by Ted Nield
Rogers, John J. W., & Santosh, M., 2004. Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, New York. 289pp. Graduate/postgraduate level academic textbook for Earth scientists on the Supercontinent Cycle.
Vrielynck, Bruno, & Bouysse, Philippe, 2003. The Changing Face of the Earth: The Break-up of Pangaea and Continental Drift over the Past 250 Million Years in Ten Steps. Commission for the Geological Map of the World/UNESCO publishing. Available from CMGW, Paris http://ccgm.free.fr/ 33pp + CD ROM.
Winchester, Simon, 2005. A Crack in the Edge of the World – The Great American Earthquake of 1906. Viking Penguin. 412pp. Immensely readable account of the whys, wherefores and social context of the San Andreas Fault and San Francisco’s greatest calamity.
Websites
www.thefutureiswild.com for information on the TV documentary and how to get hold of the CD set produced by Paramount Home Entertainment.
INDEX
Abyssinia, 1
Académie Française, 1
accordion tectonics, 1, 2, 3
acid rain, 1, 2, 3
acritarchs, 1
Adam and Eve, 1
Adams, Douglas, 1, 2
‘parable of the puddle’, 1
Adams, John, 1
Afghanistan, 1
Africa, 1, 2
collision with Europe, 1, 2
and Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3, 4
link to India, 1, 2
Livingstone’s exploration, 1
and Pannotia, 1
rock equivalents, 1, 2
and Ur, 1
Ager, Derek, 1
Airy, George Biddell, 1, 2
Albany Belt, 1
algae, 1, 2, 3
Algeria, 1
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 1, 2, 3
Alps, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
aluminium, 1
Amasia, 1, 2
Amazon basin, 1
Amazonia, 1
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), 1
Americas, 1, 2, 3
see also North America; South America
amino acids, 1, 2
amphibians, 1
Andes, 1, 2
anhydrite, 1, 2
animals, 1, 2, 3
Annales Veteris Testamenti (Ussher), 1
Anstone, 1
Antarctic, Scott’s expedition to, 1
Antarctic Peninsula, 1
Antarctica, 1, 2, 3, 4
Ortelius and, 1
and Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3
and Rodinia, 1
anthropology, 1
Antichthon, 1
Antwerp, 1
Appalachian mountains, 1, 2, 3
Apparent Polar Wander (APW), 1
Arabia, 1, 2, 3
aragonite, 1
archaebacteria, 1
archaeology, 1
Archean eon, 1, 2, 3, 4
Archimedes Palimpsest, 1
Archimedes’ Principle, 1, 2
Arctic expeditions, 1
Arctic Ocean, 1
Arctica, 1, 2
Argand, Émile, 1
Argentina, 1
aridity, of supercontinents, 1
Aristotle, 1
arthropods, 1
Asia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
collision with India, 1, 2, 3
astronomy, 1
Atkinson, Edward, 1
Atlanteans, 1
Atlantic Ocean, 1, 2, 3
closing of, 1, 2
and congruent mountain ranges, 1
congruent shores, 1, 2, 3, 4
formation of, 1
opening of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
‘proto-Atlantic’, 1, 2, 3
rainfall over, 1
Atlantica, 1, 2
Atlantis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Atlantis: the Antediluvian World (Donnelly), 1
Atlas computer program, 1
Atlas mountains, 1
atmosphere, see Earth’s atmosphere atoms, 1, 2
Atwater, Tanya, 1, 2
Australasia, 1, 2
Australia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
and AUSWUS configuration, 1
coastal shelf, 1
and Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3, 4
and Grenvillian Orogeny, 1
and Pannotia, 1
and Rodinia, 1
Australian Plate, 1
Austria-Hungary, 1
Austrian Geological Survey, 1
AUSWUS configuration, 1
bacteria, 1
Badcock, Canon Baynes, 1
Badcock, Mary, 1
Bailey, Sir Edward Battersby, 1
Bakevellia Sea, 1
Balearic Islands, 1
Bali, 1
Balmat, Jacques, 1
Baltic region, 1, 2, 3, 4
Baltica, 1
Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), 1, 2, 3
Banyak, 1
Barry, Patrick, 1
basalt, 1, 2, 3, 4
Batu Islands, 1
Bay of Bengal, 1, 2
Bay of Manar, 1
Bay of Naples, 1
Beardmore Glacier, 1
Bedale, 1
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1
Belgium, 1
Bengal, 1
Betelgeuse, 1, 2, 3
Bianca, Elio, 1
Bible, 1, 2
bicarbonates, 1, 2, 3
biomarkers, 1
biosphere, 1
‘deep’, 1
biotite, 1
birds, 1, 2, 3
black smokers, 1
