by Edward Ball
Rodowick, David N. Gilles Deleuze’s Time Machine: Post-Contemporary Interventions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
Rosen, Philip. Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology: A Film Theory Reader. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Rossell, Deac. Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies. Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Sabin, Edwin L. Building the Pacific Railway: The Construction-Story of America’s First Iron Thoroughfare between the Missouri River and California, from the Inception of the Great Idea to the Day, May 10, 1869, When the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Joined Tracks at Promontory Point, Utah, to Form the Nation’s Transcontinental. Philadelphia, London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1919.
Sandweiss, Martha A., ed., and the Amon Carter Museum of Western Art. Photography in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1991.
Schimmelman, Janice Gayle. American Photographic Patents 1840–1880: The Daguerreotype & Wet Plate Era. Nevada City, CA: Carl Mautz Publishing, 2002.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the 19th Century. New York: Urizen, 1979.
Shaw, Jonathan, Eadweard Muybridge, and Harold Eugene Edgerton. Time/Motion: Photographs by Eadweard Muybridge, Harold Edgerton, and Jonathan Shaw. Stockport, UK: Dewi Lewis / Birmingham Library Services / Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 2003.
Sheldon, James L., and Jock Reynolds. Motion and Document, Sequence and Time: Eadweard Muybridge and Contemporary American Photography. Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of American Art, 1991.
Sobieszek, Robert A., Frederick Scott Archer, Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, and Albion K. P. Trask. The Collodion Process and the Ferrotype: Three Accounts, 1854–1872. The Literature of Photography. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
Solnit, Rebecca. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West. New York: Viking, 2003.
Souriau, Paul, and Manon Souriau. The Aesthetics of Movement. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1983.
Stanford, Leland. Government Loans on Real Estate: Speech of Hon. Leland Stanford, of California in the United States Senate, Dec. 19, 1890. Washington, DC: 1890.
_______. Pacific Railroad: Speech of Hon. Leland Stanford, in the Constitutional Convention of the State of Nevada, on Wednesday, July 13th, 1864. San Francisco: Francis, Valentine, 1865.
Stanford University, and Eadweard Muybridge. Semi-Centennial Celebration in Commemoration of the Motion Picture Research Conducted by Leland Stanford 1878–1879: With the Assistance of Eadweard J. Muybridge, John D. Isaacs, J. D. B. Stillman, 1929.
Starr, Kevin. California: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2005.
Stillman, J. D. B., and Leland Stanford. The Horse in Motion as Shown by Instantaneous Photography: With a Study on Animal Mechanics Founded on Anatomy and the Revelations of the Camera, in Which Is Demonstrated the Theory of Quadrupedal Locomotion. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1882.
Thomas, Alan. The Expanding Eye: Photography and the Nineteenth-Century Mind. London: Croom Helm, 1978.
Tissandier, Gaston. A History and Handbook of Photography. The Literature of Photography. New York: Arno Press, 1973. Originally published in London, 1878.
Tosi, Virgilio. Cinema before Cinema: The Origins of Scientific Cinematography. London: British Universities Film & Video Council, 2005.
Trachtenberg, Alan, and Eric Foner. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. American Century Series. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
Tutorow, Norman E. The Early Years of Leland Stanford: New Yorker Who Built the Central Pacific Railroad. Ithaca, NY: DeWitt Historical Society of Tompkins County, 1969.
_______. The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford, a California Colossus. Vol. 1. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2004.
_______. Leland Stanford: Man of Many Careers. Menlo Park, CA: Pacific Coast Publishers, 1971.
Virilio, Paul. The Vision Machine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
_______. War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception. London: Verso, 1989.
White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York: Norton, 2011.
Williams, Linda. Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the “Frenzy of the Visible.” Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
_______. Viewing Positions: Ways of Seeing Film. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
INTERNET SOURCES
Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. “Lone Mountain College Collection of Stereographs by Eadweard Muybridge, 1867–1880.” Online Archives of California. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6t1nb6w7/.
Herbert, Stephen. The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge. http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm.
Kingston Museum. “The Eadweard Muybridge Bequest.” Kingston upon Thames website, http://www.kingston.gov.uk/brose/leisure/museum/museum_exhibitions/muybridge.htm.
