Thinking Small: The Long, Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle
Page 45
Wilcke, Gerd. “Rise of a New German City: Roads and Cars Dominate in Shiny Volkswagen Town.” New York Times. 14 May 1961.
Articles with no Stated Author
Autocar. “Production Is Their Wealth.” 3 February 1950.
Communication Arts. “Helmut Krone.” September 2005, pages 61–62.
The Economist. “Inside the Miracle: How Germany Weathered the Recession.” 11 March 2010.
——— “GM Auctions Opel: A Disputed Bid.” 25 July 2009.
——— “A Special Report on Germany: Inside the Miracle.” 11 March 2010.
The Independent. “Sell of the Century.” 25 January 2010.
Motor. “Hitler’s Volkswagen.” 31 December 1935.
——— “The Volkswagen Revealed.” 27 December 1938.
——— “KdF Volkswagen: Neither Myth nor Menace.” 28 February 1939.
——— “The Truth Behind the KdF.” 12 March 1941.
——— “The 1947 Volkswagen Saloon.” 7 May 1947.
——— “The Volkswagen DeLuxe Saloon.” 18 April 1956.
——— “Round Australia.” 13 November 1958.
New York Times: “German Car for Masses.” 3 July 1938, page 112.
——— “Volkswagen Gives Up Plans to Produce Here for the American Market.” 25 January 1956.
——— “Deliveries of Volkswagens Here Keep a Fleet of 60 Vessels Busy.” 27 June 1964.
——— “Policy Defended by Volkswagen: Importer, 14 Distributors of Car Deny U.S. Charges in Antitrust Action.” 15 March 1958.
——— “Nazi Automobile Plant Started 25 Years Ago.” 26 May 1963.
Der Spiegel. “In Koenig Nordhoff’s Reich.” 1955.
Time magazine. “Pas de Pagaille.” 28 July 1947.
——— “Business and Finance: Germany’s Flivver.” 25 August 1952.
——— “Business Abroad: Comeback in the West. 15 February 1954.
——— “Retail Trade: High Fashion at Low Prices.” 6 September 1954.
——— “Business Abroad: Renault on the Go.” 6 January 1958.
——— “Autos: The New Generation.” 5 October 1959.
——— “Tariffs: Think Big.” 2 November 1962.
Rheinischen Merkur. No. 36, 3 September 2005.
Road & Track. “1956 Volkswagen Sedan Road Test.” October 1956.
——— “1961 Road Test.” December 1960.
Wheels Magazine. “Volkswagen and the Herald.” December 1959.
Internet
www.life.com • Online Presidential Speech Archives • Online Libraries
• George Lois: www.georgelois.com • DDB: www.ddb.com • Volkswagen AG: www.volkswagenag.com • Truman Library: www.trumanlibrary.org • Ford: http://www.ford.com/ • Volkswagen Auto Museum Wolfsburg: http://automuseum.volkswagen.de/ • Bill Bernbach interview on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Bill+Bernbach&aq=f • Julian Koenig on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Julian+Koenig&aq=f • George Lois on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=George+Lois&aq=f • German Libraries: www.voebb.de • Library of Economics and Liberty
Radio
This American Life • KCRW’s Bookworm with Michael Silverblatt
I Tunes U
Stanford Lectures • Open University • CUNY, City University, New York • Masterworks of International Relations
Films and Documentaries
Alfred Brendel: Man and Mask. Mark Kidel, 2000.
Annie Hall. Woody Allen, 1977.
American Experience: The Crash of 1929. PBS, 2009.
Art & Copy. Doug Prey, 2009.
Aus eigener Kraft. Volkswagen, 1954.
Berkeley in the Sixties. Mark Kitchell. Liberation Entertainment, 2007.
Blind Spot: Hitler’s Secretary. Heller, Andre, 2002.
Brutalität in Stein: die Bauten der Nazis gestern und heute. Michael Kloft. Spiegel TV, Hamburg, 2002.
Bunker: Die Letzten Tage. Martina Reuter und Gavin Hodge. 2004.
Century of the Self. Adam Curtis: BBC television, 2002.
Der Chroniken des Adolf Hitler. Erwin Leiser. Germany, 2006.
Deutschland im Kalten Krieg. vor 60 Jahren begann der Konflikt der Supermächte; Cassian von Salomon [Ltg.]; Bernd Jacobs [Red.]; Spiegel TV, 2008.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: Commander in Chief. Biography Series, A&E, 2005.