Blanford, Henry Francis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Blanford, William Thomas, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Blavatsky, Madame, 1
Blue mountains, 1
Blue Ridge mountains, 1
Bolivia, 1
Borborema Belt, 1
Boreal Ocean, 1, 2
Borneo, 1, 2, 3
Boschi, Enzo, 1
boulder clay, 1
Bourbon, Charles and Camilla de, 1
Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, Abbé de, 1
Bowers, Henry, 1
Bowie, William, 1
Bray Head, 1
Brazil, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Briant, Keith, 1
Britain, 1, 2;
see also United Kingdom
British Antarctic Survey, 1
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1, 2, 3, 4
British Columbia, 1
British Empire, 1, 2
British Geological Survey, 1, 2
Brodholt, John, 1
Brongniart, Adolphe Théodore, 1
Buckland, Raymond, 1
Buddhism, 1
‘bulk Earth’ ratio, 1, 2
Burke, Kevin, 1, 2
Burma, 1
burrowing, 1, 2
Bushveld Igneous Province, 1
Cage, Nicholas, 1
calcium carbonate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
calcium sulphate, 1, 2
Calcutta, 1, 2, 3
Caledonian mountains, 1, 2, 3
California, 1, 2
Cambrian period, 1, 2, 3, 4
Canada, 1, 2
cap carbonates, 1, 2, 3
Cape Comorin, 1
Cape Corrientes, 1
Cape Geological Commission, 1
Cape mountains, 1
Cape of Good Hope, 1, 2
Cape Town, 1
carbon, 1, 2, 3
isotopes, 1, 2, 3
sequestration, 1, 2, 3
carbon dioxide, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
carbonates, 1
Carboniferous period, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Caribbean, 1
Carmarthen, 1
Carroll, Lewis, 1, 2
Catholic Church, 1
Celebes, 1, 2
Central America, 1
Central Provinces, 1
Ceylon, see Sri Lanka chalk, 1
Challenger disaster, 1
Chamberlin, Rollin T., 1
Chamonix, 1
Charnock, Job, 1
charnockite
, 1, 2
Charnwood Forest, 1
Chelogenic Cycle, 1
chert, 1, 2
China, 1, 2, 3
Churchward, Colonel James, 1
civilizations, 1, 2
climate modelling, 1
climatic zones, 1
coal forests, 1, 2
coal formation, 1
coals, 1, 2
colour photography, 1, 2
Columbia, 1, 2
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 1
Comores, 1
computer modelling, 1, 2
Congo basin, 1
conifers, 1
conjugate sets, 1
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Emperor, 1
Constantinople, 1
continental drift, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
development of theory and
opposition, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
measurements of, 1
mechanism for, 1
Ortelius and, 1, 2
before Pangaea, 1, 2
continents
rainfall over, 1
size and volume of, 1, 2
thickness of crust, 1
Cooper, Tony, 1
Cope, John, 1
coral reefs, 1
corals, fossil, 1
Coriolis, Gustave-Gaspard de, 1
Coriolis effect, 1
Coulomb, Alexis and Emma, 1
cratonization, 1
Creation, date of, 1
‘creation science’, 1, 2
Croft-on-Tees, 1
Croll, James, 1
Croll–Milankovich cycles, 1, 2
cross-bedding, 1
crystal gardens, 1
Curie, Pierre, 1
Curie point, 1
cyanobacteria, 1
cyclicity, 1
da Landa, Diego, 1
Dallow Moor, 1
Daly, Reginald, 1
Dalziel, Ian, 1, 2
Danish Geological Survey, 1
Darling Belt, 1
D’Arpa, Filippo, 1
Darwin, Charles, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and fossil record, 1
Darwin, Erasmus, 1
Das Antlitz der Erde (Suess), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
day and night, 1, 2
Debenham, Frank, 1
Deccan Traps, 1
deduction, 1, 2
deep time, 1
Depleted Mantle Model Age (TDM), 1
Devonian period, 1, 2
Dewey, John, 1
diatoms, 1
Dickens, Charles, 1
dinosaurs, xiii, 1, 2, 3
Dixon, Henry Horatio, 1
DNA, 1, 2
Dnipropetrovsk, 1
Dobson, David, 1
Dodinga, 1
dolomite, 1
Donnelly, Ignatius, 1
Doushantuo Formation, 1
dragonflies, 1
Drake Passage, 1, 2, 3
Dravidian peoples and languages, 1, 2
du Toit, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Dürer, Albrecht, 1
Dwyka Formation, 1
dykes, 1
dyke swarms, 1
Earll, Tony, 1
Earth
age of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
axial tilt, 1
axis, 1, 2
climate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
contraction of, 1, 2, 3, 4
cooling of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
core, 1, 2
core-mantle boundary, 1