National Museum of American History. “Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge’s Photography of Motion.” Virtual National Museum of American History. http://americanhistory.si.edu/muybridge/index.htm.
University of Pennsylvania. “Eadweard Muybridge, 1830–1904, Collection, 1870–1981.” University Archives and Records Center. http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/muybridgee.html.
PHOTOGRAPHY BY EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE (CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING)
Catalogue of Photographic Views Illustrating the Yosemite, Mammoth Trees, Geyser Springs, and Other Remarkable and Interesting Scenery of the Far West by Muybridge. San Francisco: Bradley & Rulofson Gallery, 1873.
The Pacific Coast of Central America and Mexico: The Isthmus of Panama, Guatemala, and the Cultivation and Shipment of Coffee, 1877.
Panorama of San Francisco from California Street Hill. San Francisco: Morse’s Gallery, 1877.
The Attitudes of Animals in Motion. A Series of Photographs Illustrating the Consecutive Positions Assumed by Animals Performing Various Movements: Executed at Palo Alto, California, in 1878 and 1879, 1881.
Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. 1872–1885. 781 plates, 11 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1887.
Descriptive Zoopraxography: Or the Science of Animal Locomotion Made Popular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1893.
Animals in Motion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Muscular Actions. London: Chapman & Hall, 1899.
The Human Figure in Motion, an Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Muscular Actions. London: Chapman & Hall, 1901.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
While more than eighty libraries and museums in North America and Europe own photographs by Muybridge, the municipal archive of his hometown, Kingston, England, holds most extant primary sources on his life. Stanford University houses most of Leland Stanford’s papers.
Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
bancroft.berkeley.edu/info
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Yale University
library.yale.edu/beinecke/
The British Library
bl.uk
California Historical Society
californiahistoricalsociety.org
California State Library
library.ca.gov
California State Railroad Museum
csrmf.org
Cinémathèque Française
cinematheque.fr
George Eastman House
International Museum of Photography and Film
eastmanhouse.org
Kingston Museum and Heritage Service
kingston.gov.uk
Library of Congress
loc.gov
National Archives & Records Administration
archives.gov
Royal Academy of Arts
royalacademy.org.uk
; Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC 20560
americanhistory.si.edu
Society of California Pioneers
californiapioneers.org
Stanford University
Cantor Center for Visual Arts
museum.stanford.edu
Stanford University
Special Collections and University Archives
Palo Alto, CA 94305
library.stanford.edu
University of Pennsylvania
Rare Book and Manuscript Library
library.upenn.edu
University of Pennsylvania
University Archives and Records
archives.upenn.edu
Victoria and Albert Museum
vam.ac.uk
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Titles of illustrations are transcribed from the photographic prints or from the catalogue of the library that houses the image.
ABBREVIATIONS
E.M.: Eadweard Muybridge, Edward Muybridge, E. J. Muybridge, or Helios
BL: The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
KM: By permission of Kingston Museum & Heritage Service
LCP: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
SA: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University
SU: Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries
col1.1 E.M., Athletes. Swinging Pick. Plate 110, 1879, from The Attitudes of Animals in Motion, 1881. KM.
col1.2 Alfred A. Hart, The Last Rail Is Laid. Scene at Promontory Point, May 10, 1869. Alfred A. Hart Photograph Collection, SU.
p01.1 E.M., Horses. Running. Phryne L., Plate 40, 1879, from The Attitudes of Animals in Motion, 1881. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington.
1.1 E.M., Panorama of San Francisco from California Street Hill, 1877. Eadweard Muybridge Photograph Collection, SU.
1.2 Stanford Family Trio, 1881, photographer unknown. Stanford Family Photographs, SU.
1.3 E.M., Drawing Room (Pompeian Room). Eadweard Muybridge Photograph Collection, SU.
1.4 E.M., “Abe Edgington,” owned by Leland Stanford; driven by C. Marvin, trotting at a 2:24 gait over the Palo Alto track, 15th June 1878, 1878. LCP.
