to Those Shadows. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Burns, E. Bradford. Eadweard Muybridge in Guatemala, 1875: The Photographer as Social Recorder. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Ceram, C. W. Archaeology of the Cinema. New York: Harcourt, 1965.
Chanan, Michael. The Dream That Kicks: The Prehistory and Early Years of Cinema in Britain. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.
Chew, William F. Nameless Builders of the Transcontinental Railroad. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2004.
Clark, George Thomas. Leland Stanford, War Governor of California, Railroad Builder and Founder of Stanford University. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931.
Clegg, Brian. The Man Who Stopped Time: The Illuminating Story of Eadweard Muybridge: Pioneer Photographer, Father of the Motion Picture, Murderer. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
Coe, Brian. The History of Movie Photography. London: Ash & Grant, 1981.
_______. Muybridge and the Chronophotographers. London: British Film Institute, Museum of the Moving Image, 1992.
_______, and Mark Haworth-Booth. A Guide to Early Photographic Processes. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983.
Conkling, Roscoe Platt, and Margaret B. Conkling. The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1857–1869: Its Organization and Operation over the Southern Route to 1861; Subsequently over the Central Route to 1866; and under Wells, Fargo and Company in 1869. Glendale, CA: A. H. Clark, 1947.
Conningham, Frederic A. Currier & Ives Prints: An Illustrated Check List. New York: Crown Publishers, 1949.
Cook, Olive. Movement in Two Dimensions. London: Hutchinson, 1963.
Crary, Jonathan. Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
Cresswell, Tim, and Deborah Dixon. Engaging Film: Geographies of Mobility and Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
Daggett, Stuart. Chapters on the History of the Southern Pacific. New York: Ronald Press, 1922.
Dagognet, François. Etienne-Jules Marey: A Passion for the Trace. New York: Zone Books, 1992.
Danly, Susan, and Cheryl Leibold. Eakins and the Photograph: Works by Thomas Eakins and His Circle in the Collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
De Lauretis, Teresa, and Stephen Heath, eds. The Cinematic Apparatus. London: Macmillan Press, 1980.
Deleuze, Gilles. The Movement-Image. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
Doane, Mary Ann. The Emergence of Cinematic Time: Modernity, Contingency, the Archive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Eadweard Muybridge of Kingston Upon Thames: An Introduction and List of Exhibits to the Exhibition at Kingston Upon Thames Museum and Heritage Center, Opened May 1984. Kingston upon Thames, 1984.
Elsaesser, Thomas, and Adam Barker. Early Cinema: Space-Frame-Narrative. London: BFI Publishing, 1990.
Ethington, Philip J. The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Fardon, G. R. San Francisco in the 1850’s: 33 Photographic Views. New York: Dover Publications, 1977.
Fels, Thomas Weston, Therese Thau Heyman, and David Travis. Watkins to Weston: 101 Years of California Photography. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1992.
Foner, Philip Sheldon. The Great Labor Uprising of 1877. New York: Monad Press, 1977.
Frampton, Hollis. Circles of Confusion: Film, Photography
, Video: Texts, 1968–1980. Rochester, NY: Visual Studies Workshop Press, 1983.
Francaviglia, Richard V. Over the Range: A History of the Promontory Summit Route of the Pacific Railroad. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2008.
Friedberg, Anne. The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microsoft. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
_______. Window Shopping: Cinema and the Postmodern. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Galloway, John Debo. The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific. New York: Simmons-Boardman, 1950.
Gernsheim, Helmut. The Rise of Photography, 1850–1880: The Age of Collodion. London: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
_______, and Alison Gernsheim. The History of Photography from the Camera Obscura to the Beginning of the Modern Era. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
Giedion, Siegfried. Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948.
Gmelch, Sharon Bohn. The Tlingit Encounter with Photography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2008.
Griswold, Wesley S. A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
Haas, Robert Bartlett. Muybridge: Man in Motion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
Hannavy, John. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.
Harris, David, and Eric Sandweiss. Eadweard Muybridge and the Photographic Panorama of San Francisco, 1850–1880. Montréal: Canadian Centre for Architecture, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.
Hecht, Hermann. Pre-Cinema History: An Encyclopaedia and Annotated Bibliography of the Moving Image before 1896. Edited by Ann Hecht. London: Bowker, Saur / British Film Institute, 1993.
Hendricks, Gordon. Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1975.
_______. The Edison Motion Picture Myth. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
_______. The Life and Work of Thomas Eakins. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1974.
Henisch, Heinz K., and Bridget Ann Henisch. The Painted Photograph, 1839–1914: Origins, Techniques, Aspirations. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.
Herbert, Stephen, ed. Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest. Hastings, UK: Projection Box, 2004.
_______. A History of Early Film. 3 vols. London: Routledge, 2000.
_______. A History of Pre-Cinema. 3 vols. London: Routledge, 2000.
_______, and Luke McKernan. Who’s Who of Victorian Cinema: A Worldwide Survey. London: British Film Institute, 1996.
Hinton, Marion. Eadweard Muybridge of Kingston upon Thames. Kingston, UK: Kingston Museum, 1984.
Hively, William. Nine Classic California Photographers. Berkeley: Friends of the Bancroft Library, University of California, 1980.
Howard, Robert West. The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad. New York: Putnam, 1962.
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. Leland Stanford: A Biography of the Innkeeper’s Son Who Became Governor of California, Builder of a Great Railroad, U S. Senator, and Founder of Stanford University. New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1967.
Issel, William, and Robert W. Cherny. San Francisco, 1865–1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Jackson, Helen Maria Fiske Hunt, H. H. Oscar Lewis, and Mallette Dean. Ah-Wah-Ne Days: A Visit to the Yosemite Valley in 1872. San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1971.