FDR: Years of Crisis. Biography Series, A&E, 1994.
Fuel. Joshua Tickell, 2008.
George Marshall and the American Century.
Die Gläserne Manufaktur von Volkswagen in Dresden. VW Dresden promo.
Hitler: eine Bilanz. Guido Knopp. BMG, 1995.
——— Der Diktator.
——— Der Kriegsherr.
——— Der Verbrecher.
——— Die Luftbrücke.
Hitler: ein Karriere. Joachim Fest, 1977.
Landslide: A Portrait of President Herbert Hoover. PBS, 2009.
Life in the Thirties. NBC News Special, 1995.
Mister Volkswagen. Hans Castrop. Stuttgart: Süddeutscher Rundfunk, 1997.
Mythos für Millionen: die witzigsten, besten und schönsten Highlights aus der Geschichte des VW-Käfer! [DVD Video] / ein Film von Manfred Breuersbrock und Gandulf Hennig. Potsdam, 2003.
No Direction Home. Bob Dylan. Scorsese, 2005.
Der Nürnberger Prozess. Spiegel TV: Hamburg, 2003.
Passageways: James Turrell. France, 2006.
Die perfekte Stadt für zeitgenössische Kunst. Ein Film von Axel Bosse und Frank Woesthoff, 2009.
Porsche Way: Der Porsche Weg. Stuttgart, Porsche Museum, 2010.
Die Stunde Null: Berlin, Sommer, 1945. Spiegel TV, Hamburg, 2009.
Unser Krieg: Amateurfilme aus dem II Welt. Michael Kuball, 2007.
Volkswagen Story. Published by Volkswagen of America.
Die Vossstrasse: ein virtueller Stadtrundgang. Christoph Neubauer, 2008.
Der VW-Komplex. Hartmut Bitomsky, 1990.
Who Killed the Electric Car? Chris Paine. Sony Pictures, 2006.
Wilhelm II. Der letzte Kaiser. Hamburg, Spiegel TV, 2009.
Audio CD’s
Der Käfer im Wunderland: Volkswagen in den langen fünfziger Jahren. Wolfsburg, Volkswagen AG, 2010.
Mit dem Käfer zum Golf: Eine Reise durch 10 Jahre Volkswagen Geschichte. Wolfsburg, Volkswagen AG, 2009.
Niemand Wusste was Morgen sein würde. Wolfsburg, Volkswagen AG, 2008.
World War II: A Military and Social History. Childers, Thomas: “The Origins of the Second World War” lecture, and “Hitler’s Challenge to the International System”: From The Teaching Company, Course 810.
Notes
Chapter 1
1.1. Ethnic ad agency: Sometimes people also referred to DDB as a “Seventh Avenue” agency as well.
1.2. “unabashedly recognizably”: Fox, 275.
1.3. “No one in America knows”: Kaplan, 26.
1.4. “Baby Hitler”: New York Times, July 3, 1938.
Chapter 2
2.1. “bright blue—bordering on the violet”: OSS, 22–23.
2.2. Strength through Joy Car: In German, this is der Kraft durch Freude Wagen, which is also widely known as the Kdf-Wagen.
2.3. “Until now the automobile has”: Sachs, 61. From Das Automobil erobert die Welt. Biographie des Draftwagens, Berlin, 1938, 356.
2.4. “model German workers city” and ideas behind city planning: Wortprotokoll der Uebertragung der Grundsteinlegung des Volkswagen Werkes bei Fallersleben am 26. Mai 1938, compiled by Rolf Linnemann, March 1987 (Stadtarchiv Wolfsburg), 6–7.
2.5. He certainly wasn’t himself: According to one city planner, Titus Taescher: “Hitler hatte damals offenbr ganz andere Dinge im Kopf. Es war whol die planerische Vorbereitung fuer einen Einmarsch in die Txchechoslovakei, und er fand nicht Zeit und Interesse, sich anzusehen, was vir vorbereitet hatten.” 3 November 1970: Wolfsburg Musuem Austellung. Stadtarchiv 21.