1.5 Walter Keyte, Muybridge Apparatus at Kingston Library, ca. 1931. Walter R. Miles Research concerning Eadweard Muybridge, SU.
1.6 E.M., Man on Horse, ca. 1879. Lantern slide. Muybridge Collection. KM.
2.1 Lawrence & Houseworth, publisher, South Park looking from 3rd St. east toward 2nd St., 1866. Roy D. Graves Pictorial Collection, 1905.17500 v.10:199—ALB. BL.
2.2 Smith & Wesson Army No. 2, .32 Rimfire. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_%26_Wesson_Army_No_2.JPG.
2.3 Cottage at Yellow Jacket Mine, n.d., photographer unknown.
2.4 Charles L. Weed (attributed), U.S. Grant, Mariposa Grove, portrait of Edward Muybridge at base of tree, 1872. Muybridge, Eadweard—POR 4. BL.
3.1 C. B. Gifford, San Francisco. Bird’s-eye view, ca. 1864. LCP.
3.2 E.M., Logo for Helios Flying Studio (detail from Grand Masonic ceremony of laying of the cornerstone of City Hall and Law Courts, 22nd February 1872, verso), 1872. Lone Mountain College Collection of Stereographs by Eadweard Muybridge [hereafter “Lone Mountain Collection”], 1971.055:1124—STER verso. BL.
3.3 E.M., North Point Dock, ca. 1868. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v. 1:301—ALB. BL.
3.4 Lawrence & Houseworth albums, Montgomery Street, San Francisco, instantaneous, ca. 1866. Gift of Florence V. Flinn. The Society of California Pioneers.
3.5 E.M., Residence of James Rogers at Watsonville, California, ca. 1879. LCP.
3.6 E.M., The Flying Studio, Photographer’s Equipment in the Field, 1867. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.1:114—ALB. BL.
3.7 E.M., Little Grizzly Fall, 1867. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055:1336—STER. BL.
3.8 E.M., Kahchoomah, Wild Cat Fall, 30 feet high, 1868. SA; Elizabeth K. Raymond Fund.
3.9 E.M., Charon at the Ferry, 1868. Zelda Mackay Collection of Stereographic Views, 1905.16011—STER. BL.
3.10 E.M., Sawing section of the original, 98 ft. at base, 1868. Zelda Mackay Collection of Stereographic Views, 1905.16057—STER. BL.
3.11 Larry S. Pierce, American Optical Co., Scovill Mfg. Co., props.: Philadelphia Stereoscopic Box. http://www.piercevaubel.com/cam/images/amoptphiladelphiastereo5x8a719.jpg.
3.12 E.M., Contemplation Rock, Glacier Point, 1872. Muybridge Stereographs of Yosemite Valley, 1867–72. Courtesy, California Historical Society, FN-18893/CHS2009.176.tif.
4.1 Sacramento City; K Street, looking west from Masonic Hall, from Stereoscopic views of Sacramento, California. 1865. Stereograph. Robert Dennis Collection of Stereoscopic Views, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
4.2 Theodore D. Judah, 1848, photographer unknown. Daguerreotype. Courtesy of the California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California.
4.3 Front view of house, Leland and Jane on stoop, ca. 1868, Alfred P. Hart. Stanford Family Photographs, SU.
4.4 Henry T. Williams, New trans-continental map of the Pacific R.R. and routes of overland travel to Colorado, Nebraska, the Black Hills, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Montana, California and the Pacific Coast, 1877. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
4.5 Alfred A. Hart, East portal of summit tunnel. Western summit. Length 1,660 feet, ca. 1866. LCP.
4.6 E.M., The “Heathen Chinee” Prospecting, 1868. Courtesy, California Historical Society, FN-04470/CHS2009.138.tif.
4.7 Lawrence & Houseworth albums, Wood Train and Chinamen in Bloomer Cut, ca. 1866. Gift of Florence V. Flinn. The Society of California Pioneers.
5.1 E.M., Savings and Loan Society, Clay Street, 1869. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.1:340—ALB. BL.