Johnson, Edwin Ferry. Railroad to the Pacific. Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1981.
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901. New York: Harcourt, 1934.
Keller, Corey, ed. Brought to Light: Photography and the Invisible, 1840–1900. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art / Yale University Press, 2008.
Kibbey, Mead B., and Peter E. Palmquist. The Railroad Photographs of Alfred A. Hart, Artist. Sacramento: California State Library Foundation, 1996.
Kirby, Lynne. Parallel Tracks: The Railroad and Silent Cinema. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
Klein, Henry Oscar. Collodion Emulsion and Its Applications to Various Photographic and Photo-Mechanical Purposes with Special Reference to Trichromatic Process Work. London: Penrose, 1905.
Kluger, Richard. Seizing Destiny: How America Grew from Sea to Shining Sea. New York: Knopf, 2007.
Kracauer, Siegfried, and Thomas Y. Levin. The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Kraus, George. High Road to Promontory: Building the Central Pacific (Now the Southern Pacific) across the High Sierra. Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing, 1969.
Lavender, David Sievert. The Great Persuader. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970.
Lewis, Oscar. The Big Four: The Story of Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker, and of the Building of the Central Pacific. New York: Knopf, 1938.
Liesegang, Franz Paul, and Hermann Hecht. Dates and Sources: A Contribution to the History of the Art of Projection and to Cinematography. London: Magic Lantern Society of Great Britain, 1986.
Lothrop, Eaton S. A Century of Cameras from the Collection of the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Morgan & Morgan, 1973.
MacDonnell, Kevin. Eadweard Muybridge, the Man Who Invented the Moving Picture. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972.
Macgowan, Kenneth. Behind the Screen: The History and Techniques of the Motion Picture. New York: Delacorte Press, 1965.
Manes, Stephen. Pictures of Motion and Pictures That Move: Eadweard Muybridge and the Photography of Motion. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982.
Mannoni, Laurent. The Great Art of Light and Shadow: Archaeology of the Cinema. Translated by Richard Crangle. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2000.
Marks, William Dennis, Harrison Allen, and Francis X. Dercum. Animal Locomotion: The Muybridge Work at the University of Pennsylvania—the Method and the Result. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888.
Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Moving Pictures: American Art and Early Film, 1880–1910. Manchester, VT: Hudson Hills Press / Williams College Museum of Art, 2005.
Mozley, Anita Ventura, Robert B. Haas, and Françoise Forster-Hahn. Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, 1872–1882. Rev. ed. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, 1973.
Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt, 1934.
Murray, Keith A. The Modocs and Their War. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.
Musser, Charles. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (History of the American Cinema). New York: Scribner, 1990.
_______. Thomas A. Edison and His Kinetographic Motion Pictures. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
Muybridge, Eadweard. Animal Locomotion: Images from the Philadelphia Years, 1885–1985: A Selection of Collotypes from the Series Animal Locomotion, an Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements, 1872–1885, from the Collection of the Williams College Museum of Art. Organized and with essays by Robert J. Phelan and Thomas Weston Fels. Albany: University Art Gallery, State University of New York at Albany, 1985.
_______. Muybridge’s Complete Human and Animal Locomotion: All 781 Plates from the 1887 Animal Locomotion. New York: Dover Publications, 1979.
_______. Syllabus of a Course of Two Lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in Its Relation to Design in Art. London: Royal Institution, April 1882.
Naef, Weston J., and James N. Wood. Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860–1885. Buffalo, NY: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 1975.
Nagel, Gunther W. Jane Stanford, Her Life and Letters. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Alumni Association, 1975.
Neale, Stephen. Cinema and Technology: Image, Sound, Color. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.
Newhall
, Beaumont. The Daguerreotype in America. 3d rev. ed. New York: Dover Publications, 1976.
_______. The History of Photography from 1839 to the Present Day. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1949.
Norris, Frank. The Octopus: A Story of California. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1901.
Nygren, Edward J., and Frances Fralin. Eadweard Muybridge: Extraordinary Motion. Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1986.
Oettermann, Stephan. The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. New York: Zone Books, 1997.
Osborne, Carol Margot, Paul Venable Turner, and Anita Ventura Mozley. Museum Builders in the West: The Stanfords as Collectors and Patrons of Art, 1870–1906. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Museum of Art, Stanford University, 1986.
Painter, Gerald Leroy. The Tie That Binds: Grenville M. Dodge and the Building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Northfield, VT: Norwich University Press, 1985.
Palmquist, Peter E., and Thomas R. Kailbourn. Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840–1865. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Panzer, Mary. Mathew Brady and the Image of History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
Phillips, Ray. Edison’s Kinetoscope and Its Films: A History to 1896. Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Prodger, Phillip, and Tom Gunning. Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement. New York: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University / Oxford University Press, 2003.
Ramsaye, Terry. A Million and One Night: A History of the Motion Picture. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964.
Rayner, Richard. The Associates: Four Capitalists Who Created California. New York: Norton, 2008.
Rinhart, Floyd, and Marion Rinhart. The American Daguerreotype. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981.
Robinson, David, Stephen Herbert, and Richard Crangle, eds. Encyclopedia of the Magic Lantern. Kirkby Malzeard, UK: Magic Lantern Society, 2001.
Robinson, John. The Octopus: A History of the Construction, Conspiracies, Extortions, Robberies, and Villainous Acts of the Central Pacific, South Pacific of Kentucky, Union Pacific, and Other Subsidized Railroads. New York: Arno Press, 1981. Originally published 1894 by Bancroft, San Francisco.