2.6. It was well kno
wn that Hitler’s preferred place in any car: Linge, 13. Hitler’s valet, Heinz Linge, tells about a time when shots were fired in an assassination attempt and hit Himmler’s car instead, in the area of the front seat, at which time Hitler told Linge, “That was certainly intended for me because Himmler does not usually drive ahead. It is also well known that I always sit at the side of the driver.…”
Chapter 3
3.1. “Freedom has been sacrificed”: Otto Julius Bierbaum. Sachs, 7–8.
Chapter 4
4.1. “It now costs the average American”: Wood, 90.
4.2. “the audience had never even considered”: Wired, Issue 15.12, 11–27, 2007.
4.3. “The eyes of the Fair are on the future”: World’s Fair pamphlet.
4.4. “It is Germany’s great good fortune to have found a leader”: Kempe, 17.
Chapter 5
5.1. Ginzkey: In 1924, Ginzkey’s carpet factory provided the world’s largest carpet to the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York City.
5.2. Bela Egger: the company Porsche first got a job for, through Ginzkey’s contacts.
5.3. Tires and Wheels: The first air-filled tires were invented in 1888 and were later used for bicycles. In 1895, André Michelin used one on a car for the first time, though it did not quite work. It was not until 1911 that the first successful tires were made by Philip Strauss. Around this same time, the Goodyear car company began to add carbon to rubber to give the tires a longer life. Charles Goodyear had invented vulcanized rubber in 1844. Vulcanized rubber is rubber with added chemicals so that it will not melt in hot weather or break in cold weather, as the original rubber (gum from tree sap) did.
5.4. Energy and its relation to mobility: France deserves a word here, to be sure, having developed the systeme panhard, “the basic fore-to-aft formation of radiator, engine, clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, and rear axle. This was far removed from the German Daimler-Benz horseless carriage, which had a gasoline engine turning a belt drive to the wheels.” Vaitheeswaren, Location 363.
Chapter 6
6.1. “I never witnessed”: Kershaw, Kindle Location 565.
6.2. “He is very young”: Frankenberg, 5.
6.3. Porsche was also a very good driver, and he liked to race, so he also built a racing version of the Lohner-Porsche. Around the same time as that first Paris show, Porsche took to the streets of Vienna and set a record with it.
6.4. “grant to human beings their conquest”: Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung, 1906, no. 17, 33. From Sachs, 9.
6.5. “at odds with himself”: Hitler, 19.
6.6. “prostrate with grief”: Kershaw, Location 750.
6.7. Aloisia also worked at Bela Egger.
6.8. “a wonderful car—one, single, wonderful car”: Brinkley, 106.
6.9. ——— “At the time, Ford himself wondered aloud whether his company would ever build even a tenth Model T.”
Chapter 7
7.1. Bill Bernbach finished his studies in 1932, but the graduation ceremony was not until 1933.
7.2. “Now Bill, what you do is”: Jackall, 69.
7.3. I could not find this first ad that Bill always later claimed he did for Lord & Thomas.
Chapter 8
8.1. “Hitler: Our Last Hope”: Zentner, 38.
8.2. Deutsche Qualitätsarbeit: According to an essay called “German Quality Work” by Alf Luedtke in Towards Mobility, VW AG, 175—“The notion and claims of ‘German Quality Work’ had their social and cultural bases in artisanal trades. In due time, not merely artisanal but industrial masters and engineers and, even more, skilled industrial workers took ‘German quality work’ as a notion of reference. To all of them it would connect perfectly with self-assessment and aspiration.… Thus in the 1920s as in the 1930s young semi-skilled male workers who had been trained on the job to operate, for instance, universal machine tools were a case in point. They themselves but likewise company superiors, union functionaries and external observers regarded them as producers of ‘quality work.’ ”
8.3. Connection between German Quality Work and a mistrust of free trade: As Jonathan Steinberg points out in his book Bismarck: A Life, artisans and craftsmen historically developed an attitude against the new idea of capitalistic free trade, and beginning in the late 1800s, this sentiment was often tied to anti-Semitism. Thus in a very real sense, the ideas that Hitler took to the extreme were not new ideas in the history of Germany but rather familiar ones, which helped Hitler use those ideas toward his own ends.
8.4. Communism: It was Bolshevism in the early 1900s in Russia (Lenin, Trotsky). The word Bolshevism and Menshevism was ultimately dropped and it became Communism instead. Hitler often talked of the Bolsheviks as the enemy. I used Communist here because it is less confusing.
8.5. Historian and professor Thomas Childers talks about the shock of the country after World War One in the audio learning series: “The Origins of the Second World War” lecture, and “Hitler’s challenge to the International System” lecture.