5.2 E.M., Effect of Earthquake in San Francisco, 21 Oct. 1868, 1868. 1984.021:1—CDV. BL.
5.3 E.M., Pierce’s House—Hayward, 1868. 1958.021 v.1:231—fALB. BL.
5.4 E.M., Pom-pom-pa-sus (Leaping Frogs), 1868. SA; Elizabeth K. Raymond Fund.
5.5 E.M., Tu-loch-ah-nu-lah (Great Chief of the Valley), 1868. SA; Elizabeth K. Raymond Fund.
5.6 E.M., Yo-wi-ye (Nevada Fall), 600 feet fall, 1868. 1962.019:32—ffALB. BL.
5.7 E.M., Fort Tongass, Alaska, 1868. 1905.17137:143—PIC. BL.
5.8 E.M., Cemetery with cloud effect, 1875. Lantern slide. Muybridge Collection. KM.
5.9 E.M., Cemetery without cloud effect, 1875. Lantern slide. Muybridge Collection. KM.
5.10 E.M., Moonlight effect on bay, 1868. Lantern slide. Muybridge Collection. KM.
5.11 E.M., A Study of Clouds, 1868. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.2:536—ALB. BL.
5.12 E.M., Long Ravine Trestle and Bridge—113 feet high, 878 feet long—looking east, 1869. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055:766—STER. BL.
5.13 E.M., San Jose train depot, ca. 1869. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.1:267—ALB. BL.
5.14 E.M., Buffalo skulls beside Central Pacific track, ca. 1869. Lantern slide. Muybridge Collection. KM.
5.15 E.M., Shoshone Indians at Corinne, Utah, 1869. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.2:754—ALB. BL.
5.16 Unidentified artist, American, 19th century. Possibly by Silas Selleck, American, 1827–1885. Sitter: Eadweard J. Muybridge, American, 1830–1904. Eadweard. J. Muybridge, ca. 1869. Photograph, albumen print. Image (oval): 8.6 × 5.5 cm (3⅜ × 23⁄16 in.). Mount: 10.6 × 6.3 cm (43⁄16 × 2½ in.). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Source unidentified, 1991.435. Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
6.1 Bradley & Rulofson studio, Flora Downs, ca. 1868, from Brandenburg Album of Bradley & Rulofson “Celebrities” and Muybridge Photographs, 1874.
6.2 E.M., View of Mills Seminary (now Mills College), Oakland, California, 1873. Albumen silver print mounted on cardboard.
39.1 × 54.2 cm. PH1986:0014. Collection Centre Canadien d’Architecture / Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal.
6.3 E.M., Convicts quitting work, State Prison, San Quentin, ca. 1870. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055:1682—STER. BL.
6.4 Alfred A. Hart, The Last Rail Is Laid. Scene at Promontory Point, May 10, 1869. Alfred A. Hart Photograph Collection, SU.
6.5 Thomas Hill, The Last Spike, 1881. Oil on canvas, 96 × 144 in. Courtesy California State Railroad Museum.
6.6 E.M., Stump of Fossil Tree. Petrified Forest near Calistoga, ca. 1872. Courtesy, California Historical Society, FN-10785/CHS2012.961.tif.
6.7 E.M., Display of Paintings, ca. 1870. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.6:5—ALB. BL.
6.8 Carleton E. Watkins, Woodward’s Gardens, San Francisco. Watkins Views of San Francisco, Yosemite, and Monterey Photographed, 1876–90, 1987.029:2—PIC. BL.
6.9 E.M., The Heathen Chinese Giant, 8 ft. high, at Woodward’s Gardens, ca. 1870. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.2:614—ALB. BL.
6.10 E.M., Animals at Woodward’s Gardens, ca. 1870. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.2:595—ALB. BL.
6.11 E.M., South Park, ca. 1873. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055 v.2:628—ALB. BL.
6.12 E.M., Lighthouse at Punta de los Reyes, Coast of California, 1871. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Point_Reyes_Lighthouse_1871.jpg.
6.13 E.M., Sea Lion Islet, ca. 1872. Lone Mountain Collection, 1971.055:1003—STER. BL.
7.1 Bradley & Rulofson studio, Leland Stanford Portrait, ca. 1880. Stanford Family Photographs, SU.