cyclicity, 1, 2, 3
‘dethronement’ of, 1
distance from Sun, 1, 2
elliptical orbit, 1
formation of, 1
frozen, 1
heat distribution, 1
impact of life on climate, 1, 2
rotation, 1, 2, 3
‘rusting’ of, 1
shield areas, 1, 2
size, 1
temperature, 1, 2, 3
‘theories of’, 1
Earth’s atmosphere, 1, 2, 3
balance with hydrosphere, 1
composition of, 1
oxygen content, 1
Earth’s crust
composition of, 1
levels of, 1
mantle convection, 1, 2, 3
movements of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
neodymium concentration, 1
radiogenic heat and sub-crustal melting, 1
thickness of, 1, 2
Earth’s magnetic field, 1, 2, 3
reversals of, 1, 2
earthquakes, 1, 2, 3
East Africa, 1, 2, 3
East African Rift, 1
East Antarctica, 1, 2
and SWEAT configuration, 1
and Pannotia, 1
and Ur, 1
Easter Island, 1
Easter Rising (1916), 1
Eastern Ghats, 1
echinoderms, 1
ecliptic, 1
Ediacara Hills, 1
Ediacaran period, 1, 2
see also Garden of Ediacara Ediacarans, 1
Egypt, 1
einsteinium, 1
Elgar, Sir Edward, 1
embryology, 1
Emergence of Animals, The (McMenamin), 1
Energy Balance Models, 1
Engels, Friedrich, 1
Enggano, 1
Eniwetok Atoll, 1
Enlightenment, 1
Eoarchean eon, 1
Epic of Gilgamesh, 1
Epicurus, 1
Equator, 1, 2, 3, 4
glaciation at, 1, 2
and position of Rodinia, 1, 2, 3
Erinnerungen (Suess), 1
erosion, 1, 2, 3, 4
Euler’s Theorem, 1
Eurasia, 1, 2, 3, 4
Eurasian Plate, 1
Europe, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
collision with Africa, 1, 2
fossil assemblages, 1
and measurements of drift, 1
mountain chains, 1, 2, 3, 4
Evans, Edward, 1
evaporites, 1, 2
Everest, Colonel George, 1
evolution, theory of, 1, 2
extroversion, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Falkland Islands, 1
Ferdinand II, Emperor, 1
Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies, 1
Ferdinandea, 1
Ferrel Cell, 1
Feynman, Richard, 1
First World War (Great War), 1, 2, 3
fish, 1
Fisher, Revd Osmond, 1
Fitzroy, Captain, 1
Flinders Range, 1
Florida, 1, 2
flying machines, 1
fool’s gold, 1
Fortey, Richard, 1
fossil magnetism, see palaeomagnetism fossil record, 1, 2
fossils, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Antarctic, 1
assemblages, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
corals, 1
earliest, 1
Ediacaran, 1
and Gondwanaland, 1, 2
Jurassic, 1
and Precambrian base, 1
fountains, 1
fractionation, 1
France, 1, 2, 3, 4
Frankfurt Geological Society, 1
Fraser Belt, 1
Freemasons, 1
Freud, Sigmund, 1
gabbros, 1
gamma rays, 1
Gangetic Plain, 1
Garden of Ediacara, 1, 2, 3, 4
Garden of Ediacara (McMenamin), 1, 2
gas, 1, 2, 3
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 1
General Circulation Models (GCMs), 1
Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding, 1
Geological Society of London, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Geological Society of South Africa, 1
Geological Survey of Canada, 1
geology, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
‘armchair’, 1, 2
geophysics, 1, 2, 3
George, Rose, 1
Germania expedition, 1
Germany, 1
> Gilbert, Grove Karl, 1
glaciation
earliest, 1
low-latitude deposits, 1
Marinoan, 1, 2
mirror-image, 1, 2
glaciers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
glass, 1
global conveyor, 1
Global Geophysical Events, 1, 2
Glomar Challenger, 1
Glossopteris, 1, 2, 3
gold, 1
Gololo (Halmahera), 1
Gonds, 1
Gondwana Assemblage, 1
Gondwana ice age, 1, 2
Gondwana Junction, 1, 2, 3
Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
fragmentation of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and Glossopteris forests, 1
location of South Pole in, 1
modern fragments and rock equivalents, 1
and Pannotia, 1
and Rodinia, 1, 2
Suess and, 1, 2
gorgonopsians, 1
Gotland, 1
GPS, 1
Graham, Admiral Sir Robert George, 1
Graham Bank volcano, 1, 2
Graham Land, 1
granitic rocks, 1
gravity, 1
gravitational attraction, 1
local variations in, 1
Graz, 1, 2
Great Australian Bight, 1, 2
Great War, see First World War Greene, Mott, 1
greenhouse effect, 1, 2, 3
greenhouse gases, 1, 2, 3, 4