8.6. “Paris was a nightmare”: Keynes, Location 34.
8.7. ——— “by the very persons who”: Location 1848.
8.8. ——— “deeply and inextricably”: Location 31.
8.9. ——— “the perils of”: Location 1274.
8.10. “I do not change my nationality”: Frankenberg, 22.
8.11. “very positive attraction …”: Frankenberg, 24.
Chapter 9
9.1. It is contested how often or how seriously Adolf Hitler considered his own suicide.
9.2. “The obituaries were, as it turned out”: Overy, 50.
9.3. ——— “willfully ruined a fine genetic inheritance”: 98–99.
9.4. ——— “The power of the popular biological argument was evident in its most extreme form”: 106.
9.5. Hitler was the 55th member of the NSDAP. He was given number 555 though, because they were numbering bigger to look bigger.
9.6. “The art of propaganda”: Hitler, 1992, 165.
9.7. “I’m finished. If I had a revolver”: Kershaw, Location 2906.
9.8. “Crisis was Hitler’s”: Kershaw, 2738.
9.9. “The man who is born to be”: Brody, 70; Bullock, 117.
9.10. “Landsberg was a university”: Kershaw, Hubris, 240.
9.11. “I’ve brought a new customer for you”: Reuss, 48–49.
9.12. “making his hair stand”: Spiegel, Friedmann, 2010.
9.13. Henry Ford’s People’s Car: In 1925, Henry Ford’s My Life and Work was a bestseller in Berlin. In America, the Model T had debuted in 1908 with a purchase price of $825.00. Over ten thousand were sold in its first year, a record in any country. Four years later the price was lowered to $575.00 and sales again soared. By 1914, Ford’s company had a 48 percent share of the automobile market, and because of Ford’s assembly line, one car could be made every 93 minutes. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T’s.
9.14. “No sooner did production start up than the company’s executives began prowling the factory floors”: Brinkley, 141.
9.15. “Things will develop”: Automobil Revue Volume 7, 126.
9.16. “right of way in the literal sense”: Sachs, 45.
9.17. Fuhrer without a Fuhrerschein: The term Fuhrer was used as a military title in Germany during the 18th century. Hitler brought this term into politics and christened himself “the Fuhrer” when he was head of the NSDAP. The term means to drive, guide, or steer and is used in combination with other words in German such as “Fuhrerschein,” which means “driver’s license” in English and is used in the same way in Germany today.
Chapter 10
10.1. Daimler-Benz was actually still called Daimler Motor in 1923. It merged with Benz in 1926. Daimler is creator of the Mercedes. Thus “Mercedes-Benz.”
10.2. “in recognition of his outstanding merit”: Frankenberg, 34.
10.3. thirty test samples: None of these early Daimler cars exist today. None have been found, so it’s hard to say what the car look
ed like. Most agree it was an evolved idea of the Sascha but with a 1,000 cc engine. It could also have been like the 8/38.
Chapter 11
11.1. Turm der blauen Pferde (Tower of the Blue Horses): This Franz Marc painting was at the Nationalgalerie in Berlin. Marc, alongside other artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, was part of an art group called “Blaue Reiter” that formed before the First World War.
11.2. “not halfway, not dishonest, not unfinished”: Nordhoff’s letter to Charlotte Fassunge. 9 December 1923. Barbara Graefin Cantacuzino’s private archive. Edelmann, 2003. 27.
11.3. “No one should pride himself”: Marc, LfW, 56.
11.4. “The automobile changed our dress, manners, social customs”: Brinkley, 333.
11.5. “acquire companies in individual countries and build upon their existing reputations.”: Brinkley, 369.
Chapter 12
12.1. Paul Rand’s work and ads can be found at paul-rand.com.
12.2. “Just as warfare”: Hochschild, Location 2624–29.
12.3. “with the high responsibility”: Coolidge—Address Before the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Washington, D.C. October 27, 1926, Library of Congress. Speech online at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=412
12.4. “There is no one self”: Lippmann, 173.
12.5. “high excitement in the booming field”: Mark Crispin Miller in introduction to Bernay’s Propaganda, Kindle Location, 40–42.
12.6. “When I came back from the war”: Bernays interview, YouTube.
12.7. “We are going into the Reichstag”: Kershaw, Location 3950.